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Sinopsis De Los Hydrophiloidea De México

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Sinopsis De Los Hydrophiloidea De México Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 82: 491-514, 2011 Sinopsis de los Hydrophiloidea de México (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Helophoridae, Epimetopidae, Georissidae e Hydrochidae), con una clave para la identificación de los géneros Synopsis of the Hydrophiloidea of Mexico (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae, Helophoridae, Epimetopidae, Georissidae, and Hydrochidae), with a key for the identification of genera Roberto Arce- Pérez* y Miguel Ángel Morón Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Km. 2.5 carr. Xalapa-Coatepec, 351, El Haya 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México. *Correspondencia: [email protected] Resumen. Se presentan una síntesis sobre la taxonomía, ecología y distribución de la superfamilia Hydrophiloidea en México, una clave para géneros y una lista para géneros y especies con información sobre los estados donde se han registrado. Los Hydrophiloidea están representados en México por 6 familias, 9 tribus, 36 géneros, 181 especies y 6 subespecies, que corresponden al 20% de los géneros y 6% de las especies en el mundo, y al 95% y 67 % respectivamente para Mesoamérica. Se registran por primera vez para el estado de Veracruz Oosternum attacomis Spangler, 1962 y Sphaeridium scarabaeoides Linneo, 1758. Los estados con mayor riqueza de especies son Veracruz (72), Oaxaca (50), Sinaloa (44) y Sonora (43). Palabras clave: Coleoptera, Hydrophiloidea, México. Abstract. Taxonomic, ecological and distributional information regarding Mexican Hydrophiloidea is summarized. A key to genera is added and a checklist of the genera and species as well as geographic records for each state are presented. Hydrophiloidea are represented in Mexico by 6 families, 9 tribes, 36 genera, 181 species and 6 subspecies, corresponding to 20% and 6% of world genera and species respectively. In total, 95% and 67% of the recorded Mesoamerican genera and species are currently known from Mexico. Oosternum attacomis Spangler, 1962 and Sphaeridium scarabaeoides Linneo, 1758 are recorded for the first time from Veracruz. The states with the highest number of recorded species are Veracruz (72), Oaxaca (50), Sinaloa (44), and Sonora (43). Key words: Coleoptera, Hydrophiloidea, Mexico. Introducción hasta relativamente grandes (50 mm); la forma del cuerpo varía en relación con sus hábitos, las especies nadadoras presentan un cuerpo oval en vista dorsal, con el dorso Los Hydrophiloidea constituyen uno de los grupos más más o menos convexo pero siempre curvado, la superficie numerosos de coleópteros con hábitos acuáticos y semia- ventral plana, salvo por un proceso mesosternal saliente, o cuáticos. Más de la mitad de sus especies están adaptadas bien, una quilla mesometasternal (forma hidrodinámica), a la vida en el agua, o al menos en biotopos marginales, a además de presentar tibias y tarsos medios y posteriores veces inundables y otras veces riparios. La mayoría de las aplanados y orlados con sedas para la natación (Berosini, especies son depredadoras en su estado larval, y primaria- Hydrophilini: Hydrophilina); las formas que son incapaces mente detritívoras, fitófagas y necrófagas en el imaginal; de nadar, fácilmente caminan y se mueven bajo el agua pocas son nadadoras activas en su estado adulto, la mayoría sobre sustratos vegetales, arenosos o lodosos, y general- se desplazan sobre sustratos vegetales o sustratos inertes mente son de forma ancha y convexa dorsalmente, aunque sumergidos y las riparias sobre el sedimento. Las larvas de hay otras más bien anchas y planas, mientras que la super- algunos géneros son bentónicas, otras utilizan permanente- ficie ventral es cóncava o ligeramente plana; en este caso, mente soportes vegetales sumergidos. La superfamilia está las patas no están modificadas para la natación (Anacae- integrada por formas adultas de tamaño pequeño (1 mm) nini, Chatarthriini, Hydrophilini: Acidocerina); las formas riparias están asociadas a la vegetación y sedimentos de la orilla de los cuerpos de agua, y presentan un cuerpo de Recibido: 19 mayo 2010; aceptado: 14 0ctubre 2010 forma robusta, alargada y/o gibosa, con patas robustas e 692.indd 1 14/06/2011 04:37:16 p.m. 492 Arce-Pérez y Morón.