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Bromeliads for South Florida Landscape

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Bromeliads for South Florida Landscape and Garden Magazine (1) and the Ft. Lauderdale News Literature Cited and Sun-Sentinel. Classes have been conducted at the Fair- child Tropical Garden on growing daylilies. I will conduct 1. Prospero, A. 1984. Daylilies for South Florida. South Florida Home and Garden. Nov. 36-39. an additional one there and one at Flamingo Gardens in 2. Stout, A. B. 1934. Daylilies. The Macmillan Co., New York. p. 31-33. Ft. Lauderdale during the coming spring. Frequent re 3. Wooten, J. 1972. Performance of modern named daylilies in south quests from garden clubs for daylily presentations are hon Florida. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 85:438-40. ored. A memorial planting of tropical daylilies is now fea 4. Wooten, J. 1975. Breeding daylilies for warm regions. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 88:435-39. tured at the Fairchild Tropical Garden. Tropical daylilies 5. Wooten, J. 1977. Cold tolerance for daylilies bred for warm climates. have recently found homes in the Bahamas, Key West and Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 90:85-86. Hawaii. 6. Wooten, J. 1979. The versatility of the modern daylily. Proc. Fla. State Daylilies, when warm-winter tolerant, are superior Hort. Soc. 92:220-21. 7. Wooten, J. 1982. Daylilies, South Florida's own. Fairchild Tropical plants for southern Florida with year round attractive foli Garden Bui. 37(3): 15-20. age and great beauty when in bloom. As perennials, best 8. Wooten, J. 1984. Growing daylilies in a subtropical climate. The Day- of all, their plants multiply and their blossoms become lily J. 38(2): 153-55, 173-75. more numerous each year, magnifying the display, year by year. They could become a part of an overdue revolution in landscape and gardening color in the southern Florida region. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 100:161-163. 1987. BROMELIADS FOR SOUTH FLORIDA LANDSCAPE Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. there are between 2500 and 4000 valid species. Several Bullis Bromeliads new species are described each year. And lastly, hybridiza Princeton, Florida 33032 tion activity has been conducted for over 100 years and has recently become intense. As of 1974, approximately 1950 Abstract. There are many species of bromeliads that naturally bromeliad hybrids have been registered (2), and this repre occur in full-sun habitats throughout the tropical Americas. sents only a small portion of the hybrids made. Some of these have adapted well in the southern Florida en Although bromeliad gardens of some stature began to vironment and offer colorful new character to landscaping. In appear in the two decades following World War II, serious addition, sun tolerant hybrids offer exciting new colors for and considered use of the family in a tropical landscape bright-light ground cover. Since most species are both epiphy was rare, if it existed at all. Perhaps one of the earliest to tic and xerophytic, there appear to be few limitations for use appreciate and use bromeliads for landscapes was the in on rock and stone walls, in trees, on driftwood logs, or in any ternationally known architect Roberto Burle-Marx of imaginative setting. Some of the varieties tested will be dis Brazil. His designs using bromeliads in the 1950's and cussed. 1960's attracted attention in Brazil and other South Amer ican countries. The spectacular use of giant Vriesea im- Bromeliads for tropical landscaping in Florida have perialis for the roof gardens of the Foreign Ministry Palace been given only modest consideration up to the present in Brasilia was a classic example. In the early 1970's a time, with interest largely from collectors and hobbyists. southern Florida landscaper began importing large Ad- This is indeed surprising when you consider the wide rolepis skinneri collected in the wild in Nicaragua. It was a ranges of characters available in bromeliads. striking addition to Florida horticulture, and to many land In the first popular book to discuss this group of plants scape architects and contractors this species continues to (1) the authors summarized some of the special features of represent "the bromeliad" landscape plant to many com bromeliads in terms of foliage colors, variegations, flowers, mercial users. attractive fruit, and unusual shapes. These were for However, over the past 15 years a large number of bromeliads in cultivation in 1964. Consider this partial list additional species have been introduced and tested in of foliage colors: red, maroon, or purplish, within 13 gen southern Florida with clear success. Two important factors era and 42 species; pink, or pinkish, 8 genera and 13 have been at work. First, bromeliads are tropical to sub species; golden or yellow-green, 4 genera and 5 species; tropical plants and have minimum temperature limitations silvery, 4 genera and 5 species; colored centers, 9 genera that cannot