Comparison of Bacterial Diversity from Solar Salterns and a Simulated Laboratory Study
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The Changing Technology of Post Medieval Sea Salt Production in England
1 Heritage, Uses and Representations of the Sea. Centro de Investigação Transdisiplinar Cultura, Espaço e Memoría (CITCEM) Porto, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 20-22 October 2011. The changing technology of post medieval sea salt production in England Jeremy Greenwood Composition of seawater Sea water contains 3.5% evaporites of which salt (sodium chloride) comprises 77.8%. The remainder is known as bittern as it includes the bitter tasting, aperient and deliquescent sulphates of magnesium (Epsom salt) and sodium (Glauber’s salt) as well as about 11% magnesium chloride. 2 Successful commercial salt making depends on the fractional crystallisation of seawater producing the maximum amount of salt without contamination by bittern salts. As seawater is evaporated, very small amounts of calcium carbonate are precipitated followed by some calcium sulphate. This is followed by the crystallisation of sodium chloride but before this is complete, bitter Epsom salt appears; something that needs to be avoided.1 In Continental Europe, evaporation of sea water is achieved solely by the energy of the wind and sun but this is not possible in the English climate so other techniques were developed. 1 http://www.solarsaltharvesters.com/notes.htm SOLAR SALT ENGINEERING 3 Evaporation vessel Briquetage The earliest known English method of coastal saltmaking has been found in the late Bronze Age. This involved boiling seawater in crude clay dishes supported by clay firebars (briquetage) and was widespread in Europe. This technique continued into the Iron Age and into the Roman period with variations inevitably occurring in the industry, although the dating of saltworks is very problematical.2 Detailed interpretation continues to be a matter of dispute. -
An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity
microorganisms Review An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity Ana Fernández-Bravo and Maria José Figueras * Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: mariajose.fi[email protected]; Tel.: +34-97-775-9321; Fax: +34-97-775-9322 Received: 31 October 2019; Accepted: 14 January 2020; Published: 17 January 2020 Abstract: The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in humans, fish, and other aquatic animals. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products. The taxonomy of this genus is complex when phenotypic identification methods are used because such methods might not correctly identify all the species. On the other hand, molecular methods have proven very reliable, such as using the sequences of concatenated housekeeping genes like gyrB and rpoD or comparing the genomes with the type strains using a genomic index, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) or in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH). So far, 36 species have been described in the genus Aeromonas of which at least 19 are considered emerging pathogens to humans, causing a broad spectrum of infections. Having said that, when classifying 1852 strains that have been reported in various recent clinical cases, 95.4% were identified as only four species: Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). -
The Role of Stress Proteins in Haloarchaea and Their Adaptive Response to Environmental Shifts
biomolecules Review The Role of Stress Proteins in Haloarchaea and Their Adaptive Response to Environmental Shifts Laura Matarredona ,Mónica Camacho, Basilio Zafrilla , María-José Bonete and Julia Esclapez * Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Department, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Area, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Ap 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain; [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (B.Z.); [email protected] (M.-J.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-965-903-880 Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020; Published: 29 September 2020 Abstract: Over the years, in order to survive in their natural environment, microbial communities have acquired adaptations to nonoptimal growth conditions. These shifts are usually related to stress conditions such as low/high solar radiation, extreme temperatures, oxidative stress, pH variations, changes in salinity, or a high concentration of heavy metals. In addition, climate change is resulting in these stress conditions becoming more significant due to the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. The most relevant damaging effect of these stressors is protein denaturation. To cope with this effect, organisms have developed different mechanisms, wherein the stress genes play an important role in deciding which of them survive. Each organism has different responses that involve the activation of many genes and molecules as well as downregulation of other genes and pathways. Focused on salinity stress, the archaeal domain encompasses the most significant extremophiles living in high-salinity environments. To have the capacity to withstand this high salinity without losing protein structure and function, the microorganisms have distinct adaptations. -
Characterization of the Microbial Population Inhabiting a Solar Saltern Pond of the Odiel Marshlands (SW Spain)
