Common Spiders of North Carolina

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Irregular Spiny-backed Common Spiders of North Orbweaver shaped Gasteracantha Carolina (WEB builders) abdomen cancriformis B. Bockhahn 2012 CIRCULAR (ORB) WEB Arrow-head Spider Arrowhead Verrucosa arenata Micrathena FUNNEL SHEET/ Micrathena Spined Micrathena sagittata WEB COBWEB Round abdomen Bowl and Doily Spider White Micrathena M. mitrata Micrathena gracilis Frotinella communis No yellow Web in bushes Some yellow Banded Argiope Giant Lichen Argiope trifasciata Orbweaver Araneus bicentarius Funnel Web Spider Filmy Dome Spider Agelenopsis sp. Prolinyphia Furrow Web in hiding marginata Marbled Orbweaver Orbweaver Smaller legs Araneus marmoreus Larionoides cornutus Very long legs Black & Yellow Argiope Argiope aurantia Venusta Orchard Spider Humpbacked Rusty-red Neoscona Leucage venusta Orbweaver Neoscona crucifera Eustala anastera Cellar Spider Black Widow False Black Widow Steatoda grossa Pholcus phalangioides Latrodectus sp. Common House Spider Achaearanea tepidariorum Spotted Forest Arabesque Orbweaver Leafy Cobweb Weaver Lined Orbweaver Orbweaver Neoscona Harvestman :not a spider Theridion frondeum Mangora gibberosa Neoscona arabesca domiciliorum Common Spiders of North On flower Carolina (non-WEB builders) ON F M PLANT Goldenrod Crab Spider Misumena vatia White-banded Crab Spider ON DWELLING NEAR WATER ON GROUND Green leaves Misumenoides formosipes Nursery Web Spider Pisaurina mira Large size Small Green Lynx Spider Tan Crab Spider White Sac Spider Xysticus ferox Elaver excepta Peucetia viridans Bold Jumper Jumping Longjawed Jumper Phidippus audax Spiders Hentzia palmarum Lance Wolf Spider Schizocosa avida Orange Jumper Dark Fishing Spider Southern Dolomedes tenebrosus Paraphidippus Parson Spider Trapdoor Spider aurantis Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Ummidia sp. Bronze Jumper Tan Jumper Eris militaris Platycyptus undatus Forest Wolf Spider Six-spotted Schizocosa crassipes Regal Jumper Southern House Spider Fishing Spider Carolina Wolf Spider Phidippus regius Dolomedes triton Kukulcania hibernalis Hogna carolinensis Red-backed Jumper Phidippus clarus Hentzia mitrata Delightful Ant-mimic Castianeira amoena Brown Recluse Shore thin-legged Wolf Spider Rabid Wolf Spider Loxosceles reclusa Pardosa milvina Rabidosa rabida .

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A Checklist of the Non -Acarine Arachnids
Original Research A CHECKLIST OF THE NON -A C A RINE A R A CHNIDS (CHELICER A T A : AR A CHNID A ) OF THE DE HOOP NA TURE RESERVE , WESTERN CA PE PROVINCE , SOUTH AFRIC A Authors: ABSTRACT Charles R. Haddad1 As part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA) in conserved areas, arachnids Ansie S. Dippenaar- were collected in the De Hoop Nature Reserve in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The Schoeman2 survey was carried out between 1999 and 2007, and consisted of five intensive surveys between Affiliations: two and 12 days in duration. Arachnids were sampled in five broad habitat types, namely fynbos, 1Department of Zoology & wetlands, i.e. De Hoop Vlei, Eucalyptus plantations at Potberg and Cupido’s Kraal, coastal dunes Entomology University of near Koppie Alleen and the intertidal zone at Koppie Alleen. A total of 274 species representing the Free State, five orders, 65 families and 191 determined genera were collected, of which spiders (Araneae) South Africa were the dominant taxon (252 spp., 174 genera, 53 families). The most species rich families collected were the Salticidae (32 spp.), Thomisidae (26 spp.), Gnaphosidae (21 spp.), Araneidae (18 2 Biosystematics: spp.), Theridiidae (16 spp.) and Corinnidae (15 spp.). Notes are provided on the most commonly Arachnology collected arachnids in each habitat. ARC - Plant Protection Research Institute Conservation implications: This study provides valuable baseline data on arachnids conserved South Africa in De Hoop Nature Reserve, which can be used for future assessments of habitat transformation, 2Department of Zoology & alien invasive species and climate change on arachnid biodiversity.