- Hydrophiloidea de México hileras de espinas tibiales y tarsos cortos, y generalmente nimbatus (Say, 1823) y Berosus infuscatus Say, 1823 han están cubiertas por partículas del sedimento, barro, lodo sido registrados como depredadores de larvas de mosquitos o arena (Georissidae, Epimetopidae, Helophoridae, en Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1826 y Aedes taeniorhynchus parte). Las formas de vida acuática presentan una vestidura (Wiedemann, 1821). Por lo menos 3 especies de Dac- ventral hidrófoba que les permite retener una capa de aire tylosternum se han utilizado para control del escarabajo mientras están sumergidas, la cual les confiere un brillo barrenador de la caña de azúcar en Filipinas y Hawaii, y plateado; por ello también se les conoce como escarabajos una más para el control del escarabajo barrenador del plá- plateados del agua. tano en Jamaica. En otros casos se han registrado especies En Hydrophilidae, los miembros de Sphaeridiinae, de Helophoridae, tanto larvas como adultos, atacando cul- terrestres y/o semiacuáticos, son pequeños, ovales y con- tivos de nabo, repollo y otras crucíferas, además de trigo y vexos, con la superficie ventral cóncava o ligeramente pastos, y adultos de Hydrophilus triangularis como plaga plana; generalmente están asociados con sustratos muy en criaderos de peces. Tanto los adultos como las larvas de húmedos. Las especies semiacuáticas también presentan Hydrophiloidea intervienen en varios niveles de la red tró- vestidura hidrófoba, lo que sugiere que la modalidad de fica; como desintegradores aceleran el flujo de materia en vida acuática se perdió secundariamente y/o que la hume- los ambientes acuáticos y riparios; controlan poblaciones dad elevada de su hábitat habitual les exigió conservar esta de invertebrados, así como de juveniles de peces y anfibios; adaptación especial. Carácter común en los adultos de toda además constituyen el alimento de peces, anfibios, reptiles, la superfamilia es la conformación de la antena, rematada aves y mamíferos acuáticos y terrestres (Leech y Chandler, en una maza pubescente formada por 3 artejos (4 en Sperp- 1956; Nelson, 1977; Spangler, 1982; Van Tassell, 2000). cheus); los colores predominantes son pardo-negruzco con Taxonómicamente el grupo fue tratado como una fami- iridiscencias metálicas, pasando por pardo-amarillento o lia por Leech y Chandler (1956), Arnett (1972), Spangler rojizo, hay manchados (maculatus) o bandeados (vittatus) (1982, 1991), Smetana (1988), Newton y Thayer (1992) con entremezcla de colores amarillo, verde, azul o cobrizo; y Lawrence y Newton (1995). Sin embargo, diferentes la superficie puede ser lisa, granulosa, con fosetas, surcos, autores, como Hansen (1991, 1995), que usando caracteres carinas y/o tubérculos. Las larvas en general son cam- de los adultos, Beutel (1994), que emplea los de la cáp- podeiformes, alargadas, cilíndricas o cónicas con patas sula cefálica de larvas y adultos, y Archangelsky (1998), desarrolladas y una longitud de 4-60 mm, de color pardo- los del preimago, proponen la elevación de las subfami- grisáceo o amarillo- rojizo. lias al rango de familias (Helophoridae, Epimetopidae, La gran mayoría de las especies de hidrofiloideos viven Georissidae, Hydrochidae, Spercheidae e Hydrophilidae), dentro o a la orilla de los cuerpos de agua dulce y limpia; propuesta que se sigue en este trabajo. Zaitzev en 1908 sin embargo, algunas soportan niveles de contaminación, (citado por Hansen, 1999), en su catálogo de familias de otras habitan manantiales, ambientes salinos y aun la zona coleópteros acuáticos, reconoce 114 géneros y 1336 espe- intertidal de las playas rocosas, mientras que los adultos cies dentro de la familia Hydrophilidae; ahora, un siglo terrestres y semiacuáticos de la subfamilia Sphaeridiinae después, se registran en el mundo 8 familias, 181 géneros habitan en sitios húmedos, tales como hongos en des- y 3151 especies (Hansen, 1999; Short y Hebauer, 2006). composición, algas, estiércol, nidos de hormigas, bajo la El objetivo del presente trabajo es proporcionar una corteza podrida de los troncos, en nidos y desechos de síntesis sobre la taxonomía, biología y distribución en aves y mamíferos marinos, en el agua que se deposita en México de las especies de la superfamilia Hydrophiloidea las axilas de las hojas de plantas, tales como Araceae y de utilidad para futuros trabajos sobre sistemática, biología Marantaceae entre otras. En varias obras se ha discutido y zoogeografía del grupo. Estos datos contribuirán a los la limitación del nombre común “coleópteros basureros estudios sobre la conservación de los ambientes acuáticos del agua”, pues con muy raras excepciones las larvas son epicontinentales. voraces depredadoras y los adultos se alimentan con algas, hongos, hojas en descomposición u otra vegetación; oca- sionalmente devoran los tejidos de animales muertos, otros Materiales y métodos son detritívoros o depredadores, por lo que quizá el nom- bre más adecuado para la superfamilia sería “coleópteros El conocimiento sobre la superfamilia Hydrophiloidea omnívoros del agua” (Leech y Chandler, 1956; Spangler, de México está basado en revisiones para América del Norte 1982; Van Tassell, 2000; Oliva et al., 2002). (Arnett, 1972; Pennak, 1978; White y Brigham, 1996), tra- Algunas especies de Hydrophilidae llegan a tener bajos regionales de los Estados Unidos (Young, 1954; Leech importancia médica y económica: los adultos y larvas de y Chandler,
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