Chapter 22 Opener

Chapter Planning Guide

Key to Ability Levels Key to Teaching Resources BL Below Level AL Above Level Print Material Transparency OL On Level ELL English CD-ROM or DVD Language Learners

Levels Resources Chapter Section Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Opener 1 2 3 4 Assess FOCUS

BL OL AL ELL Daily Focus Skills Transparencies 22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4 TEACH OL AL Geography and History Activity, URB p. 3 OL AL American Literature Reading, URB p. 17 BL OL ELL Reading Essentials and Note-Taking Guide* p. 233 p. 236 p. 239 p. 242 ✓ OL Historical Analysis Skills Activity, URB p. 56 BL OL ELL Guided Reading Activities, URB* p. 80 p. 81 p. 82 p. 83 BL OL AL ELL Content Vocabulary Activity, URB* p. 61 BL OL AL ELL Academic Vocabulary Activity, URB p. 63 OL AL Critical Thinking Skills Activity, URB p. 66 BL OL ELL Reading Skills Activity, URB p. 55 BL ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 59 OL AL Reinforcing Skills Activity, URB p. 65 BL OL AL ELL Differentiated Instruction Activity, URB p. 57 BL OL ELL Time Line Activity, URB p. 67 OL Linking Past and Present Activity, URB p. 68 BL OL AL ELL American Art and Music Activity, URB p. 73 BL OL AL ELL Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity, URB p. 75 AL Enrichment Activity, URB p. 78 BL OL AL ELL American Biographies ✓ BL OL AL ELL Primary Source Reading, URB p. 69 p. 71 BL OL AL ELL Supreme Court Case Studies p. 127 p. 129 BL OL AL ELL The Living Constitution* ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ American History Primary Source Documents OL AL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Library

BL OL AL ELL Unit Map Overlay Transparencies ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓

Differentiated Instruction for the American BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ History Classroom

Note: Please refer to the Unit 7 Resource Book for this chapter’s URB materials. * Also available in Spanish

738A Planning Guide Chapter

Plus • Interactive Lesson Planner • Differentiated Lesson Plans • Interactive Teacher Edition • Printable reports of daily All-In-One Planner and Resource Center • Fully editable blackline masters assignments • Section Spotlight Videos Launch • Standards Tracking System Levels Resources Chapter Section Section Section Section Chapter BL OL AL ELL Opener 1 2 3 4 Assess TEACH (continued) BL OL AL ELL StudentWorks™ Plus ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL American Music Hits Through History CD ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ BL OL AL ELL Unit Time Line Transparencies and Activities ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Cause and Effect Transparencies, Strategies, BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ and Activities Why It Matters Transparencies, Strategies, and BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Activities BL OL AL ELL American Issues ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ American Art and Architecture Transparencies, OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Strategies, and Activities High School American History Literature BL OL AL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Library The American Vision: Modern Times Video BL OL AL ELL ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Program Strategies for Success ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Teacher Success with English Learners Reading Strategies and Activities for the ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ Resources Social Studies Classroom Presentation Plus! with MindJogger ✓ ✓✓✓✓✓ CheckPoint ASSESS BL OL AL ELL Section Quizzes and Chapter Tests* p. 313 p. 314 p. 315 p. 316 p. 317 BL OL AL ELL Authentic Assessment With Rubrics p. 49 BL OL AL ELL Standardized Test Practice Workbook p. 51 BL OL AL ELL ExamView® Assessment Suite 22-1 22-2 22-3 22-4 Ch. 22 CLOSE BL ELL Reteaching Activity, URB p. 77 BL OL ELL Reading and Study Skills Foldables™ p. 83 BL OL AL ELL American History in Graphic Novel p. 87 ✓ Chapter- or unit-based activities applicable to all sections in this chapter.

738B Chapter Integrating Technology

Using PresentationPlus! Teach With Technology

What is PresentationPlus! with MindJogger CheckPoint? Glencoe’s PresentationPlus! with MindJogger CheckPoint offers ready-made presentations and review activities for each chapter or section in the textbook. How can PresentationPlus! help me? PresentationPlus! allows you to create your presentations quickly and includes links to glencoe.com, In Motion Animations (maps, graphs, and charts), and a selection of transparencies that enhance the classroom discussion. Additionally, MindJogger CheckPoint offers entertaining ask-the-audience games that review content and generate student interest. PresentationPlus! with MindJogger CheckPoint is one of Glencoe’s technology resources available for teachers.

You can easily launch a wide range of digital products Visit glencoe.com and enter ™ code from your computer’s desktop with the McGraw-Hill TAVMT5154c22T for Chapter 22 resources. Social Studies widget. Student Teacher Parent Media Library • Section Audio ●● • Spanish Audio Summaries ●● • Section Spotlight Videos ●●● The American Vision: Modern Times Online Learning Center (Web Site) • StudentWorks™ Plus Online ●●● • Multilingual Glossary ●●● • Study-to-Go ●●● • Chapter Overviews ●●● • Self-Check Quizzes ●●● • Student Web Activities ●●● • ePuzzles and Games ●●● • Vocabulary eFlashcards ●●● • In Motion Animations ●●● • Study Central™ ●●● • Web Activity Lesson Plans ● • Vocabulary PuzzleMaker ●●● • Historical Thinking Activities ● • Beyond the Textbook ●●●

738C Additional Chapter Resources Chapter

• Timed Readings Plus in Social Studies helps stu- The following videotape programs are available from dents increase their reading rate and fluency while Glencoe as supplements to this Modern Times chapter: maintaining comprehension. The 400-word passages are similar to those found on state and national • Ronald Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime assessments. (ISBN 1-56-501808-7) • Reading in the Content Area: Social Studies con- • The Class of the 20th Century; Vol. 6 1976–1990 centrates on six essential reading skills that help stu- (ISBN 1-56-501052-3) dents better comprehend what they read. The book To order, call Glencoe at 1-800-334-7344. To find classroom includes 75 high-interest nonfiction passages written resources to accompany many of these videos, check the at increasing levels of difficulty. following home pages: • Reading Social Studies includes strategic reading A&E Television: www.aetv.com instruction and vocabulary support in Social The History Channel: www.historychannel.com Studies content for both ELLs and native speakers of English. www.jamestowneducation.com Reading List Generator CD-ROM

Use this database to search more than 30,000 titles to create a customized reading list for your students. • Reading lists can be organized by students’ reading level, author, genre, theme, or area of interest. • The database provides Degrees of Reading Power™ (DRP) and Lexile™ readability scores for all selections. • A brief summary of each selection is included.

Leveled reading suggestions for this chapter: Index to National Geographic Magazine: For students at a Grade 8 reading level: The following articles relate to this chapter: • The Cold War: An Uneasy Peace: 1945–1980, by Craig E. Blohm • “A Broken Empire,” by Mike Edwards, March 1993. For students at a Grade 9 reading level: • “Persian Gulf Pollution: Assessing the Damage One Year • The Persian Gulf War: The War Against Iraq, Later,” by Sylvia Earle, February 1992. by Don Nardo National Geographic Society Products To order the For students at a Grade 10 reading level: following, call National Geographic at 1-800-368-2728: • The Iran-Iraq War, by David Schaffer • ZipZapMap! USA (ZipZapMap!) For students at a Grade 11 reading level: Access National Geographic’s new, dynamic MapMachine • Challenger, by Sandra Bricker Web site and other geography resources at: For students at a Grade 12 reading level: www.nationalgeographic.com • The Cold War Ends: 1980 to the Present, by Britta www.nationalgeographic.com/maps Bjornlund

738D Introducing Chapter Chapter Focus RResurgenceesurgence ooff MAKING CONNECTIONS CConservatismonservatism Are There Cycles in American Politics? 1980–1992 Have students read the Making Connections paragraph. Then ask SECTION 1 The New Conservatism students to think of any other SECTION 2 The Reagan Years time when voters elected a con- SECTION 3 Life in the 1980s servative president. Students may SECTION 4 The End of recall the election of 1920, in the Cold War which voters elected Republican Warren G. Harding after the changes of the Progressive Era and World War I; students may also note that voters elected Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 after the traumas of the Great Depression and World War II. In 1980 conservative ideas may have appealed to voters after the Vietnam War, Watergate, and the energy crisis of the early 1970s. OL President Ronald Reagan, his wife Nancy, Vice-President George H.W. Bush, and his wife Barbara at Reagan’s Second Inauguration.