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Honey Bees Tune Colony and Individual Foraging to Multi-Predator Presence and Food Quality
Fearful Foragers: Honey Bees Tune Colony and Individual Foraging to Multi-Predator Presence and Food Quality Ken Tan1,2*, Zongwen Hu2, Weiwen Chen2, Zhengwei Wang2, Yuchong Wang2, James C. Nieh3 1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China, 2 Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China, 3 Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America Abstract Fear can have strong ecosystem effects by giving predators a role disproportionate to their actual kill rates. In bees, fear is shown through foragers avoiding dangerous food sites, thereby reducing the fitness of pollinated plants. However, it remains unclear how fear affects pollinators in a complex natural scenario involving multiple predator species and different patch qualities. We studied hornets, Vespa velutina (smaller) and V. tropica (bigger) preying upon the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana in China. Hornets hunted bees on flowers and were attacked by bee colonies. Bees treated the bigger hornet species (which is 4 fold more massive) as more dangerous. It received 4.5 fold more attackers than the smaller hornet species. We tested bee responses to a three-feeder array with different hornet species and varying resource qualities. When all feeders offered 30% sucrose solution (w/w), colony foraging allocation, individual visits, and individual patch residence times were reduced according to the degree of danger. Predator presence reduced foraging visits by 55–79% and residence times by 17–33%. When feeders offered different reward levels (15%, 30%, or 45% sucrose), colony and individual foraging favored higher sugar concentrations.
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Apis Mellifera)
Experimental and Applied Acarology https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-020-00525-y Electrotarsogram responses to synthetic odorants by Varroa destructor, a primary parasite of western honey bees (Apis mellifera) Michael Light1 · Dave Shutler1 · G. Christopher Cutler2 · N. Kirk Hillier1 Received: 21 September 2019 / Accepted: 8 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Abstract Olfaction is a key sensory modality for many arthropods and could be used as a tool in pest management through manipulation of pest behavior. Management of Varroa destructor, important parasitic mites of honey bees, could be improved through better understanding of the chemical ecology of this host-parasite relationship. We refned techniques of mount- ing mites to obtain electrophysiological recordings (electrotarsograms) of their responses to synthetic odor stimuli. Results of 271 electrotarsogram recordings from V. destructor revealed responses to 10 odorants relative to solvent controls. Electrotarsogram responses to methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, and 2-heptanol were highest at the lowest stimulus loading (10 ng) we tested, suggesting that V. destructor may have acute sensitivity to low concentrations of some odors. Results suggest that odorant origin (e.g., methyl oleate from honey bee larvae, geraniol from adult honey bee alarm pheromone, and α-terpineol, a plant secondary metabolite) can infuence the degree of electrophysiological response. Varroa destructor tended to be more responsive to known attractants and repellents relative to previously unexplored odorants and some repellent terpenes. Electrotarsograms ofer the potential for screening odors to determine their importance in V. destructor host detection. Keywords Acari · Apis mellifera · Electrophysiology · Electrotarsography · Semiochemicals Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1049 3-020-00525 -y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Oak Woodland Litter Spiders James Steffen Chicago Botanic Garden
Oak Woodland Litter Spiders James Steffen Chicago Botanic Garden George Retseck Objectives • Learn about Spiders as Animals • Learn to recognize common spiders to family • Learn about spider ecology • Learn to Collect and Preserve Spiders Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Arthropoda Subphyla - Mandibulata Chelicerata Class - Arachnida Orders - Acari Opiliones Pseudoscorpiones Araneae Spiders Arachnids of Illinois • Order Acari: Mites and Ticks • Order Opiliones: Harvestmen • Order Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudoscorpions • Order Araneae: Spiders! Acari - Soil Mites Characteriscs of Spiders • Usually four pairs of simple eyes although some species may have less • Six pair of appendages: one pair of fangs (instead of mandibles), one pair of pedipalps, and four pair of walking legs • Spinnerets at the end of the abdomen, which are used for spinning silk threads for a variety of purposes, such as the construction of webs, snares, and retreats in which to live or to wrap prey • 1 pair of sensory palps (often much larger in males) between the first pair of legs and the chelicerae used for sperm transfer, prey manipulation, and detection of smells and vibrations • 1 to 2 pairs of book-lungs on the underside of abdomen • Primitively, 2 body regions: Cephalothorax, Abdomen Spider Life Cycle • Eggs in batches (egg sacs) • Hatch inside the egg sac • molt to spiderlings which leave from the egg sac • grows during several more molts (instars) • at final molt, becomes adult – Some long-lived mygalomorphs (tarantulas) molt after adulthood Phenology • Most temperate