marine drugs Article Characterization of the Microbial Population Inhabiting a Solar Saltern Pond of the Odiel Marshlands (SW Spain) Patricia Gómez-Villegas, Javier Vigara and Rosa León * Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; [email protected] (P.G.-V.); [email protected] (J.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-959-219-951 Received: 28 June 2018; Accepted: 8 September 2018; Published: 12 September 2018 Abstract: The solar salterns located in the Odiel marshlands, in southwest Spain, are an excellent example of a hypersaline environment inhabited by microbial populations specialized in thriving under conditions of high salinity, which remains poorly explored. Traditional culture-dependent taxonomic studies have usually under-estimated the biodiversity in saline environments due to the difficulties that many of these species have to grow at laboratory conditions. Here we compare two molecular methods to profile the microbial population present in the Odiel saltern hypersaline water ponds (33% salinity). On the one hand, the construction and characterization of two clone PCR amplified-16S rRNA libraries, and on the other, a high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing approach based on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The results reveal that both methods are comparable for the estimation of major genera, although massive sequencing provides more information about the less abundant ones. The obtained data indicate that Salinibacter ruber is the most abundant genus, followed by the archaea genera, Halorubrum and Haloquadratum. However, more than 100 additional species can be detected by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). In addition, a preliminary study to test the biotechnological applications of this microbial population, based on its ability to produce and excrete haloenzymes, is shown. -
Comparative Pathogenomics of Aeromonas Veronii from Pigs in South Africa: Dominance of the Novel ST657 Clone
microorganisms Article Comparative Pathogenomics of Aeromonas veronii from Pigs in South Africa: Dominance of the Novel ST657 Clone Yogandree Ramsamy 1,2,3,* , Koleka P. Mlisana 2, Daniel G. Amoako 3 , Akebe Luther King Abia 3 , Mushal Allam 4 , Arshad Ismail 4 , Ravesh Singh 1,2 and Sabiha Y. Essack 3 1 Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; [email protected] 2 National Health Laboratory Service, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; [email protected] (D.G.A.); [email protected] (A.L.K.A.); [email protected] (S.Y.E.) 4 Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (A.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 9 November 2020; Accepted: 15 December 2020; Published: 16 December 2020 Abstract: The pathogenomics of carbapenem-resistant Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii) isolates recovered from pigs in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, was explored by whole genome sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Genomic functional annotation revealed a vast array of similar central networks (metabolic, cellular, and biochemical). The pan-genome analysis showed that the isolates formed a total of 4349 orthologous gene clusters, 4296 of which were shared; no unique clusters were observed. All the isolates had similar resistance phenotypes, which corroborated their chromosomally mediated resistome (blaCPHA3 and blaOXA-12) and belonged to a novel sequence type, ST657 (a satellite clone). -
Anaerobic Consumers of Monosaccharides in a Moderately Acidic Fenᰔ† Alexandra Hamberger,1 Marcus A
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 2008, p. 3112–3120 Vol. 74, No. 10 0099-2240/08/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/AEM.00193-08 Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Anaerobic Consumers of Monosaccharides in a Moderately Acidic Fenᰔ† Alexandra Hamberger,1 Marcus A. Horn,1* Marc G. Dumont,2 J. Colin Murrell,2 and Harold L. Drake1 Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany,1 and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom2 Received 22 January 2008/Accepted 20 March 2008 16S rRNA-based stable isotope probing identified active xylose- and glucose-fermenting Bacteria and active Archaea, including methanogens, in anoxic slurries of material obtained from a moderately acidic, CH4- emitting fen. Xylose and glucose were converted to fatty acids, CO2,H2, and CH4 under moderately acidic, anoxic conditions, indicating that the fen harbors moderately acid-tolerant xylose- and glucose-using fermen- ters, as well as moderately acid-tolerant methanogens. Organisms of the families Acidaminococcaceae, Aero- monadaceae, Clostridiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae and the order Actinomycetales, including hitherto unknown organisms, utilized xylose- or glucose-derived carbon, suggesting that highly diverse facul- tative aerobes and obligate anaerobes contribute to the flow of carbon in the fen under anoxic conditions. Uncultured Euryarchaeota (i.e., Methanosarcinaceae and Methanobacteriaceae) and Crenarchaeota species were -
Warren, J. K., 2010, Evaporites Through Time: Tectonic, Climatic And
