Grass Subfamilies II

Grass Subfamilies

1. Anomochlooideae 7. Micraioideae 2. Aristidoideae 8. Oryzoideae 3. Arundinoideae 9. Panicoideae 4. Bambusoideae 10. Pharoideae 5. Chloridoideae 11. Puelioideae 6. Danthonioideae 12. Pooideae Grass Subfamilies

• 4 tribes • 20 genera • 116 species Subfamily Oryzoideae

• Tribe Streptogyneae (2 species) • Tribe Erharteae (formerly Erhartoideae, 38 species) • Tribe Phyllorachideae (3 species) • Tribe Oryzeae (72 species) Subfamily Oryzoideae

• Tribe Streptogyneae • Tribe Erharteae (formerly Erhartoideae) • Tribe Phyllorachideae • Tribe Oryzeae Oryzeae

– Luziola – watergrass – one native species in SE US – Zizaniopsis – watermillet - one species in SE US – Leersia – rice cutgrass – 5 species in US – Zizania – wild rice – 3 North American species – Oryza - rice Oryzeae

• Usually perennial • Terrestrial to aquatic • Spikelets bisexual with 1 floret • Anthers 1,2,3 or 6 • Stigmas 2 • Closely allied to Oryza Leersia Leersia Oryzeae

• Aquatic, usually rooted in mud • Rhizomatous or stoloniferous • Monoecious • Culms to 5 m • Anthers 6 • Styles 2 Zizania

• Zizania palustris – most commonly harvested • Zizania aquatica • Zizania texana – narrow range in central Texas • Zizania latifolia (China) Zizania Zizania Zizania Oryzeae

• Oryza sativa– tropical to subtropical – Cultivated in China for about 9,000 years – Cultivated in California and the SE US – One of three most economically important crops – The most important crop for human food Oryzeae

• Most rice grown in standing water – International Rice Research Institute – 67,000 Asian cultivars, 2600 African cultivars and > 1000 wild strains – Rice requires large amounts of water (upland rice requires the equivalent of 1.5 m of rainfall per year) – Rice requires much nitrogen – fertilizer, Azolla Grass Subfamilies

“cool season grasses” 14 tribes 197 genera 4234 species Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Meliceae – Stipeae – Poeae – Bromeae – Triticeae Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Meliceae (154 species) • panicles (rarely racemes) • glumes usually short • lemmas awnless; veins several • florets 2 or more/spikelet – Melica – Glyceria Melica Glyceria Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Meliceae – Stipeae – Poeae – Bromeae – Triticeae Pooideae

• Stipeae – 582 species • panicles • 1 floret/spikelet • lemmas awned, indurate

§ Achnatherum § Hesperostipa § Nassella § Oryzopsis § Piptatheropsis (Piptochaetium) Pooideae

• Achnatherum Pooideae

• Hesperostipa Pooideae

• Nassella Pooideae

• Oryzopsis Pooideae

• Piptatheropsis (Piptochaetium) Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Meliceae – Stipeae – Poeae – Bromeae – Triticeae Tribe Poeae

• Inflorescences usually panicles • two to several florets/spikelet • glumes shorter than lower lemma • 5 or more nerves on lemma Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Poeae • 118 genera • 2776 species – Numerous genera • Avena Phleum • Koeleria Poa • Phalaris Lolium • Agrostis Dactylis • Alopecurus Festuca Avena Koeleria Phalaris Agrostis Alopecurus

Phleum Poa Lolium Dactylis Festuca Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Meliceae – Stipeae – Poeae – Bromeae – Triticeae Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Bromeae • 1 genus • 166 species – annual or perennial – rhizomes or not – closed sheath – panicle – multiple florets per spikelet Bromus

Bromus japonicus

Bromus inermis

Bromus tectorum Pooideae

• Tribes in our region – Meliceae – Stipeae – Poeae – Bromeae – Triticeae Pooideae

• Triticeae – 27 genera – 503 species

– inflorescence a spike – multiple florets per spikelet (except some Hordeum) – annual or perennial Agropyron Elymus Hordeum Pseudoroegneria

Secale Thinopyrum Triticum Leymus Pascopyrum Grass Subfamilies

• disarticulate above glumes • caespitose

• C3 or C4 • pantropical • 1 Tribe – Aristideae – 3 genera – 364 species – In New World, only genus Aristida, 29 spp in North America A. purpurea A. dichotoma A. longispica A. oligantha