be ignored. Second, literature on the care and and 17 species; colored leaf tips, 4 genera and 9 species; culture has been inadequate for horticultural purposes. longitudinal stripes, 4 genera and 9 species; spotted or Experience has shown that the various species tested mottled, 7 genera and 14 species; hieroglyphs or zig-zags, have demonstrated widely differing tolerances in minimal 3 genera and 5 species; and, crossbanding, 9 genera and temperatures. As might be expected, species normally 24 species. Variability in the other features described is found at the higher altitudes where frosts and drastic tem similarly great. A few other familial parameters are of in perature changes are the norm can withstand some of the terest. Opinions differ but most authorities believe that worst winter conditions in southern Florida. On the other Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 100: 1987. 161 hand, these high altitude species rarely do well during Other large Aechmeas include A. blanchetiana, A. summer conditions. Many do not adapt at all. Similarly, eurycorymbus, and A. mulfordii, all of which have somewhat low altitude species found throughout Central and South similar foliage and branching yellow-orange blooms. A. America and the Caribbean are generally susceptible to eurycorymbus, if our identifications are accurate, also has damage at lower temperatures, some showing stress when two forms—green and reddish. The reddish form will turn temperatures fall below 45-50° F, many when the temper a golden yellow in full sun, and only grows to about half atures fall below 35-40° F, and almost all when there is a the greenhouse size of 5 feet. hard frost. However, experience is again providing in Another medium sized plant is Aechmea lueddemanniana sights to plant protection for many of these species and the which has variegated into forms 'MEND' with white-mar use of coverings, fogging, misting, and sprinkling permits gined leaves and 'Alverez' with white mid-striped leaves. A. many sensitive species to survive harsher conditions. lueddemannia has been hybridized many times and a cross While a majority of known bromeliad species adapt well with A. weilbachii leodiensis has produced a beautiful, up to the southern Florida temperature environment, barring right leafed, almost irridescent coppery-red form that freeze conditions, most of these have some shade require seems to enjoy almost any lighting condition—bright sun ment. Some species have demonstrated strong light toler being the best for color. ance to full sun, and these will be discussed in the follow In Trinidad Aechmea aqualega can be found in almost ing. any habitat. It grows on rocks immediately above high tide Most genera appear to have at least a few sun tolerant where it apparently gets a lot of salt spray. At the other species. Some, such as Tillandsia, include many species, sev extreme, it grows terrestrially and epiphytically on the eral of which can reach large dimensions and have attrac upper slopes of Mt. Arepo about 1800 feet altitude. This tive shape and color. However, Tillandsia sp. are generally species seems to thrive in southern Florida where the very slow growers and as yet there are few examples on leaves will turn to a deep maroon in full sun and show display. Another genus, Bromelia, has desirable characters heights and spreads of 5 to 6 feet. The beautiful yellow- in size, shape, and attractive blooms but also has numerous headed inflorescence with red bracts will hold color for spines along the leaf edge that preclude bloodless handl several months. ing. It has been in occasional demand by some tropical Ananas, the pineapple genus has many recognized American immigrants for under-window plantings as an species and a host of cultivars. Ananas comosus is now in intruder deterrent, which it would be if any of the species world-wide cultivation in several forms. This species, as were locally available. well as other Ananas, has developed spineless and vari Four genera have been widely tested since 1980 and egated forms all of which are attractive and suitable for have turned up many suitable species for full sun land bright light landscapes. The added attraction of edible scape. These are Aechmea, Ananas, Neoregelia, and Portea. fruit is somewhat counter-balanced by the untidy nature The species of Aechmea used includes A. bracteata, a of unintended propagation which takes on an appearance moderately tall plant, (leaves to 5 feet) with a 6-8 foot in of chaos. Very little use of variegated pineapples have ap florescence. When grown in full sun, A. bracteata assumes peared in the United States, but in Puerto Rico very an attractive bottle-shape. It generally grows in epiphytic dramatic displays are frequently seen. conditions in Mexico but does well as a terrestrial when Some of the most colorful foliage in bromeliads is good root drainage is provided. There are two foliage vari found with the genus Neoregelia. These are medium to eties, one green and the other reddish.
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