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4th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications Palermo, Italy, 22-25 Nov 2015 New Approaches in Street Lightings in Turkey Erdeniz Erol, Emrah Kalkan, Deren Atlı R&D and Energy Automation Department Enerjisa Electricity Distribution Company Ankara, Turkey [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— Turkey Electricity Distribution Service Operators(DSO) have the responsibility of operation and II. A BRIEF HISTORY OF STREET LIGHTING IN THE WORLD maintenance of street lighting systems. Since they are privatized AND IN TURKEY by Transfer of Operating Rights (TOOR) method, lighting and their efficiency becomes an issue in between DSO’s and Turkey A. Street Lighting History of the World Energy Ministry. In this work first of all, lighting history is Street lighting was an answer to the need of illuminating researched within the world and specifically in Turkey. After the streets at night, which was determined by security and that while traditional lighting systems and regulatory perspective navigation problems of people. In early days, portable oil is observed, new smart lighting systems and their cost-benefit analysis are researched within existing pilot projects as well. lamps were used by the people in order to see where they were going and walk safely at night in the dark. Afterwards; people Keywords- Lighting; street lighting; regulations on lighting; were trying to illuminate streets by hanging oil lamp to specific history of street lighting; lighting efficiency; conventional lighting places through the road. systems; LED illumination; smart street lighting During the age of industrialization, the growth of the large cities increased the necessity of urban illumination. In 1792 William Murdoch was successful to find a new way of lighting by heating coal and he lit his own house with coal gas [1]. I. INTRODUCTION Development of coal-gas powered lighting may be considered Street lighting is an issue of public service given for the as the beginning of the modern street lighting era. comfort and safety for the people who live in neighborhoods. Since this is a consumption of each resident, it is not applicable 15 years later from the Murdoch’s invention, a German to get benefit from it as private companies. In Turkey, Ministry businessman Frederick Albert Winsor lit the pall street with of Energy pays the consumption of street lighting by utilizing gas powered lamp in London. At the beginning, gas powered Distribution Service Operators (DSO) for billing, lighting street lighting had only consisted of 13 gas lamps connected to operation and maintenance of them. Since DSOs are privatized each other with tubes, and it reached to 42 km gas main length by Transfer of Operating Rights (TOOR) method, lighting and until end of 1815 in London [2]. Moving the focus from their efficiency becomes an issue in between DSO’s and Europe to America, Baltimore is the first city which gas lamps Turkish Energy Ministry. Possible solutions for cost-efficient installed in 1816 [3]. These cities were the pioneers of the products are tried in pilot projects in order to get benefit from street lighting with coal gas. In following years, coal gas has them. been the main material for the street lighting for Europe and America for the reason that gas lighting system is more In this work, current technologies used in street lighting functional and practical than conventional lamps. However today and history of street lighting are researched within the these lamps had also considerable disadvantages. Possibility of world and specifically in Turkey. With each technology gas leaking from pipes is one of the most serious drawbacks of developed in history, there is always an improvement to them [4]. enhance street lighting and their efficiency. Regulatory issues are following the developed technology by implementing pilot Despite the introduction of electric arc lighting principle, projects and investments afterwards. Today’s lighting very early in the nineteenth century, its utilization could not be regulatory perspective is given in this part of the work. Since possible due to lack of electricity supply and because it had not efficiency of lighting systems is core benefit of street lighting, been developed as a practical solution yet. The interest in the solutions for reducing lighting consumption are examined and electric lighting was triggered by the introduction of practical new smart lighting systems with new technologies used and generators in the 1870s. At the same time, Pavel Yablochkov their cost-benefit analysis are researched within existing pilot invented the first carbon arc lamp which is called projects. Yablochkov’s Candle to enlighten streets [5]. Arc lamps are the first examples of electric lamps on the streets. Beside other practical advantages, the introduction of arc lamps brought the ICRERA 2015 4th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications Palermo, Italy, 22-25 Nov 2015 freedom of height in the placement of light sources. Unlike the Mercury vapor lamps, which have been used since 1931 in gas lamps, these lamps did not require manual lighting directly the World, have been in use since 1960s in Turkey [9]. by a person [6]. Yet, shortness of useful life was the bug of Recently, the use of this type is restricted by government in carbon arc lamps. order to support more efficient illumination technologies [15]. On the other hand, the need for a central electrical supply High pressure mercury vapor lamps started to be replaced was not an emergency until the invention of the filament lamp. by high pressure sodium vapor lamps especially in the 1970s The development of Edison’s carbon-tread incandescent lamp when the energy costs increased and the energy efficiency in 1880s, fixed the problem about the short useful life and gained importance. This necessity resulted in the development London streets were enlightened with carbon-tread of interchangeable sodium lamps, which may be used in the incandescent lamps [7]. existent armatures without any hardware change. These lamps are still widely used in street illumination in Turkey [16]. Further developments in lighting were in the area of sodium discharge lamps. Beginning with the work of Arthur H. Metal halide lamps, which have higher energy efficiency Compton about the low pressure sodium lamps in 1920s, the and pure white light, constitute another way of street lighting in work of Robert L. Coble enabled the production of commercial Turkey. Concerning the economical side, however, they are high pressure sodium(HPS) lamps in 1960s [8]. Sodium lamps less preferred due to their shortness of useful life when are still used for street lighting. compared to mercury or sodium vapor lamps [17]. The first observation of spectrum caused by an electric arc in mercury had been noted by Charles Wheatstone in 1830’s. III. REGULATORY ISSUES OF STREET LIGHTING IN TURKEY Following this, several attempts were made for the use of Street lighting systems are regulated by Ministry of Energy mercury as a material of electric lighting. The commercial and Natural Resources with “General Lighting Legislation” production of mercury vapor lamps was started at the that is published on 27 July 2013 and “General Lighting beginning of 20th century and become widespread in 1930s. Rescript” that is published on 2 August 2013. In the scope of The use of this type of lamps decreased in the world after legislation, Procedures and principles are identified 1970s, but examples are still observable in Turkey, though concerning with technical principles regarding with getting fewer [9]. measurement of general lighting consumption and payment, Metal-halide lamps, another technology that uses an arc cutting off, implementation, audit and constituting lighting through mercury vapor combined with metal-halides, started to commission and responsibilities. be used commercially in 1960s, although the first experiments were conducted in 1890s about the technology [8]. Lighting Commission constitute under the presidency of Recently, the general trends are the LED (Light Emmiting Governor or Deputy Governor with contribute of Diode) and solar powered lights in global scale. This subject Municipalities, Distribution Companies delegates and Turkey will be explained further in the following parts. Electricity Distribution Company delegates. Commission has authority to decide; B. Street Lighting History of Turkey Determining lighting type Similar to other parts of the World, pioneers of the street Discussion and decision of planned lighting lightings in Turkey were oil lamps. People carried their lamps investments with them at nights. It was even prohibited to walk without Dimming lighting level at specific time candles after Isha prayer during the reign of Murat IV [10]. Other lighting planning issues. Wealthy families started to hang oil lamps in front of their mansions and succeeding these, several public buildings and In Turkey, there are 21 private Electricity Distribution specific streets were enlightened with lamps [11]. Companies (DSO) which are divided according to their Years after the invention of the coal gas lamp, with geographical regions and, are responsible to implement westernization due to the Tanzimat, first gasworks of Turkey facility and operate street lighting network in their regions. In installed in Istanbul for the Dolmabahce Palace’s lighting in this respect, Distribution Companies started process with 1856 [12].