1981 Teach 1979 • Launch of • Jerry Falwell’s Columbia, first 1983 Carter “Moral space shuttle Reagan • Reagan announces The Big Ideas 1977–1981 Majority” • American 1981–1989 the Star Wars program movement hostages • U.S. Marine barracks As students study the chapter, begins released in Iran bombed in Lebanon remind them to consider the U.S. PRESIDENTS U.S. EVENTS section-based Big Ideas included 1979 1982 1985 in each section’s Guide to WORLD EVENTS Reading. The Essential Questions 1979 1980 1985 in the activities below tie in to the • Iranian revolution brings • War begins • Mikhail Gorbachev down Shah between Iran becomes leader of Big Ideas and help students think • Soviets invade Afghanistan and Iraq Soviet Union about and understand important chapter concepts. In addition, the 738 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism Hands-on Chapter Projects with their culminating activities relate the content from each section to Section 1 Section 2 the Big Ideas. These activities The New Conservatism The Reagan Years build on each other as students Essential Question: What political changes Essential Question: Are American politics progress through the chapter. following World War II supported the growth characterized by conflict or cooperation? Section activities culminate in the of political conservatism? (The focus on (Government is actually designed for both, but wrap-up activity on the Visual defeating the Soviet Union renewed debate excessive conflict makes it run less effectively.) Summary page. about the role and power of the federal govern- Tell students that many citizens in the early ment. Some saw the Cold War as a religious fight 1980s were ready to combat a government between good and evil, which increased the they believed was increasingly controlling their influence of conservatives in politics.) Tell stu- lives. Section 2 tells how the Reagan presidents that Section 1 will discuss the rise of dency brought a different attitude and the new conservative coalition in the early approach to government. OL 738 1980s. OL Chapter Audio Introducing MAKING CONNECTIONS Chapter Are There Cycles in American Politics? After several decades where progressive and liberal ideas dominated American politics, conservatism began making More About the a comeback in the 1970s, and in 1980 voters elected the conservative Ronald Reagan president. Reagan’s commit- Photo ment to less government regulation, a stronger military, and uncompromising anticommunism seemed to meet Visual Literacy When the voters’ concerns. Watergate scandal forced Richard • Why do you think conservative ideas appealed to Nixon to resign from the presi- more Americans in the 1980s? • How do you think conservative ideas have dency in 1974, most political changed society? observers assumed that it would take at least a generation for the Republican Party to restore its integrity in the eyes of American voters. Instead, the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 reflected the continuing strength of conservatism. Reagan appealed to economic conservatives, social conservatives, and “tough on communism” conservatives.

Dinah Zike’s Foldables Dinah Zike’s Foldables are three-dimensional, interactive graphic organizers that Analyzing Information Create a help students practice basic Folded Chart Foldable to organize information 1991 about the government under Ronald Reagan. writing skills, review vocabu- 1988 • Persian Gulf List domestic and foreign policy for three lary terms, and identify main G. Bush eras: before the 1986 1987 • More than War occurs The 1989–1993 Reagan Before Reagan After ideas. Instructions for creat- • Iran-Contra • INF Treaty 35,000 cases of between Iraq Reagan era, the Revolution Reagan Era Reagan scandal enters between U.S. AIDS diagnosed and UN Reagan administra- Domestic ing and using Foldables can the news and USSR for the year coalition tion, and the post- Policy be found in the Appendix at Reagan years. Foreign Policy the end of this book and in 1988 1991 the Dinah Zike’s Reading and Study Skills Foldables booklet. 1989 1990 1991 • Tiananmen Square protest in China • Germany • Soviet Union Visit glencoe.com

• Communist governments in Eastern reunites as dissolves and enter code TAVMT5147c22 for Europe collapse one nation Chapter 22 resources.

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 739 Visit glencoe.com and enter code Section 3 Section 4 TAVMT5154c22T for Chapter 22 Life in the 1980s The End of the Cold War resources, including a Chapter Essential Question: What are the greatest Essential Question: What areas of problems Overview, Study Central™, social problems in the United States today? do presidents face? (foreign policy: diplomacy, Study-to-Go, Student Web Have students list the problems they see as the treaties, trade policies, military; domestic policy: Activity, Self-Check Quiz, and most important today. (drugs, AIDS, alcoholism, homeland security, education, health care, taxes, other materials. crime) Tell students that Section 3 will examine transportation) Tell students that as they how activists in the 1980s addressed the social read Section 4, they will learn how the first issues of the decade. OL President Bush’s foreign policy was popular, while his domestic agenda was not. OL

739 Chapter 22 • Section 1 Section 1 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The New Conservatism

Bellringer y the 1980s, new levels of discontent with govern- Guide to Reading ment and society had left many Americans con- Daily Focus Transparency 22-1 B

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ANSWER: D Big Ideas cerned about the direction of the nation. Some began Teacher Tip: Explain to students that the answer may be UNIT implied in the information found in the table. 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-1 Economics and Society High taxes Comparing and Contrasting to call for a return to more conservative approaches Directions: Answer the following POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES question based on the table. as well as economic and moral con- How are the two main American political and values. LIBERALS... CONSERVATIVES... philosophies, liberalism and conservatism, alike? cerns led the country toward a new Believe the government should Believe government regulation of regulate the economy the economy results in less wealth and more poverty A Both believe the government should support religion. Believe the government should Oppose government programs that conservatism. help disadvantaged Americans transfer wealth to the less wealthy B Both believe the government should regulate social Believe most social problems Support the use of governmental are rooted in economic inequity police powers to regulate certain behavior. social behaviors C Both believe the government Support free speech and privacy Believe that most social problems should regulate the economy. result from issues of morality and character D Both support Constitutional rights. Content Vocabulary Liberalism and Conservatism Believe a diverse society is Support the original intent of the more creative and energetic Constitution Oppose government support or Believe that religious faith is vitally (p. 740) endorsement of religious beliefs important in sustaining society • liberal MAIN Idea Conservatives and liberals disagreed on the role of (p. 740) • conservative government. • “televangelist” (p. 745) HISTORY AND YOU Do you consider yourself liberal or conservative? Guide to Reading Academic Vocabulary Why? Read on to learn more about conservative and liberal ideas of government. • indicate (p. 745) Answers: • stability (p. 745) Students should complete the Midge Decter, a New Yorker and a writer for the conservative pub- outline by including all headings People and Events to Identify lication Commentary, was appalled at the violence that hit her city on • William F. Buckley (p. 743) a hot July night in 1977. On the night of July 13, the power failed in in the section. • Sunbelt (p. 743) New York City. The blackout left millions of people in darkness, and I. Liberalism and Conservatism • Billy Graham (p. 745) looting and arson rocked the city. City officials and the media blamed A. Liberalism • Jerry Falwell (p. 745) the lawlessness on the anger and despair of youth in neglected areas. (p. 745) B. Conservatism • “Moral Majority” Decter disagreed: II. Conservatism Revives Reading Strategy PRIMARY SOURCE Taking Notes Use the major headings A. The Role of the Cold War “[T]hose young men went on their spree of looting because they had been of this section to outline information given permission to do so . . . by all the papers and magazines, movies and B. Conservatives Organize about the rise of the new conservatism C. The Rise of the Sunbelt documentaries—all the outlets for the purveying of enlightened liberal attitude in the United States. and progressive liberal policy—which had for years and years been proclaim- D. Sunbelt Conservatism ing that race and poverty were sufficient excuses for lawlessness. . . . “ The New Conservatism E. Suburban Conservatism I. Liberalism and Conservatism —quoted in Commentary, September 1977 A. F. The Religious Right B. II. Midge Decter’s article blaming liberalism for the New York riots G. A New Coalition A. illustrates one side of a debate in American politics that continues to the present day. On one side are people who call themselves liberals; on the other side are those who identify themselves as conservatives. Liberal ideas had dominated American politics in the 1960s, but conservative ideas regained significant support in the To generate student interest and 1970s, and in 1980 Ronald Reagan, a strong conservative, was provide a springboard for class elected president. discussion, access the Chapter 22, Section 1 video at glencoe.com or Liberalism on the video DVD. In American politics today, people who call themselves liberals believe several basic ideas. In general, liberals believe that the gov- Resource Manager ernment should regulate the economy to protect people from the