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Sexual Selection Research on Spiders: Progress and Biases
Biol. Rev. (2005), 80, pp. 363–385. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 363 doi:10.1017/S1464793104006700 Printed in the United Kingdom Sexual selection research on spiders: progress and biases Bernhard A. Huber* Zoological Research Institute and Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany (Received 7 June 2004; revised 25 November 2004; accepted 29 November 2004) ABSTRACT The renaissance of interest in sexual selection during the last decades has fuelled an extraordinary increase of scientiﬁc papers on the subject in spiders. Research has focused both on the process of sexual selection itself, for example on the signals and various modalities involved, and on the patterns, that is the outcome of mate choice and competition depending on certain parameters. Sexual selection has most clearly been demonstrated in cases involving visual and acoustical signals but most spiders are myopic and mute, relying rather on vibrations, chemical and tactile stimuli. This review argues that research has been biased towards modalities that are relatively easily accessible to the human observer. Circumstantial and comparative evidence indicates that sexual selection working via substrate-borne vibrations and tactile as well as chemical stimuli may be common and widespread in spiders. Pattern-oriented research has focused on several phenomena for which spiders oﬀer excellent model objects, like sexual size dimorphism, nuptial feeding, sexual cannibalism, and sperm competition. The accumulating evidence argues for a highly complex set of explanations for seemingly uniform patterns like size dimorphism and sexual cannibalism. Sexual selection appears involved as well as natural selection and mechanisms that are adaptive in other contexts only. Sperm competition has resulted in a plethora of morpho- logical and behavioural adaptations, and simplistic models like those linking reproductive morphology with behaviour and sperm priority patterns in a straightforward way are being replaced by complex models involving an array of parameters.
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Exception, Objectivism and the Comics of Steve Ditko
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Prey of the Jumping Spider Phidippus Johnsoni (Araneae : Salticidae)
Jackson, R. R . 1977 . Prey of the jumping spider Phidippus johnsoni (Araneae : Salticidae) . J. Arachnol. 5 :145-149 . PREY OF THE JUMPING SPIDER PHIDIPPUS JOHNSONI (ARANEAE : SALTICIDAE) Robert R. Jackson I Zoology Departmen t University of Californi a Berkeley, California 9472 0 ABSTRACT Field data indicate that P. johnsoni is an euryphagous predator, whose diet includes organisms (aphids, ants, opilionids) sometimes considered distasteful to spiders . Other spiders are preyed upon , including conspecifics. Prey size tends to be one quarter to three quarters the size of the predator . INTRODUCTION Since spiders are probably a dominant group of predators of insects (Bristowe, 1941 ; Riechert, 1974; Turnbull, 1973), there is considerable interest in their feeding ecology . Spiders have usually been considered to be euryphagous predators with a stabilizing , rather than regulative, effect on insect populations (Riechert, 1974) . However, informa- tion concerning the prey taken by particular spider species, in the field, is limited . Field studies by Edgar (1969, 1970), Robinson and Robinson (1970) and Turnbull (1960) are especially noteworthy . During the course of a study of the reproductive biology of Phidippus johnsoni (Peckham and Peckham) (Jackson, 1976), occasionally individuals of this species were found in the field holding prey in their chelicerae . Each prey discovered in this way i s listed in Table 1 . In addition, Ken Evans and Charles Griswold, who were familiar wit h this species, recorded observations of P. johnsoni with prey. (Their data are included in Table 1 .) These data came from a variety of habitats in western North America, most o f which have been described elsewhere (Jackson, 1976) .
