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Impact of the Striped Lynx Spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae) and Other Natural Enemies on the Cotton Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas Cotton

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Impact of the Striped Lynx Spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae) and Other Natural Enemies on the Cotton Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas Cotton Btor,ocrcer, CoNrnor- Impact of the Striped Lynx Spider (Araneae: Oxyopidae) and Other Natural Enemies on the Cotton Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Texas Cotton M. NYFFELER, W. L. STERLING, eNo D. A. DEAN Deparhnent of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Environ. Entomol. 2f(5): ff78-ff88 (1992) ABSTRACT Natural predation on nymphs and adults of the cotton feahopper, Pseud,ato- moscelis seriatus (Reuter), was assessed during 108 h of visual observation in an insecticide-free cotton ffeld in cenbal Texas. Predaceous arthropods of 13 species (from nine families) were observed to forage on the feahopper. More than 807o of üre predation events observed were afüibutable to spiders. The striped lynx spider, Oxgopes salticus Hentz, was dominant among the predators observed eating fleahoppers (15 records of feeding in action). Cotton fleahoppers composed, -25Vo of the total prey of O. salticus during June and July. It was estimated during midseason that once every 4 d, one O. salticus would kill one cotton fleahopper. The assessment of the killing power of O. salticus, based on the predation rate and the predator-to-prey ratio (i.e., number of O. salticus individuals per feahopper), suggests that these spiders are important mortality agents of the cotton fleahopper (>l1Vo prey mortality per day in the middle of the growing season). Additional feahopper mortality is attributable to other predaceous arthropods such as Peucetia oiridans (Hentz) (Oxyopidae), jumping spiders (Salticidae), crab spiders (Thomisidae), web-building spiders (Araneidae, Dictynidae, Theridiidae), damsel bugs (Nabidae), and ants (Formicidae). KEY WORDS Pseudatomoscelis, Oxgopes, colton THn cotroN FLEAHorer,r., Pseudatomoscelis fleahopper was monitored (three prey records seröatus (Reuter), is a major pest of cotton in over an 85-h observation period, or 0.03 record Texas (Adkisson 1973, Sterling et al. 1992b). per hour) (Table 6). Numbers of cotton fleahop- Fleahoppers are eaten by various polyphagous pers counted in that cotton field in 1985 was arthropod predators as has been detected by vi- 0.04-1.3 individuals per meter of row (early sea- sual observation (Whitcomb et al. 1963, Dean et son until bloom). This is below the economic al. 1987, Lockley & Young 1987) and by ""P- threshold of 15-35 fleahoppers per 100 plants labeling (Breene & Sterling 1988). These poly- (-LL3.5 individuals per meter of row in the phagous predators are numerous in some cotton Austonio field) recommended by the Texas Ag- fields (Whitcomb & Bell 1964, van den Bosch & ricultural Extension Service. The low predation Hagen 1966, Johnson et al. 1986, Dean & Ster- rates on fleahopper prey apparently reflected the ling 1987), suggesting that they may contribute reduced fleahopper numbers on cotton (Nyffeler to the natural mortality of the cotton fleahopper. et al. 1987a). Possibly the fleahoppers were kept An observational study (>85 h) was conducted in check by the numerous predators on the wild in an east Texas cotton agroecosystem during the host plants in the "reseryoir habitats" before summer of 1985 to evaluate quantitatively the they migrated into cotton (unpublished data). effect of arthropod predation on the population Nyffeler et al. (1987a, b) sbessed the need to dynamics of the cotton fleahopper (Nyffeler et al. repeat a similar visual observation project in an- 1986; 1987a, b, ci 1988a, b; 1989; Dean et al. other cotton agroecosystem where cotton flea- 1987). The study site was an insecticide-free cot- hoppers were more abundant. ton agroecosystem surrounded by extensive During the summer of 1988, the effect of ar- tracts of minimally disturbed noncrop habitats thropod predators on fleahopper numbers was composed of various wild plants and grasses. evaluated quantitatively in a cotton field in cen- From these "reservoir habitats," large numbers tral Texas, where cotton fleahoppers occurred in of predators (primarily spiders and ffre ants) mi- fairly high numbers (two per meter of row in grated into the cotton agroecosystem. Large midseason). Predation activities of insectivores numbers of predators were observed on cotton, on the various instars of the cotton fleahopper but a very low frequency of predation on the were observed, and the killing power of the nu- 0/Xü22l5XlS2llL78-f f88$02.00/0 @ 1992 Entomological Society of America This article is the copyright property of the Entomological Society of America and may not be used for any commercial !r othq p{ygte pqrpose without specific written permission of thg Entomological Society of Amedca October 1992 Nvppsrsn ET ÄL.: Spropn PnnoerroN oN CorroN Flnenoppnn I179 merically dominant predator species was esti- remains of dead fleahoppers from the spider mated. webs ("durable evidence" lDEl sensu