740 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Summarizing, p. 741 • Making Generalizations, • Visual/Spatial, p. 744 • Persuasive Writing, • Analyzing Visuals, p. 741 p. 743 p. 744 • Reading a Map, p. 742 Additional Resources • Narrative Writing, • Guided Read. Act., URB Additional Resources p. 743 Additional Resources p. 80 • Quizzes/Tests, p. 313 • Read. Essen., p. 233 • Supreme Court Case Additional Resources Studies, p. 127 • Cont. Vocab. Act., URB p. 61 • Academic Vocab. Act., URB p. 63 Chapter 22 • Section 1 Liberalism vs. Conservatism Teach

S Skill Practice S Analyzing Visuals Have students study the political cartoons on this page. Ask: Based on the cartoons, what are two major differences between the liberal and conservative philosophies? ▲ Liberals believe that the conservative concern (taxation and the redistribution of with keeping taxes low comes at the expense of other social needs and that conservatives who wealth) OL want low taxes are uncaring when it comes to helping the less fortunate. ▲ Conservatives believe the liberal concern Reading Strategy with achieving social equality and alleviating R poverty is often taken to excess. They also Analyzing VISUALS disapprove of the idea of using the power of Summarizing Have students government to redistribute wealth from one 1. Interpreting In the cartoon on the left, what is the artist write two paragraphs, one sum- group to another, preferring that the free implying about Democratic policies? market determine the distribution of wealth. marizing the key beliefs of lib- 2. Identifying In the cartoon on the right, what criticisms of tax breaks does the artist illustrate? erals and one summarizing the key beliefs of conservatives. Encourage students to share their power of large corporations and wealthy elites. Conservatism summaries with the class. OL Liberals also believe that the government, particularly the federal government, should Unlike liberals, conservatives distrust the play an active role in helping disadvantaged power of government. They believe govern- Americans, partly through social programs and mental power should be divided into different Analyzing VISUALS partly by putting more of society’s tax burden branches and split between the state and fed- on wealthier people. eral levels to limit its ability to intrude into Answers: Although liberals favor government inter- people’s lives. 1. vention in the economy, they are suspicious of Conservatives believe that when government Democrats support the redis- any attempt by the government to regulate regulates the economy, it makes the economy tribution of wealth through social behavior. They are strong supporters of less efficient, resulting in less wealth and more high taxes. R free speech and privacy, and are opposed to the poverty. They believe that free enterprise is the 2. Tax breaks negatively affect government supporting or endorsing religious best economic system, and argue that if people R beliefs. They believe that a diverse society made and businesses are free to make their own eco- manufacturing, industry, and up of different races, cultures, and ethnic groups nomic choices, there will be more wealth and a welfare. will be more creative and energetic. higher standard of living for everyone. Liberals often support higher taxes on the For this reason, conservatives generally wealthy, partly because they believe that those oppose high taxes and government programs with greater assets should shoulder more of that transfer wealth from the rich to those who the costs of government and partly because it are less wealthy. They believe that taxes and allows the government to redistribute wealth government programs discourage investment, through government programs and thereby take away people’s incentive to work hard, and make society more equal. reduce the amount of freedom in society. Hands-On

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 741 Chapter Project (l)Gary McCoy/Cagle Cartoons, (r)Chris Slane/Cagle Cartoons Step 1 Conducting an Opinion Poll

Step 1: Listing Priorities Tell students they will be conducting an opinion poll on President Ronald Reagan’s performance as president. Organizing Have students review the material presented in Section 1 to compile a list of the issues that were most important to Americans in the 1980s. OL (Chapter Project continued on page 747)

741 Chapter 22 • Section 1 The more the government regulates the economy, conservatives argue, the more it will Conservatism Revives have to regulate every aspect of people’s MAIN Idea Geographical regions tend to sup- behavior. Ultimately, conservatives fear, the port either liberal or conservative ideas. S Skill Practice government will so restrict people’s economic HISTORY AND YOU Politically, how would you freedom that Americans will no longer be able define yourself or the region in which you live? Read Reading a Map Have students to improve their standard of living and get on to learn about the growing political power of study the map. Ask: What ahead in life. voters in the Southwest. Sunbelt states did not experience Many conservatives believe that religious significant growth between 1950 faith is vitally important in sustaining society. During the New Deal era of the 1930s, con- They believe most social problems result from servative ideas lost much of their influence in and 1980? (North Carolina, South issues of morality and character—issues, they national politics. Following World War II, how- Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, argue, that are best addressed through com- ever, conservatism began to revive. Mississippi, and Arkansas) BL mitment to a religious faith and through the private efforts of churches, individuals, and The Role of the Cold War communities to help those in need. Despite this general belief, conservatives do support Support for conservative ideas began to Analyzing GEOGRAPHY the use of the governmental police powers to revive for two major reasons, both related to regulate social behavior in some instances. the Cold War. First, the struggle against communism revived the debate about the role of Answers: Contrasting How do liberal and the government in the economy. Some 1. California, Texas, and Florida conservative opinions about government differ? Americans believed that liberal economic ideas 2. Answers will vary, but students might note that people moved to states that already The Rise of the Sunbelt, 1950–1980

had a strong infrastructure 60°W

and a health care system. 74% CANADA Wash. 2,378,963 4,132,156 73% Mont. Me. Ore. 60% N. Dak. 1,521,341 400% Minn. Vt. 2,633,105 N.H. Idaho 62% S. Dak. Wis. Mass. 588,637 Wyo. N.Y. 943,935 Mich. Answer: 124% 290,176 R.I. 40°N 469,557 Nev. Conn. Liberals often look to government Iowa Pa. 160,083 Nebr. 800,493 112% N.J. 118% Ind. Ohio to solve problems and seek gov- Utah Ill. Md. Del. 688,862 Colo. Calif. W. Va. 61% ernment intervention in the econ- 1,461,037 1,325,089 Va. 10,586,223 2,889,964 Kans. Mo. 3,318,680 ATLANTIC 23,667,902 Ky. 5,346,818 omy to protect people from the 262% OCEAN N.C. power of big business; conserva- S Ariz. 96% Tenn. 749,587 N. Mex. Okla. Ark. 59% tives prefer small government 2,718,215 681,187 S.C. 1,333,241 70°W 120°W 57% Ga. and look to the free enterprise 85% Miss. Ala. 30°N 3,444,578 252% system to guide the economy. Texas 5,463,105 PACIFIC 7,711,194 La. Sunbelt states OCEAN 14,229,191 2, 683,516 4,205,900 Fla. 3,444,578 Population MEXICO 2,771,305 (1950) 9,746,324 5,463,105 Population Analyzing GEOGRAPHY Gulf of Mexico (1980) 0 400 kilometers 59% 1. Location Which Sunbelt states had more than N Percent 8 million residents in 1980? 0 400 miles growth Albers Equal-Area projection 2. Movement What factors might explain why W E Population shown only for states having 50% or some Sunbelt states experienced strong growth 90°W 80°W S more population growth Additional while others did not? between 1950 and 1980 Support