Earth-Science Reviews 98 (2010) 217–268 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Evaporites through time: Tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits John K. Warren Petroleum Geoscience Program, Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand article info abstract Article history: Throughout geological time, evaporite sediments form by solar-driven concentration of a surface or Received 25 February 2009 nearsurface brine. Large, thick and extensive deposits dominated by rock-salt (mega-halite) or anhydrite Accepted 10 November 2009 (mega-sulfate) deposits tend to be marine evaporites and can be associated with extensive deposits of Available online 22 November 2009 potash salts (mega-potash). Ancient marine evaporite deposition required particular climatic, eustatic or tectonic juxtapositions that have occurred a number of times in the past and will so again in the future. Keywords: Ancient marine evaporites typically have poorly developed Quaternary counterparts in scale, thickness, evaporite deposition tectonics and hydrology. When mega-evaporite settings were active within appropriate arid climatic and marine hydrological settings then huge volumes of seawater were drawn into the subsealevel evaporitic nonmarine depressions. These systems were typical of regions where the evaporation rates of ocean waters were at plate tectonics their maximum, and so were centred on the past latitudinal equivalents of today's horse latitudes. But, like economic geology today's nonmarine evaporites, the location of marine Phanerozoic evaporites in zones of appropriate classification adiabatic aridity and continentality extended well into the equatorial belts. Exploited deposits of borate, sodium carbonate (soda-ash) and sodium sulfate (salt-cake) salts, along with evaporitic sediments hosting lithium-rich brines require continental–meteoric not marine-fed hydrologies. -
Saltern Evaporation Ponds As Model Systems for the Study of Primary Production Processes Under Hypersaline Conditions
Vol. 56: 193–204, 2009 AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Printed September 2009 doi: 10.3354/ame01297 Aquat Microb Ecol Published online June 30, 2009 Contribution to AME Special 2 ‘Progress and perspectives in aquatic primary productivity’ OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS REVIEW Saltern evaporation ponds as model systems for the study of primary production processes under hypersaline conditions Aharon Oren Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Institute of Life Sciences, and the Moshe Shilo Minerva Center for Marine Biogeochemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel ABSTRACT: Multi-pond solar salterns, which are used worldwide for salt production along tropical and subtropical coastal areas, present an environment with increasing salt concentrations, from sea- water to NaCl saturation. Characteristic salt-adapted microbial communities are found along the salinity gradient. In ponds of intermediate salinity (100 to 250 g l–1), most of the primary production occurs in benthic microbial mats dominated by different types of unicellular and filamentous Cyanobacteria (Aphanothece, Microcoleus, Phormidium and others), sometimes in association with diatoms. In crystallizer ponds, the unicellular green alga Dunaliella is the sole primary producer that lives in association with dense communities of heterotrophic halophilic Archaea that color the brines red. This basic pattern is common to all saltern systems, in spite of local variations in climate and nutrient availability. Photosynthetic activities of benthic cyanobacterial mats in the evaporation ponds and of endoevaporitic microbial communities within the gypsum crust that precipitates at intermediate salinities have been extensively studied in salterns at different locations, using oxygen microelectrodes and other techniques adapted to the study of benthic communities. These environ- ments are generally highly productive, although most of the oxygen produced during daytime by the Cyanobacteria is recycled within the mats rather than exchanged with the overlying water and the atmosphere. -
Identifying and Modeling Evaporite Facies Using Well Logs
Identifying and Modeling Evaporite Facies using Well Logs: Characterising the Devonian Elk Point Group salt giant by Elaine Loretta Lord A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta © Elaine Loretta Lord, 2020 Abstract Over the last century, study of evaporite deposits has evolved from modeling chemical successions and studying outcrops of insoluble material, to sedimentologic study of drill core paired with geochemical analysis. In this thesis, I add to published scientific literature on the Prairie Evaporite Formation, a succession of Middle-Devonian evaporate deposits in the Central Alberta Basin of Alberta, Canada. I combine new well log interpretation with sedimentologic studies in the literature to define six new evaporite facies in the Prairie Evaporite Formation, and present a new facies identification scheme that correlates wireline log signatures to core log data. Wireline log data from 994 wells and logs of seven cores in the Central Alberta Basin are compiled to assess stratigraphic relationships, lithological facies, textural features, and insoluble marker beds within the Prairie Evaporite Formation. This analysis identifies seven unique facies sequences within each cycle of the Prairie Evaporite in the Central Alberta Basin. I have produced 3D-facies models for each cycle in order to map facies distribution across the Central Alberta Basin and assess the change in depositional environments through time and across the basin. I infer water cyclicity and climate in the basin during the middle Devonian based on these depositional environments: modeled facies reflect a nearshore environment in the west and southwest Central Alberta Basin and an increasingly shallow and concentrated epeiric sea basinward. -