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The Biology of the Spider, Misumenops Celer {Hentz), and Studies on .Its Significance As a Factor in the Biological Control of Insect Pests Of-Sorghum
THE BIOLOGY_OF THE SPIDER, MISUMENOPS CELER {HENTZ), AND STUDIES ON .ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS A FACTOR IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS OF-SORGHUM By_ R. MUNIAPPAN t, Bachelor of Science. ,,, . -· Uni_.y.er.sj ty of Madras Madras, India 1963 Master of Science University of Madras Madras; Ind1 a 1965- Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY - Au_gust, 1969 COKIJ.ItlO~ $TAl£ llffliVBmliW lL!iESJ~AFRV i ·.c ·;-· ~ t .. ~6,V;'hi,·.·.·• .t,, •. r_;.,;i,.·~·; ;:.: '<.-~..:, :. ,•·,-. ... 4 ..... ~~;.,~;"-,· ti~'-·· ·· · "'-:O•"'!')"l!"C.fil-,# THE BIOLOGY OF THE SPIDER, MISUMENOPS CELER (HENTZ), AND STUDIES ON ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS A FACTOR IN THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS OF SORGHUM Thesis Approved: ~1.~· Thesis Adviser . Dean of the Graduate College , ...:t...,., .•. ' 730038 PREFACE In recent years the importance of-.spiders in biological control _ has been well realized, and in many laboratories of the world work on_ this aspect is in progresso During the past five years.the Entomology Department of Oklahoma State Untversiity _has studied their utilization in the biological control of sorghum and other crop pests" Oro Harvey L, Chada, Professor of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, and Investigatfons leader, Entomology Research Division, United States Department of Agriculture, suggested this problem to the author and explained the need to do re$earch on this aspecto The author expresses silllcere appreciation to his major adviser, Dro Harvey L. Chada, for his advice, competent instruction and guidance, encouragement, helpful suggestions, and assistance in the preparation of this thesis o Grateful recognition is expressed to Dr, Do L Howell, Professor and Head of the Department of Entomology, Oro Ro .Ro Walton, Professor of Entomology, and Dr" Do L Weibel, Professor of Agronomy~ for their valu able criticism and suggestions cm the research and on the manuscripto Special appreciation 1s expressed to E.
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Spiders of the Hawaiian Islands: Catalog and Bibliography1
Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 665-687 December 30, 1964 SPIDERS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS: CATALOG AND BIBLIOGRAPHY1 By Theodore W. Suman BISHOP MUSEUM, HONOLULU, HAWAII Abstract: This paper contains a systematic list of species, and the literature references, of the spiders occurring in the Hawaiian Islands. The species total 149 of which 17 are record ed here for the first time. This paper lists the records and literature of the spiders in the Hawaiian Islands. The islands included are Kure, Midway, Laysan, French Frigate Shoal, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui and Hawaii. The only major work dealing with the spiders in the Hawaiian Is. was published 60 years ago in " Fauna Hawaiiensis " by Simon (1900 & 1904). All of the endemic spiders known today, except Pseudanapis aloha Forster, are described in that work which also in cludes a listing of several introduced species. The spider collection available to Simon re presented only a small part of the entire Hawaiian fauna. In all probability, the endemic species are only partly known. Since the appearance of Simon's work, there have been many new records and lists of introduced spiders. The known Hawaiian spider fauna now totals 149 species and 4 subspecies belonging to 21 families and 66 genera. Of this total, 82 species (5596) are believed to be endemic and belong to 10 families and 27 genera including 7 endemic genera. The introduced spe cies total 65 (44^). Two unidentified species placed in indigenous genera comprise the remaining \%. Seventeen species are recorded here for the first time. In the catalog section of this paper, families, genera and species are listed alphabetical ly for convenience.