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Mathematics Provide the popu- appears when you express each 1950 1960 lation data for the United States state’s population as a percentage U.S. Total 151,868,000 179,975,000 and selected Sunbelt states, as of the country’s total population. Arizona 750,000 1,302,000 shown below. Explain that although Have students calculate each state’s California 10,586,000 15,717,000 you can see that the population of population, in the selected years, as Florida 2,771,000 4,952,000 these states increased between a percentage of the total U.S. Texas 7,712,000 9,580,000 1950 and 1980, the real significance population. OL 1970 1980 U.S. Total 203,302,000 226,546,000 Arizona 1,775,000 2,718,000 California 19,971,000 23,668,000 742 Florida 6,791,000 9,746,000 Texas 11,199,000 14,229,000 were slowly leading the United States toward conservatives in the West voted Republican. Chapter 22 • Section 1 communism and set out to stop this trend. This meant that the party that won the heavily They also thought the United States had failed populated Northeast would win the election. to stop the spread of Soviet power because lib- Since the Northeast strongly supported liberal erals did not fully understand the need for a ideas, both parties were pulled toward liberal W Writing Support strong anticommunist foreign policy. policies. At the same time, many Americans viewed This pattern began to change during World Narrative Writing Invite stu- the Cold War in religious terms. Communism War II, when large numbers of Americans dents to use library and Internet rejects religion and emphasizes the material moved south and west to take jobs in the war resources to write a one-page side of life. To Americans with a deep religious factories. The movement to the South and biography of William F. Buckley. faith, the struggle against communism was a West—together known as the Sunbelt—con- struggle between good and evil. Liberalism, tinued after the war. As the Sunbelt’s economy Students should include a dis- which emphasizes economic welfare, gradually expanded, Americans living in those regions cussion of his early life and of lost the support of many religious Americans, began to view the federal government differ- his successes in organizing who increasingly turned to conservatism. ently from people living in the Northeast. the conservative movement. Encourage students to share their Conservatives Organize Sunbelt Conservatism biographies with the class. OL In 1955 a young conservative named Industry in the Northeast was in decline, William F. Buckley founded a new magazine leading to the region’s nickname—the Rust called National Review. Buckley’s magazine Belt. This region had higher unemployment C Critical Thinking helped to revive conservative ideas in the than any other, and its cities were congested United States. Buckley debated in front of col- Making Generalizations and polluted. These problems prompted Have interested students use lege students and appeared on radio and tele- Americans in the Northeast to look to the gov- vision shows, spreading conservative ideas to ernment for programs and regulations that library or Internet resources to an even wider audience. would help them solve their problems. find out more information about W Within the Republican Party, conservatives, In contrast, many Americans in the Sunbelt the growth of the Republican particularly young conservatives, began to opposed high taxes and federal regulations that demand a greater role in party decision- might interfere with their region’s growth. Many Party in the South during the making. In 1960 some 90 young conservative white Southerners were also angry with the 1960s and 1970s. Ask: Do you leaders met at Buckley’s family estate and Democrats for supporting civil rights, which think racism played a role in the founded Young Americans for Freedom (YAF), they interpreted as an effort by the federal gov- growth of the Republican Party an independent conservative group, to push ernment to impose its policies on the South. for their ideas and to support conservative When Barry Goldwater argued in 1964 that C during the 1960s and 1970s? candidates. the federal government was becoming too Why or why not? (Answers will By 1964 the new conservative movement strong, many Southerners agreed. For the first vary, but students should base their had achieved enough influence within the time since Reconstruction, they began voting Republican Party to enable the conservative Republican in large numbers. Although answers on their research.) AL Barry Goldwater to win the nomination for Goldwater lost, he showed Republicans that president. To the dismay of the conserva- the best way to attract Southern votes was to tives, however, President Johnson easily support conservative policies. defeated Goldwater and won the election in Americans living in the West also responded a landslide. to conservative criticism of the federal government. Westerners were proud of their frontier heritage and spirit of “rugged individualism.” The Rise of the Sunbelt They resented federal environmental regulations One of the problems facing conservatives in that limited ranching, controlled water use, the 1950s and early 1960s was that their votes and restricted the development of the region’s were split between the Republicans and the natural resources. Western anger over such poli- Democrats. Two regions of the country, the cies inspired the “Sagebrush Rebellion” of the South and the West, were more conservative early 1970s—a widespread protest led by con- than other areas. Southern conservatives, how- servatives against federal laws that they felt ever, usually voted for the Democrats, while were hindering the region’s development. Additional

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 743 Support

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Civics Have students examine the income, property, and sales tax rate structure in their state. Then have them prepare a visual display of the rates to use during a brief oral presentation in which they either support the state’s current tax policies or propose a plan to raise or lower taxes. OL

743 Chapter 22 • Section 1 The Conservative Coalition

The new conservative coalition that emerged in the 1970s was Differentiated made up of people from the South and West, particularly middle D class suburban voters, evangelical Christians, and people concerned Instruction about high taxes and resisting the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Visual/Spatial Have students research the last presidential election to see whether the Sunbelt states followed recent trends by voting for the conservative candidate. Have them create a chart, or map showing their results. OL

W Writing Support ▲ Voters in the suburbs (top) and rural west (above) Persuasive Writing Have stu- increasingly voted conservative in the 1980s. dents use library or Internet resources to learn more about Analyzing VISUALS Howard Jarvis and other propo- ▲ Evangelical Christians including supporters of Jerry Falwell (photo 1. Inferring What do you notice about the ethnicity of nents of tax cuts. Have them use left corner) were a major force most people in the conservative coalition? Why do their findings to decide whether behind the conservative resurgence. you think other groups were not as well represented? they favor tax cuts or not. Then 2. Speculating What groups in the coalition would be most likely to leave it in the future? Why? have them write a letter to their governor persuading him or her to support their point of view. OL By 1980, the population of the Sunbelt had 13, a referendum on the state ballot that greatly surpassed that of the Northeast. This gave the reduced property taxes. D conservative regions of the country more elec- Soon afterward anti-tax movements Analyzing VISUALS toral votes. With Southerners also shifting to appeared in other states, and tax cuts quickly the Republican Party, conservatives began to became a national issue. For many Americans, W build a coalition that could elect a president. the conservative idea that the government had Answers: become too big meant simply that taxes were 1. They are white; answers will Suburban Conservatism too high. As conservatives began to call for tax cuts, the middle class flocked to their cause. vary. As riots erupted and crime soared during 2. Students might note that the 1960s and 1970s, many Americans moved The Religious Right those whose primary concern to suburbs to escape the chaos of the cities. Even there, however, they found the quiet While many Americans turned to conserva- was the Cold War might leave middle-class lifestyle they desired to be in tism for economic reasons, others were drawn after the Soviet Union col- danger. The rapid inflation of the 1970s had to it because they feared that American society lapsed in 1991. caused the buying power of middle-class fam- had lost touch with its traditional values. For ilies to shrink while taxes remained high. many Americans of conservative religious faith, Many Americans resented the taxes they the events of the 1960s and 1970s were shock- had to pay for New Deal and Great Society ing. The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. programs when they themselves were losing Wade, which established that the right to have W ground economically. In 1978 Howard Jarvis, a an abortion was protected by the Constitution, conservative activist, launched the first suc- greatly concerned them. They were also critical Differentiated cessful tax revolt in California with Proposition of other Supreme Court decisions that limited

Instruction 744 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

Leveled Activities

BL Guided Reading Activities, OL Content Vocabulary AL Academic Vocabulary ELL English Learner Activity, URB p. 82 Activity, URB p. 61 Activity, URB p. 63 URB p. 59

Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class

★ Guided Reading Activity 22-3 ★ Content Vocabulary Activity 22 Academic Vocabulary Activity 22 ★★★★★ English Learner Activity 22 ★★★★★★

