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Претече Јавних Библиотека У Србији Cultural Leagues

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Претече Јавних Библиотека У Србији Cultural Leagues DOKUMENTARNO NASLIJEĐE DOI 10.37083/bosn.2020.25.172 DOCUMENTARY HERITAGE Pregledni rad BOSNIACA 2020; 25: 172-182 Review paper UDK/UDC 061.22:027](497.11) Културне лиге – претече јавних библиотека у Србији Cultural Leagues – Forerunners of Public Libraries in Serbia Тамара Малешев / Tamara Malešev1, Ирена Зечевић / Irena Zečević2, Оливера Топалoв / Olivеra Topalov3 1 Библиотека Матице српске, Нови Сад, Србиjа / Matica Srpska Library, Novi Sad, Serbia [email protected] 2 Библиотека Матице српске, Нови Сад, Србиjа / Matica Srpska Library, Novi Sad, Serbia [email protected] 3 Градска библиотека, Нови Сад, Србиjа / Public Library, Novi Sad, Serbia [email protected] Informacije o članku / Article Info Сажетак / Abstract Primljen / Received 17. 9. 2020. Оснивање културних друштава и институција широм Србије након Балканских Prihvaćen / Accepted 20. 10. 2020. ратова, било је један од приоритета Краљевине Србије. Осим Културне лиге, Dostupan online / Available online: 15. 12. 2020. деловале су и српске земљорадничке задруге, радничка и партијска удружења, обједињени у важној мисији – образовању, просвећивању и културном уздизању свог народа. Ауторке рада настоје да прате историјски развој Културне лиге, чијим Кључне речи / Keywords: развојем и деловањем су се створили услови за настанак јавних библиотека у Културне лиге, просвећивање, Србија, јавне Србији. библиотеке, читалишта Cultural leagues, education, Serbia, public The establishment of cultural societies and institutions throughout Serbia after the libraries, reading rooms Balkan wars were one of the priorities of the Kingdom of Serbia. In addition to the Cultural League, there were also Serbian agricultural cooperatives, workers’ and party associations, united in an important mission – education, enlightenment and cultural uplifting of their people. The authors of the paper try to follow the historical devel- opment of the Cultural League, whose development and activities have created the conditions for the emergence of public libraries in Serbia. Увод Introduction Од настанка света није било значајнијег изума Since the creation of the world, there has been no од хартије и пера. Када је човек нашао начин more significant invention than paper and quill. да записује и преноси сазнања и знања, даље When man found a way to write down and transmit је све било неминовно надограђивање, раз- discoveries and knowledge, then everything was, вијање и усавршавање ка данашњем времену. inevitably, upgrading, developing and improving Описмењавање и образовање су, од најранијих to to the present time. Literacy and education have, времена, постали један од најважнијих задатака since the earliest times, become one of the most и развијених и оних мање развијених друшта- important tasks of both developed and less devel- ва, а све у тежњи за бољим условима свеопштег oped societies, all in the pursuit of better conditions живљења. Ако се сложимо да је појединац, лич- for universal living. If we agree that the someone, ност, индивидуа, као нуклеус друштва, синоним person, individual, as the nucleus of society, is a за почетни импулс и снагу на путу развоја, онда synonym for the initial impulse and strength on the она, у спрези са институцијама друштва и систе- path of development, then, in conjunction with the мом, мора дати пожељне резултате. institutions of society and the system, it must give Говорећи о српском друштву, где је потлачени the desired results. положај народа кроз историју био чест, улога Speaking of Serbian society, where the oppressed појединца била је посебно наглашена. Имућни position of the people has been common through- појединци који су били у прилици да се шко- out history, the role of the individual was especially лују у иностранству, свештена лица, студенти, emphasized. Wealthy individuals who had the op- надарени млади људи, интелектуалци визиона- portunity to study abroad, clergy, students, talent- ри и патриоте, међу првима су увидели значај ed young people, visionary intellectuals and patri- 172 Malešev, Zečević, Topalov писане речи и ширења знања за даљи напредак ots, were among the first to see the importance of Србије. Од стицања самосталности Кнежеви- the written word and the spread of knowledge for не и Краљевине Србије (1830–1878) до краја the further progress of Serbia. From the independ- Првог светског рата услови за оснивање шко- ence of the Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia ла и образовање наставног кадра били су више (1830–1878) until the end of the First World War, него скромни, али временом опште друштвене the conditions for the establishment of schools and прилике су омогућавале улагање у образовање. the education of teachers were more than