The East Riding Coastline: Past, Present and Future Research · April 2017 CITATIONS READS 0 53 3 authors: Sue Boyes Steve Barnard University of Hull University of Hull 19 PUBLICATIONS 228 CITATIONS 39 PUBLICATIONS 74 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Michael Elliott University of Hull 282 PUBLICATIONS 9,997 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Climate change and European aquatic Resources (CERES) View project UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow On: Coastal Zones View project All content following this page was uploaded by Sue Boyes on 26 April 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS) The University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX The East Riding Coastline: Tel: +44 (0)1482 466771 Fax: +44 (0)1482 466772 Email: [email protected] Past, Present and Future www.hull.ac.uk/iecs January 2016 www.hull.ac.uk/iecs The East Riding Coastline: Past, Present and Future The East Riding Coastline: Past, Present and Future Contents Foreword V Preface VI Frequently asked questions VIII 1 11 29 37 37 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Development of the Coastal processes Coastal monitoring Defending the East Riding East Riding coastline coastline Ice age 1 Coastal processes on the East Riding coastline 11 Why the coastline is monitored 29 The history of coastal engineering 37 Lost villages 1 Geology 11 History of monitoring 30 Defence options 38 Current day 2 Beaches 12 Current techniques 32 Defended areas along the East Riding coastline 42 Bempton to Bridlington 4 Waves, currents and tides 14 Analysis of data 35 Bridlington 42 Holderness Coast 5 Barmston 44 Mechanics of erosion 17 Data publication 35 Spurn 6 Hornsea 44 Sediment budget 19 Mappleton 44 Erosion rates 20 Withernsea 44 Easington 44 Impact of dredging on erosion rates 26 Spurn 45 Sea level rise and climate change 26 Undefended coastline 45 Links between defended coastlines and increased downstream erosion? 46 Defend the entire coastline? 47 Funding and maintenance arrangements 47 Socio-economic implications 50 I | www.hull.ac.uk www.hull.ac.uk | II The East Riding Coastline: Past, Present and Future The East Riding Coastline: Past, Present and Future This report provides an overview of the current knowledge on the development and management practices along the East Riding coastline. This coastal resource will be valuable for many users, especially teachers and students and the general public. It meets the needs of the national curriculum with information for the Key Stage 2 primary education geography syllabus (pupils aged 7-11), and students at Key Stage 3 (pupils aged 11 to 14) to understand key processes in physical geography. The East Riding coastline has long been used as an excellent educational case study for understanding geological timescales and plate tectonics; rocks, weathering and 53 71 79 soils; weather and climate, including the changes from the Ice Age to the present, and glaciation, erosion, hydrology and coasts. It also provides an important Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 review of current literature for GCSE studies and further and higher education. This coastal resource provides Coastal management, Coastal management Coastal change management the general public with information on the local area and explains the decisions currently being taken by East policy and legislation practitioners options Riding of Yorkshire Council (ERYC) regarding coastline protection and management. European legislation 53 Who is responsible for coastal management? 71 Introduction 79 Although ERYC staff have had an input to this document, EU Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Government bodies 71 Legal aspects 79 all the discussions are based on peer-reviewed literature, Recommendation 53 grey literature and websites with its interpretation by Non-departmental public bodies 74 Legislation 79 Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) 54 the authors. Hence the Institute and the authors are Local planning controls 80 responsible for the content of this report. We welcome Habitats and Species Directive 55 Non-statutory stakeholders 76 Policy guidance and best practice 80 feedback by all interested parties – the Institute can be Birds Directive 56 contacted by telephone on +44 (0)1482 466771 and by Water Framework Directive 58 National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) 80 email on [email protected]. Flood Risk Management Directive 58 PPS25 and supplement 81 This coastal resource was funded through the Defra Bathing Water Directive 59 Adapting to coastal change: Developing a Coastal Change Pathfinder project and the East Riding Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 59 policy framework 82 Coastal Change Pathfinder (ERCCP). The authors would Environmental Impact Assessment Directive (EIA) 60 Community Adaptation Planning and like to acknowledge the input from various East Riding of Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive (SEA) 60 Engagement (CAPE) 82 Yorkshire Council staff in the preparation of this report especially Neil McLachlan, Jennifer Kippax, Jeremy UK legislation 62 Cliff instability and erosion management in Pickles, Richard Jackson and the rest of the Sustainable Great Britain 83 Coast Protection Act 1949 62 Development and Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Flood and Water Management Act 2010 62 National coastal change pathfinder scheme 83 Management teams. Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 63 East Riding coastal change pathfinder / East Please cite the coastal resource as: Boyes, S.J., Barnard, Conservation Legislation 63 Riding coastal change fund 83 S. & Elliott, M. 2016. The East Riding Coastline: Past, Marine Policy Statement (MPS) 67 Present and Future. Prepared for East Riding of Yorkshire References 86 Council (ERYC) by the Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Planning Policy Statements (PPS) 67 Studies (IECS), University of Hull. Funded through the Non-statutory policies and plans 68 Defra Coastal Change Pathfinder project and the East Riding Coastal Change Pathfinder (ERCCP). Institute of Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs) 68 Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull, Hull, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) HU6 7RX, UK. plans 69 Published January 2016 © University of Hull III | www.hull.ac.uk www.hull.ac.uk | IV The East Riding Coastline: Past, Present and Future The East Riding Coastline: Past, Present and Future Foreword Preface The University of Hull was founded in 1927 and is England’s 14th oldest university. It has, since its foundation, The Holderness coastline of the East Riding of Yorkshire is widely regarded undertaken research and teaching in marine and estuarine fields with the pioneering sampling of the North Sea waters and teaching of marine biology by Sir Alistair Hardy FRS, the first Professor of Zoology. This ground-breaking as one of the fastest eroding coastlines in Europe and has been so since the work enabled Sir Alistair to determine the food of fishes and the relationship between the plankton food and the last ice age. Despite this, it is the home to several towns and many villages herring catches which sustained much of the east coast of the UK. Other notable staff of the University included Professor George de Boer and Professor John Pethick, both internationally renowned coastal geomorphologists, and a thriving tourism and fishing industry. The area has long suffered who first studied the Holderness and Humber coastlines. from the social and economic costs of the erosion and many villages have Many parts of the University have expertise in the estuarine, coastal and marine fields, including ecology, disappeared into the North Sea in recorded history. geography, chemistry, governance, security, engineering, business, economics, planning and management. Because of this, the University’s researchers have been funded by local and national groups, regulatory bodies, industries and non-governmental organisations, as well as the European Commission. This in turn has enabled the In 1994, the Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies This coastal resource covers the East Riding coastline teaching of marine and coastal features to many generations of students. (IECS; see www.hull.ac.uk/iecs) at the University of from Bempton in the north down to Spurn Point in the Hull, under the former director Professor John Pethick, south, most of which is given the geographical name of Since 1982, the University’s Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS) has undertaken teaching, research was commissioned by the former Humberside County Holderness (see map showing study area). The and consultancy related to the Humber and Yorkshire coast (the natural features and the social aspects). Over past Council to produce two documents entitled Humber 85 km long coastline is characterised by a diverse range decades the Institute has been carrying out similar activities worldwide, while still maintaining its local expertise. Estuary and Coast and Humber Estuary and Coast – of landscapes and habitats, from the chalk headland at Management Issues. These documents were designed Flamborough with its important landscape and wildlife The East Yorkshire coast and Humber Estuary, which is influenced by the dynamics of the adjacent coasts, are to provide the public, stakeholders and environmental