DIRECTIONS: Filling in the Blanks In the space provided, write the word or words that best Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980–1992 complete the sentence. Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks. Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980–1992 Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980–1992 DIRECTIONS: Unscramble the terms in the left column. Choose the term that best fits each 1. The rapid economic growth and emphasis on accumulating wealth in the 1980s was description in the right column. Write the letter of the correct term in the space provided. Key Words partly caused by the . Then answer the questions that follow. ★ A. PRE-READING ACTIVITY 2. By the mid-1990s, the top 5 percent of Americans earned well over A. swoindigzn 1. the amount by which expenses exceed income Academic Words Words with Multiple Meanings Content Vocabulary Previewing the Material percent of the nation’s income. confirmation pass conservative Directions: Before reading the selection from page 748 of your text, answer these questions. 2. young, college-educated adult who has a well- 3. , or the practice of selling large quantities of goods at low prices, B. staivernovec paying job and lives and works in or near a city indicate liberal 1. What do you know about Ronald Reagan’s presidency? Do you think he was a successful had a major impact on the economy in the 1980s. or unsuccessful president? Why? 3. one who wants an active federal government in initiative supply-side economics

4. Entrepreneurs helped to change broadcasting by spreading and C. gubted fitdice the economy, but not one that governs social 22 orientation 22 22 behavior specialty channels across the country. retain 5. In 1981 music and technology merged, and went on the air. D. starsroogs teemmvon 4. an evangelist who conducts television programs stability 2. At the end of his presidency, Reagan believed that patriotism and national pride grew 6. Rap, the new sound of the ‘80s, offered rhythmic lyrics that often focused on the 5. federal tax paid by businesses when they sell via during his time in office. Would you describe Americans today as patriotic and proud? E. slantligeveet stocks or real estate CHAPTER CHAPTER Why or why not? CHAPTER experience in the inner city. visible SECTION 7. Early video games grew out of . 6. one who believes in limited government power F. pyepiu 8. 7. reducing a company in size by laying off workers became the new spot for young people to meet. ★ and managers to become more efficient A. WORD MEANING ACTIVITY 9. Ongoing problems with in the 1980s made many neighborhoods G. blleari 22-3 Vocabulary in Context ★ dangerous. 8. the selling of large quantities of goods at very low B. PRE-READING ACTIVITY Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. prices Directions: Using the context clues, choose the best definition for each underlined word. 10. In 1980 was founded to look for effective solutions to underage H. pupsly-esdi oncescoim Vocabulary Review 9. economic theory that lower taxes will boost the 1. By 1980 the population of the Sunbelt had surpassed the Northeast, which gave the Directions: Reviewing the words and expressions below will help you understand the drinking problems and drunk driving. economy as money is invested conservative regions of the country more electoral votes. reading. 11. In 1981 researchers identified a disease which caused seemingly healthy young men to I. ntduocis getnirali A. remote B. average C. traditional 10. a group of people organizing at the local level counter (n.): a flat surface where business is transacted become sick and die. They named it , or AIDS. away from political or cultural centers 2. To many religious Americans, the contempt some university students in the 1960s entrepreneur (n.): one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or J. plaitac snagi atx 12. The marked the beginning of the gay activist movement. showed for authority seemed to indicate a general breakdown in American values and enterprise morality. 13. Musicians in England organized concerts in 1984 to help starving factory (n.): a place where goods are manufactured A. demand B. suggest C. figure people in Ethiopia. faith (n.): belief in something, especially with strong conviction 11. Explain Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost. 14. organized Farm Aid to help American farmers. 3. Many Americans were tired of upheaval and wanted stability and a return to what they handful (n.): a small quantity or number remembered as a better time. 15. became an influential interest group in the 1980s because they heroic (adj.): exhibiting or marked by courage and daring A. change B. diversity C. permanence tended to vote in large numbers. national (adj.): of or relating to a nation 744 4. Perhaps the most visible example of the Reagan Doctrine was in Afghanistan. opportunity (n.): a good chance for advancement or progress A. natural B. wonderful C. obvious patriotism (n.): love for or devotion to one's country 5. General Colin Powell wanted to “take the initiative out of the enemy’s hands” by attack- produce (v.): to bear, make, or yield something 12. Discuss the term “mutual assured destruction” and Reagan’s views of its use during the ing Iraq with ground troops as well as air strikes. Cold War. sustain (v.): to buoy up; to give support or relief to A. advantage B. drawback C. position value (n.): a principle or belief Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill,

(continued) (continued) 82 61 63 59 prayer in public schools and expanded protections for people Chapter 22 • Section 1 accused of crimes. REVIEW The feminist movement and the push for the Equal Rights Section 1 Amendment (ERA) also upset some religious Americans because it seemed to represent an assault on the traditional family. Many Assess religious conservatives were shocked by the behavior of some Vocabulary university students in the 1960s, whose contempt for authority 1. Explain the significance of: liberal, con- seemed to indicate a general breakdown in American values and servative, William F. Buckley, Sunbelt, Billy morality. These concerns helped expand the conservative cause Graham, “televangelist,” Jerry Falwell, into a mass movement. “Moral Majority.” Study Central™ provides Although religious conservatives included people of many summaries, interactive games, faiths, the largest group was evangelical Protestants. Evangelicals Main Ideas believe that they are saved from their sins through conversion 2. Explaining Why do liberals sometimes and online graphic organizers to (which they refer to as being “born again”) and a personal com- support higher taxes on the wealthy? help students review content. mitment to follow Jesus Christ, whose death and resurrection reconciles them to God. 3. Determining Cause and Effect What After World War II, a religious revival began in the United was the cause of the Sagebrush Rebellion Close States among Protestant evangelicals. Protestant ministers, such in the 1970s? as Billy Graham and Oral Roberts, built national followings. By Summarizing Ask: Why did Critical Thinking the late 1970s, about 70 million Americans described themselves many Americans become more as “born again.” Protestant evangelicals owned their own news- 4. Big Ideas What kind of economy do papers, magazines, radio stations, and television networks. conservatives want? conservative in the 1960s and Television in particular allowed evangelical ministers to reach 5. Organizing Use a graphic organizer sim- 1970s? (They believed the federal a large nationwide audience. These “televangelists,” as they ilar to the one below to list conservative government was too big and inter- were soon called, included Marion “Pat” Robertson, who founded beliefs. the Christian Broadcasting Network, and Jerry Falwell, who fering in their lives; they wanted sta- used his television show The Old-Time Gospel Hour to found a Conservative Beliefs bility and longed for a return to movement that he called the “Moral Majority.” Using television what they remembered as better and mail campaigns, the Moral Majority built up a network of times.) OL ministers to register new voters who backed conservative candidates and issues. Falwell later claimed to have registered 2 million new voters by 1980. 6. Analyzing Visuals Study the map of the Sunbelt on page 742. What impact would A New Coalition the migration patterns shown have on representation in the U.S. House of Answer: By the end of the 1970s, a new conservative coalition of voters Representatives? They wanted stability and a had begun to come together. Although the members of this coali- return to what they remembered tion were concerned with many different issues, they were held Writing About History together by a common belief that American society had some- 7. Persuasive Writing Many conservatives as a better time. how lost its way. believe that “government that governs The Watergate scandal, high taxes, and special interest politics least, governs best.” Write a paragraph had undermined many Americans’ faith in their government. supporting or opposing this statement. Rising unemployment, rapid inflation, and the energy crisis had shaken their confidence in the economy. Riots, crime, and drug abuse suggested that society itself was falling apart. The retreat from Vietnam, the hostage crisis in Iran, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan seemed to make the nation look weak and help- less internationally. Many Americans were tired of change and upheaval. They wanted stability and a return to what they remembered as a better time. For some, the new conservatism and its most prominent spokesperson, Ronald Reagan, offered hope to a nation in distress. Study Central™ To review this section, go Summarizing Why did many Americans begin to sup- to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. port the conservative movement? Section 1 REVIEW 745