Genome Sequence and Description of the Anaerobic Lignin-Degrading Bacterium Tolumonas Lignolytica Sp
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Genome sequence and description of the anaerobic lignin-degrading bacterium Tolumonas lignolytica sp. nov. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03j0f0k8 Journal Standards in genomic sciences, 10(1) ISSN 1944-3277 Authors Billings, Andrew F Fortney, Julian L Hazen, Terry C et al. Publication Date 2015 DOI 10.1186/s40793-015-0100-3 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Billings et al. Standards in Genomic Sciences (2015) 10:106 DOI 10.1186/s40793-015-0100-3 EXTENDED GENOME REPORT Open Access Genome sequence and description of the anaerobic lignin-degrading bacterium Tolumonas lignolytica sp. nov. Andrew F. Billings1, Julian L. Fortney2,3, Terry C. Hazen3,4,5, Blake Simmons2,6, Karen W. Davenport7, Lynne Goodwin7, Natalia Ivanova8, Nikos C. Kyrpides8, Konstantinos Mavromatis8, Tanja Woyke8 and Kristen M. DeAngelis1* Abstract Tolumonas lignolytica BRL6-1T sp. nov. is the type strain of T. lignolytica sp. nov., a proposed novel species of the Tolumonas genus. This strain was isolated from tropical rainforest soils based on its ability to utilize lignin as a sole carbon source. Cells of Tolumonas lignolytica BRL6-1T are mesophilic, non-spore forming, Gram-negative rods that are oxidase and catalase negative. The genome for this isolate was sequenced and returned in seven unique contigs totaling 3.6Mbp, enabling the characterization of several putative pathways for lignin breakdown. Particularly, we found an extracellular peroxidase involved in lignin depolymerization, as well as several enzymes involved in β-aryl ether bond cleavage, which is the most abundant linkage between lignin monomers. -
Microbial Communities Mediating Algal Detritus Turnover Under Anaerobic Conditions
Microbial communities mediating algal detritus turnover under anaerobic conditions Jessica M. Morrison1,*, Chelsea L. Murphy1,*, Kristina Baker1, Richard M. Zamor2, Steve J. Nikolai2, Shawn Wilder3, Mostafa S. Elshahed1 and Noha H. Youssef1 1 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA 2 Grand River Dam Authority, Vinita, OK, USA 3 Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Background. Algae encompass a wide array of photosynthetic organisms that are ubiquitously distributed in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Algal species often bloom in aquatic ecosystems, providing a significant autochthonous carbon input to the deeper anoxic layers in stratified water bodies. In addition, various algal species have been touted as promising candidates for anaerobic biogas production from biomass. Surprisingly, in spite of its ecological and economic relevance, the microbial community involved in algal detritus turnover under anaerobic conditions remains largely unexplored. Results. Here, we characterized the microbial communities mediating the degradation of Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta), Chara sp. strain IWP1 (Charophyceae), and kelp Ascophyllum nodosum (phylum Phaeophyceae), using sediments from an anaerobic spring (Zodlteone spring, OK; ZDT), sludge from a secondary digester in a local wastewater treatment plant (Stillwater, OK; WWT), and deeper anoxic layers from a seasonally stratified lake -
Artisanal Salt Production in Aveiro/Portugal - an Ecofriendly Process Carolina M Rodrigues1*, Ana Bio1, Francisco Amat2 and Natividade Vieira1,3
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC Rodrigues et al. Saline Systems 2011, 7:3 http://www.salinesystems.org/content/7/1/3 SALINE SYSTEMS REVIEW Open Access Artisanal salt production in Aveiro/Portugal - an ecofriendly process Carolina M Rodrigues1*, Ana Bio1, Francisco Amat2 and Natividade Vieira1,3 Abstract Solar salinas are man-made systems exploited for the extraction of salt, by solar and wind evaporation of seawater. Salt production achieved by traditional methods is associated with landscapes and environmental and patrimonial values generated throughout history. Since the mid-twentieth century, this activity has been facing a marked decline in Portugal, with most salinas either abandoned or subjected to destruction, making it necessary to find a strategy to reverse this trend. It is, however, possible to generate revenue from salinas at several levels, not merely in terms of good quality salt production, but also by obtaining other products that can be commercialized, or by exploring their potential for tourism, and as research facilities, among others. Furthermore, with an adequate management, biodiversity can be restored to abandoned salinas, which constitute important feeding and breeding grounds for resident and migratory aquatic birds, many of which are protected by European Community Directives. The aims of this manuscript are to present a brief overview on the current state of sea salt exploitation in Portugal and to stress the importance of recovering these salinas for the conservation of this particular environment, for the regional economy, the scientific community and the general public. The Aveiro salina complex is presented in detail, to exemplify salina structure and functioning, as well as current problems and potential solutions for artisanal salinas.