modest, Скупљајући књиге, часописе, приручнике и уџ- but over time the general social circumstances ena- бенике које су сами користили, полако су фор- bled investment in education. By collecting books, мирали своје кућне библиотеке. journals, manuals, and textbooks that they used themselves, they have slowly formed their home Осврт на културно-историјска дешавања libraries. Историјске прилике на Балкану и у Србији су биле сложене, а у временима да ли под турском, A review of cultural and historical events хабзбуршком и аустроугарском влашћу, култу- The historical situation in the Balkans and in Ser- ра и образовање су били међу првима на удару, bia was complex, and in the times under Turkish, у културу и образовање није довољно улагано. Habsburg or Austro-Hungarian rule, culture and ed- Знало се да, ако се буде гушио образовни на- ucation were among the first on the line, not enough предак и развој просвете, ако се буде урушавао was invested in culture and education. It was known школски систем, доћи ће у питање очување на- that if educational progress and the development of ционалног идентитета и материјалне и духовне education is stifling, if the school system collaps- баштине. Већи део становништва (90%) у Ср- es, the preservation of national identity and mate- бији у 19. веку бавио се земљорадњом и сточар- rial and spiritual heritage would come in question. ством, удео градског становништва је варирао Most of the population (90%) in Serbia in the 19th од 11 до 14%, што јасно указује и на проценат century was working in agriculture and animal hus- неписмених, али и на недовољан број писме- bandry, the share of urban population varied from них, тј. кадра који би могао да описмењава и об- 11 to 14%, which clearly indicate the percentage of разује. Најзначајнији догађај у таквим околно- illiterate, but also the insufficient number of literate, стима за српски народ била су три највиша цар- i.e. staff that could literate and educate. The most ска акта, хатишерифи, (1829, 1830, 1833) којима significant event, in such circumstances, for the је Кнежевини Србији била гарантована: слобо- Serbian people were the three highest imperial acts, да вероисповести, оснивања школа, болница, hatt-i sharifs (1829, 1830, 1833) which guaranteed штампарија, самостални судски органи, право the Principality of Serbia: freedom of religion, es- на слободу кретања и бављење трговином. Од tablishment of schools, hospitals, printing houses, велике важности за државно уређење било је и independent judicial authorities, the right to free- доношење Сретењског устава (1835), којим је dom of movement and trading. Of great importance забрањен кулук, прокламована једнакости свих for the state system was the adoption of the Sretenje грађана пред судом и загарантована слобода Constitution (1835), which banned corvée (statute вероисповести, чиме су се стекли повољни ус- labour), proclaimed the equality of all citizens be- лови за даљи напредак и у области школства fore the court and guaranteed freedom of religion, и просвете. Јован Стерија Поповић је сачинио which provided favorable conditions for further “Устројеније јавног училиштног наставленија” progress in the field of education. Jovan Sterija Pop- (1844) које предвиђа оснивање основних, трго- ović composed “Ustrojenije javnog učilištnog nas- вачких школа, гимназија и лицеја. Следећи зна- tavlenija” (Organization of public school education) чајан документ је “Закон о обавезном основном (1844) which foresees the establishment of primary школовању” (1882) који предвиђа да држава фи- and trade schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. The нансира, организује и врши надзор над просвет- next important document is “Zakon o obaveznom ним системом у Србији. osnovnom školovanju” (the Law on Compulsory Primary Education) (1882), which provides that the Културне лиге state finances, organizes and supervises the educa- Иницијативом групе интелектуалаца, чланова tion system in Serbia. српске културне елите, а по угледу на неке ев- ропске градове у којима су већ заживела таква 173 BOSNIACA 2020; 25: 172-182 или слична удружења и покрети, историјски из- Cultural Leagues вори бележе настанак Културне лиге у Србији At the initiative of a group of intellectuals, mem- током 1908. године. У најширем смислу речи, bers of the Serbian cultural elite, by following the то је био покрет за културни препород земље. example of some European cities in which such or Носиоци “културног кода” у то време били су similar associations and movements have already универзитетски професори, првенствено са Бе- taken root, historical sources record the creation of оградског универзитета, који су, као умни људи the Cultural League in Serbia during 1908. In the оног времена, осим свог основног позива на broadest sense of the word, it was a movement for факултетима, сагледали неопходност ширења the cultural revival
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