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section 5. free enterprise, emphasis on religious val- and the Glossary. ues, little government regulation of the 2. They believe the government should play economy an active role in helping disadvantaged 6. The number of representatives from the Americans, partly by putting more of soci- Sunbelt would increase. ety’s tax burden on wealthier people. 7. Paragraphs will vary, but students should 3. Westerners believed that government use information from the textbook and out- policies were hindering the region’s side resources as needed. development. 4. Conservatives want a free enterprise system. 745 Chapter 22 • Section 2 Section 2 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The Reagan Years

Bellringer n 1980 Americans elected Ronald Reagan president. Guide to Reading Reagan cut taxes, deregulated several industries, and Daily Focus Transparency 22-2 I

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ANSWER: G Big Ideas appointed conservative justices. He began a massive Teacher Tip: Explain to students that “Reaganomics” was UNIT a term used to describe Reagan’s approach to economics. 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-2 Trade, War, and Migration During Drawing Conclusions military buildup that greatly increased the deficit and Directions: Answer the following REAGAN’S ECONOMICS question based on the information at left. the Cold War, President Reagan rein- What was President sent aid to insurgent groups fighting communism. MONETARISTS Reagan’s solution to an believed too much money in circulation economy suffering from forced the idea that the United States caused inflation. Their solution was to raise interest rates to slow inflation. stagflation in the 1980s? F He used supply-side economics by raising taxes. had to take strong action to resist the SUPPLY-SIDE ECONOMISTS G He combined economic believed high taxes took money away from theories by cutting taxes investors. They wanted to cut taxes, giving more money to businesses for investing and raising interest rates. and consumers for spending. spread of Communist influence abroad. H He followed the monetarist theory by lowering interest rates. The Road to the White House REAGANOMICS J He combined economic combined both theories by encouraging the theories by raising taxes Federal Reserve to raise interest rates and and lowering interest rates. asking Congress to pass a massive tax cut. Content Vocabulary MAIN Idea President Reagan’s experiences in Hollywood and as governor (p. 748) • supply-side economics of California led to his successful campaign for the presidency. • budget deficit (p. 749) HISTORY AND YOU How could a previous career as a movie star help some- • “mutual assured destruction” (p. 753) Guide to Reading one get elected to public office? Read on to learn more about the way that Academic Vocabulary President Reagan’s background helped to make him an attractive presidential candidate. Answers may include: • confirmation (p. 750) High taxes take away money that • visible (p. 751) In 1926, at age fifteen, Ronald Reagan earned $15 a week working could be invested; Cutting taxes People and Events to Identify as a lifeguard on the Rock River in Illinois. Being a lifeguard, Reagan will generate capital to make new • Reaganomics (p. 748) later wrote, taught him quite a bit about human nature: and larger businesses and new • Iran-Contra scandal (p. 752) (p. 753) PRIMARY SOURCE jobs; Larger supply of consumer • Mikhail Gorbachev “Lifeguarding provides one of the best vantage points in the world to learn goods will cause more spending. Reading Strategy about people. During my career at the park, I saved seventy-seven people. I Organizing Complete a graphic orga- guarantee you they needed saving—no lifeguard gets wet without good rea- nizer similar to the one below by filling son. . . . Not many thanked me, much less gave me a reward, and being a little in the major points of the supply-side money-hungry, I’d done a little daydreaming about this. They felt insulted. . . . theory of economics. I got to recognize that people hate to be saved. . . .” —from Where’s the Rest of Me? To generate student interest and Supply-Side Theory provide a springboard for class The belief that people do not want to be saved by someone else was one of the ideas that Ronald Reagan took with him to the White discussion, access the Chapter 22, House. It reflected his philosophy of self-reliance and independence. Section 2 video at glencoe.com or on the video DVD. Becoming a Conservative Reagan grew up in Dixon, Illinois, the son of an Irish American shoe salesman. After graduating from Eureka College in 1932, Reagan worked as a sports broadcaster at an Iowa radio station. In 1937 he took a Hollywood screen test and won a contract from a movie stu- dio. During the next 25 years he made more than 50 movies. As a broadcaster and an actor, Reagan learned how to speak publicly and how to project a strong, attractive image—skills that proved invalu- able when he entered politics. In 1947 Reagan became president of the Screen Actors Guild— Resource Manager the actors’ union. Soon afterward, he testified about communism in

746 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition • Act. Prior Know., p. 747 • Analyzing Prim. Sources, • English Learners, p. 751 • Descriptive Writing, • Describing, p. 750 p. 747 • Interpersonal, p. 752 pp. 748, 751 • Read. Prim. Sources, Additional Resources • Drawing Conclusions, • Persuasive Writing, p. 751 • Guided Read. Act., p. 81 p. 748 Additional Resources pp. 749, 750 • Prim. Source Read., URB • English Learner Act., Additional Resources p. 69 Additional Resources URB p. 59 • Read. Essen., p. 236 • Interp. Polit. Cartoon, URB p. 75 • Quizzes/Tests, p. 314 Chapter 22 • Section 2 The Election of 1980

Teach ▲ By 1980, Carter was so unpopular that other Democrats did not want C Critical Thinking his help in their own Analyzing Primary Sources campaigns. Reagan soundly defeated Carter Reagan once said that “people in the Election of 1980. hate to be saved.” Ask: How does this quote relate to the conservative political ideology? (Conserva- ▲ When Ronald Reagan ran for the Republican presidential nomination, he was still best known tives believe that people should rely to most Americans as an actor. Critics said that more on themselves to solve prob- while he was scripted and polished, he lacked any real substance. lems rather than expect the government to fix their problems for Analyzing VISUALS them. AL 1. Making Inferences In the cartoon above, what does the artist infer about Reagan’s campaign? Reading Strategy 2. Interpreting What is the artist in the cartoon R to the right saying about Carter’s place in the Activating Prior Knowledge Democratic Party? In 1947 Ronald Reagan testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Ask: What Hollywood before the House Un-American reelected in 1970. Ten years later he won the was the goal of HUAC? (to uncover Activities Committee. Reagan had been a Republican presidential nomination. evidence of Communist infiltration R staunch Democrat and a supporter of the New Deal, but dealing with Communists in The Election of 1980 in the U.S. government) OL the union shifted him toward conservative ideas. Reagan’s campaign appealed to Americans who were frustrated with the economy and In 1954 Reagan became the host of the tele- Analyzing VISUALS vision show “General Electric Theater” and worried that the United States had become agreed to be a motivational speaker for General weak internationally. Reagan promised to cut Electric. As he traveled the country speaking to taxes and increase defense spending. He won Answers: people, he became increasingly conservative. the support of social conservatives by calling 1. Reagan’s campaign is being for a constitutional amendment banning abor- Over and over again, he said later, he heard run as if it were a movie. average Americans describe how high taxes tion. During one debate with President Carter, C and government regulations made it impossi- Reagan asked voters, “Are you better off than 2. Carter is not popular with ble for them to get ahead. you were four years ago?” On Election Day, the other members of the voters answered “No.” Reagan won nearly 51 By 1964 Reagan had become such a popular Democratic Party. national speaker that Barry Goldwater asked percent of the popular vote and 489 electoral him to make a televised speech on behalf of votes, easily defeating Carter in the Electoral Goldwater’s campaign. The speech impressed College. For the first time since 1954, several wealthy entrepreneurs in California. Republicans also gained control of the Senate. They convinced Reagan to run for governor of Describing What event jump- California in 1966 and helped finance his cam- started Ronald Reagan’s political career as a conser- paign. Reagan won the election and was vative leader? Hands-On

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 747 Chapter Project (t)Atlanta Constitution, 1976 Apr. 6, Clifford H. “Baldy” Baldowski Editorial Cartoons. Courtesy of the Richard B. Russell Library for, (b)Atlanta Constitution, 1981 Oct 18, Clifford H. “Baldy” Baldowski Editorial Cartoons. Courtesy of the Richard B Russell Library for Step 2 Conducting an Opinion Poll