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30Th ANNIVERSARY 30Th ANNIVERSARY
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Ontogenetic Changes in the Spinning Fields of Nuctenea Cornuta and Neoscona Iheish Araneae, Araneidae)
Yu. L. and J. A. Coddington. J990. Ontogenetic changes in the spinning fields of Nuctenea cornuta and Neoscona iheisH Araneae, Araneidae). J. Arachnol., 18:331-345. ONTOGENETIC CHANGES IN THE SPINNING FIELDS OF NUCTENEA CORNUTA AND NEOSCONA THEISI (ARANEAE, ARANEIDAE) Liuming Yu Div. of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA and Jonathan A. Coddington Department of Entomology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 USA ABSTRACT The postembryonie development of spinning organs of Nuctenea cornuta (Clerck) and Neoscona theisi (Walckenaer) (Araneae, Araneidae), was studied with SEM. emphasizing first appearance of, and increase in. spigot and fusule complements. Our results suggest that these species may renew their spinning fields by two distinct methods during their ontogeny: spigots may be merely molted in situ like any other cuticular appendage; and/or spigots in one position are lost and "replaced" by an apparently new spigot in a new position. Some or all of each class of fusule (aciniform and pyrifornf) as well as major and minor ampullate spigots are replaced as well as merely molted. Flagelliform and aggregate spigots seem to be merely molted, never replaced. Evidence for these modes of replacement are the apparently vestigial spinning structures that persist from the previous instar, termed "nubbins" in the case of spigots, and "tartipores" in the case of fusules, as well as patterns in the increase in numbers of fusules and spigots. Spinneret ontogeny confirms Theridiidae and Tetragnathidae as phylogenetically derived taxa relative to Araneidae. INTRODUCTION Previous work on spinnerets has concerned histology (see Kovoor 1987 for a review), morphology (Glatz 1967, 1972, 1973; Mikulska 1966, 1967, 1969; Wasowska 1966, 1967, 1970, 1973; Coddington 1989), and function (Peters 1983.
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Common Kansas Spiders
A Pocket Guide to Common Kansas Spiders By Hank Guarisco Photos by Hank Guarisco Funded by Westar Energy Green Team, American Arachnological Society and the Chickadee Checkoff Published by the Friends of the Great Plains Nature Center i Table of Contents Introduction • 2 Arachnophobia • 3 Spider Anatomy • 4 House Spiders • 5 Hunting Spiders • 5 Venomous Spiders • 6-7 Spider Webs • 8-9 Other Arachnids • 9-12 Species accounts • 13 Texas Brown Tarantula • 14 Brown Recluse • 15 Northern Black Widow • 16 Southern & Western Black Widows • 17-18 Woodlouse Spider • 19 Truncated Cellar Spider • 20 Elongated Cellar Spider • 21 Common Cellar Spider • 22 Checkered Cobweb Weaver • 23 Quasi-social Cobweb Spider • 24 Carolina Wolf Spider • 25 Striped Wolf Spider • 26 Dotted Wolf Spider • 27 Western Lance Spider • 28 Common Nurseryweb Spider • 29 Tufted Nurseryweb Spider • 30 Giant Fishing Spider • 31 Six-spotted Fishing Spider • 32 Garden Ghost Spider Cover Photo: Cherokee Star-bellied Orbweaver ii Eastern Funnelweb Spider • 33 Eastern and Western Parson Spiders • 34 Garden Ghost Spider • 35 Bark Crab Spider • 36 Prairie Crab Spider • 37 Texas Crab Spider • 38 Black-banded Crab Spider • 39 Ridge-faced Flower Spider • 40 Striped Lynx Spider • 41 Black-banded Common and Convict Zebra Spiders • 42 Crab Spider Dimorphic Jumping Spider • 43 Bold Jumping Spider • 44 Apache Jumping Spider • 45 Prairie Jumping Spider • 46 Emerald Jumping Spider • 47 Bark Jumping Spider • 48 Puritan Pirate Spider • 49 Eastern and Four-lined Pirate Spiders • 50 Orchard Spider • 51 Castleback Orbweaver • 52 Triangulate Orbweaver • 53 Common & Cherokee Star-bellied Orbweavers • 54 Black & Yellow Garden Spider • 55 Banded Garden Spider • 56 Marbled Orbweaver • 57 Eastern Arboreal Orbweaver • 58 Western Arboreal Orbweaver • 59 Furrow Orbweaver • 60 Eastern Labyrinth Orbweaver • 61 Giant Long-jawed Orbweaver • 62 Silver Long-jawed Orbweaver • 63 Bowl and Doily Spider • 64 Filmy Dome Spider • 66 References • 67 Pocket Guides • 68-69 1 Introduction This is a guide to the most common spiders found in Kansas.
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