Sterling [1989]). "Total evidence" is deffned as the com- bined data of"observational evidence" plus "du- Materials and Methods rable evidence" (OE + DE). Sfudy Area. The study site was a weed-free Predators in possession of prey were killed, cotton agroecosystem untreated with insecti- preserved (along with their prey) in TOVo ethyl cides in central Texas (Burleson County), -!Q alcohol, and later identified in the laboratory un- km southwest of College Station. This cotton der a dissecting microscope. At the same time, ffeld (f3.6 ha) was surrounded by grassland the age (instar) of each fleahopper prey was de- (grazed pastures), with wild plants growing on termined and recorded. For methodological de- the ffeld borders and in adjacent grasslands. Cot- tails see Nyfeler et al. (1987a, b, cj I988a, b; ton, sorghum, and corn were grown in nearby rese). ffelds. The cotton ('Paymaster 145') was planted Estimate of Predation Rate of O*gropes salticus on 8 April 1988 with a distance between rows of Hentz According to Edgar (1970) and Kiritani et 1 m. The cotton yield was 950 kg/ha (I.7 bales/ al. (1972), the predation rate of nonweb-building acre). spiders can be estimated based on the average Evidence of Predation. Field observations proportion of prey-carrying spiders observed in wk, from mid- were conducted for 9 consecutive the ffeld. It is necessary to know the average time June to mid-August 1988, during the daylight required to handle an individual prey (handling hours (the majority between 1200 and 1800 hours time) and the hunting time (hours per day), so CST). & Young (1987) noted that pred- Lockley that the data obtained in the field can be con- ator activity was higher in the morning hours verted into the number of prey eaten per day compared with the afternoon hours in Missis- (Edgar 1970, Kiritani et al. 1972). The predation sippi. In a previous sfudy conducted in Texas was in middle cotton, the feeding activity of the numerically rate in this study estimated the of dominant predators did not differ signiffcantly the growing season, when the O. salticus popu- between the morning and afternoon hours lation had a nearly uniform age-size class struc- stages (late instars- (Nyffeler et al. 1987a, b), although we cannot rule ture dominated by larger out that the unknown feeding activities of some adults, sensu Whitcomb & Eason [f967]). Young (1986) less abundant species may peak in the morning & Lockley conducted laboratory experi- small (see also Culin & Yeargan 1982). In total, 108 ments with O. salticus and found that (0.58 * person-hours ofvisual observation were spent in spiders 0.04 mm carapace width) killed signiffcantly less prey than medium-sized spi- the ffeld; 34 h in h in July, and 24 h in June,50 ders (0.81 -+ 0.07 mm carapace width) or large August, with an average of 3 h/d. The numbers of -t- predators were monitored by counting them on spiders (f .34 0.29 mm carapace width), whereas the two larger plants during l-h periods (walking speed -0.8 the difference between km/h along the field rows). During each observa- size categories was not statistically signiffcant. predation tion period, the following data were recorded: Evidently the difference of the rate (l) (2) (3) predators between the larger O. salticus size classes is Date, time of day, numbers of justifies without prey per observation hour, (4) numbers rather small, which the assessment of a group of predators with fleahopper prey per observa- single predation rate for the entire of growing tion hour, (5) numbers of predators with alternate larger O. salticus in the middle of the prey per observation hour, and (6) numbers of season. (Pd", potential fleahopper prey per observation hour. The daily rate of predation on all prey per Versatile predators (nonweb-building spiders number of prey organisms killed per spider insects) prey their chelicerae- day) of O. salticus was assessed with equation I and with in (Edgar mandibulae were capfured by hand with a trans- 1970, Nyffeler et al. 1987a): parent cup (7.5 cm upper diameter, l0 cm depth). This method monitored "observational evidence Pd.: (T1x 60 x F)l(Th x 100), (l) of predation in action" (OE values [see Sterling 19891). One ffre ant worker transporting a wig- where 60 is minutes and 100 is used to convert to gling fleahopper was listed in the category of percentage, Tp is the hunting time (hours per "predators feeding," although the ant was not day) available'for prey capture and feeding in the actually seen eating; however, subsequent feed- field, 77" is the average time (minutes) required ing by the colony could be expected (Breene et to handle an individual prey, and F, is the aver- al. 1989b). age feeding frequency at a given time (mean For sedentary web-building spiders, evidence percentage prey-carrying spiders observed in the of predation was obtained in two ways: (l) by ffeld [see Edgar 1970J). The proportion ofprey- capfuring spiders with prey in their chelicerae carrying O. saltöcüs within the population was (observational evidenee of predation in action recorded on 4 consecutive d (20-23 July, with [OE], see above), and (2) by collecting the 3-h observations per day) and the mean (*Sn) of ll80 ENvlnoNNrsNrer, ENtouolocY Vol.
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