Step 2: Preparing the Poll Keeping in mind the list of issues they compiled in Step 1, students should review the material presented in Section 2. Evaluating Ask students to compose five statements that assess President Reagan’s job performance on five significant issues of the 1980s. OL (Chapter Project continued on page 755)

747 Chapter 22 • Section 2 could use their extra capital to make new Domestic Policies investments. Businesses would expand and MAIN Idea Believing that government was part create new jobs, and the result would be a W of the problem, President Reagan cut social service larger supply of goods for consumers, who W Writing Support programs, sponsored tax cuts, and deregulated would now have more money to spend because industry. of the tax cuts. Descriptive Writing Have stu- HISTORY AND YOU Do you think that cutting Reagan combined monetarism and supply- dents reread the passage about social programs is a good way to help the economy? side economics. He encouraged the Federal Read on to learn more about Reagan’s economic Reserve to keep interest rates high, and asked supply-side economics on this policies. page. Then organize the class into Congress to pass a massive tax cut. Critics called his approach Reaganomics or “trickle- three groups and ask each group Ronald Reagan believed that the key to down economics.” They believed Reagan’s to write a letter to President restoring the economy and overcoming prob- policy would help corporations and wealthy lems in society was to get Americans to believe Reagan about the impact of his Americans, but little wealth would “trickle in themselves again. He expressed this idea in down” to middle-class or poor Americans. economic policies. One group his Inaugural Address: Reagan made deals with conservative should represent business, Democrats in the House and moderate PRIMARY SOURCE another group should represent Republicans in the Senate. Eventually Congress “We have every right to dream heroic dreams. . . . passed a 25 percent tax cut. workers in manufacturing indus- You can see heroes every day going in and out of tries, and the third group should factory gates. Others, a handful in number, produce represent people on fixed enough food to feed all of us. . . . You meet heroes across a counter. . . . There are entrepreneurs with incomes. AL faith in themselves and faith in an idea who create new jobs, new wealth and opportunity. . . . Their patriotism is quiet but deep. Their values sustain C Critical Thinking our national life.” Drawing Conclusions Discuss —from Reagan’s First Inaugural Address in class the question posed by the Reagan also told Americans that they should Debates in History feature. Have not expect government to help: “In this pres- Are Tax Cuts Good students use library or Internet ent crisis, government is not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem.” for the Economy? resources to find out more about Reagan’s tax cuts and their effects Ronald Reagan believed that govern- Reaganomics ment regulation of the economy was on the nation’s economy. Ask: harmful and that taxes should be as Based on your research, what Reagan’s first priority was the economy, low as possible to promote private which was suffering from stagflation—a com- effects did the Reagan tax cuts Student Web spending and investment. During the Activity Visit bination of high unemployment and high 1984 presidential campaign, Reagan ran C have? (Answers will vary. Some glencoe.com inflation. According to most economists, the against Jimmy Carter’s vice president, and complete the students might note that the econ- way to fight unemployment was to increase Walter Mondale. In these excerpts from activity on the government spending. Increasing spending, omy grew steadily while others 1980s. the first debate between the two candi- however, made inflation worse. Conservative dates, Reagan and Mondale discuss might mention problems such as economists offered two competing ideas for W their fundamentally different the savings and loan crisis.) OL fixing the economy. One group, known as approaches to government. Mondale monetarists, argued that inflation was caused advocated for tax increases and that is by too much money in circulation. They often cited as a main reason why he believed the best solution was to raise interest lost the election. rates. Another group supported supply-side economics. They argued that the economy was weak because taxes were too high. Supply-side economists believed that high taxes took too much money away from inves- Additional tors. If taxes were cut, businesses and investors

Support 748 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

Extending the Content

Presidential Campaigns Political oppo- detached from the process of government. Far nents unflatteringly compared Ronald Reagan from being insulted, Reagan reveled in the to Calvin Coolidge, pointing out the similar- comparison. He hung Coolidge’s portrait in a ity between Reaganomics and Coolidge’s prominent place in the White House and regu- “trickle-down” economic policies. They also larly quoted Coolidge’s philosophy on business noted that Reagan, like Coolidge, seemed rather and government.

748 Chapter 22 • Section 2 Cutting Programs Cutting tax rates meant Deregulation Reagan believed that exces- that the government would receive less money, sive government regulation was another cause at least until the economy started to grow. This of the economy’s problems. His first act as pres- would increase the budget deficit—the amount ident was to sign an executive order to end by which expenditures exceed income. To keep price controls on oil and gasoline. Critics said W Writing Support the deficit under control, Reagan proposed cuts that ending controls would drive prices up, but Persuasive Writing Have to social programs. Welfare benefits, including in fact they fell. Falling energy prices freed up the food-stamp program and the school-lunch money for businesses and consumers to spend interested students use library or program, were cut back. Medicare payments, elsewhere, helping the economy to recover. Internet resources to find out W unemployment compensation, student loans, Other deregulation soon followed. The more information about the and housing subsidies were also reduced. Federal Communications Commission stopped After a struggle, Congress passed most of trying to regulate the cable television industry. Reagan budget cuts of the early these cuts. The fight convinced Reagan that he The National Highway Traffic and Safety 1980s. Based on their research, would never get Congress to cut spending Administration reduced requirements for air have them decide whether they enough to balance the budget. He decided that bags and higher fuel efficiency for cars. Carter favor Reagan’s proposals. Then cutting taxes and building up the military were had already begun deregulating the airline more important than balancing the budget. He industry, and Reagan encouraged the process, have students write a letter to a accepted a rapidly rising deficit as the price of which led to price wars, cheaper fares, and the member of Congress urging him getting his other programs passed. founding of new airlines. or her to either support or oppose the president’s proposals. Encourage volunteers to read their letters to the class. AL YES NO Ronald Reagan Walter Mondale President Presidential candidate

PRIMARY SOURCE PRIMARY SOURCE “…[T]he plan that we have had “…[E]ven with historically high and that we are following is a plan that is based on levels of economic growth, we will growth in the economy. . . . Our tax cut, we think, was very suffer a $263 billion deficit. . . . Real interest rates—the instrumental in bringing about this economic recovery. real cost of interest—will remain very, very high, and many Answers: . . . So, we believe that as we continue to reduce the level economists are predicting that we’re moving into a period 1. cut taxes of government spending…and, at the same time, as the of very slow growth. . . . I proposed over a hundred billion 2. the growth in the economy will growth in the economy increases the revenues the govern- dollars in cuts in federal spending over 4 years, but I am increase revenues ment gets, without raising taxes, those two lines will meet. . . . not going to cut it out of Social Security and Medicare The deficit is the result of excessive government spending. . . . and student assistance and things . . . that people need. . . . 3. Mondale says the nation will I don’t believe that Mr. Mondale has a plan for balancing the The rate of defense spending increase can be slowed. . . . suffer a $263 billion deficit and budget; he has a plan for raising taxes. . . . And for the 5 years And there are other ways of squeezing this budget without that some economists are pre- previous to our taking office, taxes doubled in the United constantly picking on our senior citizens and the most States, and the budgets increased $318 billion. So, there is vulnerable in American life.” dicting that the nation is moving into a period of very slow no ratio between taxing and balancing a budget.” —from the first presidential debate, Oct. 7, 1984 —from the first presidential debate, Oct. 7, 1984 growth. 4. Answers will vary, but students should support their answers with examples. 1. Specifying What does Reagan say his administration has 3. Summarizing How does Mondale respond to Reagan’s done to improve economic growth? plan? What effects does he foresee from that course? 2. Explaining How does Reagan propose to balance the fed- 4. Evaluating Which approach do you feel will be the most eral budget? effective? Why? Explain your answer.

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 749

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Reaganomics Posters Organize students divide the work fairly, and complete the project. into five or six groups. Have students prepare Posters might include charts, graphs, or other posters that explain the assumptions and the visual aids. Some groups may want to explain results of Reaganomics. Remind the groups that their posters to the rest of the class. Display all each person should have a part in the project. the posters in the classroom. OL Group members will need to plan the poster,

749 Chapter 22 • Section 2

Sandra Day O’Connor Writing Support 1930– W When a Supreme Court Persuasive Writing Ask stu- vacancy opened up in 1981, President Reagan chose dents to carefully read the People Sandra Day O’Connor, an in History feature about Sandra Arizona appeals court judge. Unlike many Supreme Court Day O’Connor. Have them write justices, O’Connor had broad two-page essays either supporting political experience. Appointed W to a state senatorial vacancy or opposing O’Connor’s nomination in 1969, she successfully ran to the Supreme Court. Students for the seat and became the state senate’s first woman majority leader in 1972. O’Connor won election as a superior court judge in may use library or Internet 1974 and was later appointed to the court of appeals. resources to find information O’Connor’s nomination was opposed by the Moral Majority because she had supported the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), and supporting their arguments. OL had refused to back an anti-abortion amendment, or criticize the ▲ (Above photo) From left, front row are decision in Roe v. Wade. Others, however, praised her legal judgment Thurgood Marshall; William Brennan, Jr.; and conservative approach to the law. As a moderate conservative, William Rehnquist; Byron White; and she quickly became an important swing vote on the Court, between Harry Blackmun. Back row from left are Antonin Scalia; John Paul Stevens; Sandra S Skill Practice more liberal and more conservative justices. Day O’Connor; and Anthony M. Kennedy. Describing Have students Why do you think that O’Connor supported the Equal (Right photo) Robert Bork failed to be discuss the impact the Reagan Rights Amendment? confirmed. administration had on the make-up of the Supreme Court. (more conservative justices were Reagan’s secretary of the interior, James except those from Mondale’s home state of appointed; the Court was less will- Watt, increased the public land that companies Minnesota and the District of Columbia. could use for oil drilling, mining, and logging. ing to continue the reforms of the Watt’s actions angered environmentalists, as Warren Court Era) OL did the EPA’s decision to ease regulations on Shifting the Judicial Balance pollution-control equipment and to reduce Reagan did not apply his conservative ideas safety checks on chemicals and pesticides. only to the economy. He also tried to bring a In 1983 the economy began to recover. By strict constructionist outlook to the federal 1984, the United States had begun the biggest judiciary. Reagan wanted judges who followed economic expansion in its history up to that the original intent of the Constitution. He also Answer: time. The median income of families climbed changed the Supreme Court by nominating because she is a woman steadily, rising 15 percent by 1989. Five million Sandra Day O’Connor, the first woman on the new businesses and 20 million new jobs were Supreme Court. created. By 1988, unemployment had fallen to In 1986 Chief Justice Warren Burger retired. 5.5 percent, the lowest in 14 years. Reagan chose the most conservative associate S justice, William Rehnquist, to succeed him. He Reagan Wins Reelection By 1984, the Answer: then named Antonin Scalia, a conservative, to economic recovery had made Reagan very fill Rehnquist’s vacancy. In 1987 his attempt to Supply-side economics proposes popular. Democrats nominated Jimmy Carter’s put Robert Bork on the Court led to a bitter low taxes as an incentive to vice president, Walter Mondale. He chose as fight in the Senate. Democrats saw Bork as too his running mate Representative Geraldine generate more investment in conservative and blocked his confirmation. Ferraro, the first woman nominated to run for business. Reagan then nominated Anthony Kennedy, vice president for a major party. Instead of a moderate, to become the new associate arguing issues with his opponent, Reagan justice. emphasized the good economy. In an over- whelming landslide, he won about 59 percent Explaining What is supply-side Additional of the popular vote and all the electoral votes economics?

Support 750 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Voting Blocs During the 1970s, 1980s, cooperative groups, and have them research they vote in such large numbers?) Students and 1990s, about 55 percent of all qualified why some groups of people vote more than will want to divide up the work and decide voters voted in presidential elections. More others. How does being from a group that is on a method of presentation. They may also women voted than men, and there were likely to vote affect a person’s clout with want to create charts to show differences in more voters in the 55–75 age range than in politicians? (For example, are politicians voting patterns by region, age, education any other age group. Organize the class into careful not to anger senior citizens because level, income, and so forth. OL

750 April 14, 1986. The raids killed 37 and injured Chapter 22 • Section 2 Reagan Oversees a about 200. Military Buildup Reagan’s military buildup created new jobs in defense industries. Supply-side economists MAIN Idea President Reagan began a massive had predicted that, despite the spending, lower D Differentiated military buildup to weaken the Soviet economy and taxes combined with cuts in government pro- Instruction deter Soviet aggression. grams would generate enough growth to HISTORY AND YOU Do you remember President increase tax revenues and balance the budget. English Learners Ask students Eisenhower‘s warning about the military as Tax revenues did rise, but other programs were to read the text under the head he left office? Read to learn how President too popular for Reagan to cut significantly. As Reagan sought to use military power to defeat the “Reagan Oversees a Military Soviets. a result, the annual budget deficit went from $80 billion to over $200 billion. Buildup” and then, working in pairs, summarize what they have Reagan also adopted a new foreign policy that rejected both containment and détente. The Reagan Doctrine just read. ELL He called the Soviet Union “an evil empire.” In his view, the United States should not negoti- Reagan also believed that the United States ate with or try to contain evil. It should try to should support guerrilla groups who were S Skill Practice defeat it. fighting to overthrow Communist or pro- Soviet governments. This policy became known Reading Primary Sources as the Reagan Doctrine. This doctrine led Read aloud Reagan’s quote on this “Peace Through Strength” to involvement in places as geographically page about the Soviet Union. diverse as Africa’s Angola, Middle America’s In Reagan’s opinion, the only option open Nicaragua and Grenada, and the Middle East’s Ask: What did Reagan mean to the United States in dealing with the Afghanistan and Lebanon. when he said the Soviet Union Soviet Union was “peace through strength”— had achieved its military might a phrase he used during his campaign. The Aid to the Afghan Rebels Perhaps the by “preempting the human military buildup Reagan launched was the most visible example of the Reagan Doctrine D largest peacetime buildup in American history. was in Afghanistan. In late December 1979 the needs of its people”? (The Soviets It cost about $1.5 trillion over five years. Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support had denied their citizens basic Reagan believed that, if the Soviets tried to a Soviet-backed government. The Soviets soon match the American buildup, it might put so found themselves fighting Afghan guerrillas freedoms.) OL much pressure on their economy that they known as the mujahadeen. would be forced to reform their system or it President Carter sent about $30 million in D would collapse. In 1982 Reagan told students military aid to the Afghan guerrillas, but W Writing Support at Eureka College that Soviet defense spend- Reagan sent $570 million more. The Soviets Descriptive Writing Have ing would eventually cause the Communist were soon trapped in a situation similar to the system to fall apart: American experience in Vietnam. As casual- interested students do library or ties mounted, the war strained the Soviet Internet research to find out more PRIMARY SOURCE economy, and in 1988 the Soviets decided to about the Reagan administration’s “The Soviet empire is faltering because rigid cen- withdraw. W tralized control has destroyed incentives for innova- policies toward one of the follow- tion, efficiency, and individual achievement. . . . But Nicaragua and Grenada Reagan was also ing: the Afghan rebels, Nicaragua, in the midst of social and economic problems, the concerned about Soviet influence in Nicaragua. or Grenada. Then have students S Soviet dictatorship has forged the largest armed Rebels known as the Sandinistas had over- force in the world. It has done so by preempting thrown a pro-American dictator in Nicaragua write a one-page report describ- the human needs of its people and in the end, this in 1979. The Sandinistas set up a socialist gov- ing America’s policy concerning course will undermine the foundations of the Soviet ernment and accepted Cuban and Soviet aid. the nation or group they system.” They then began aiding rebels in nearby El chose. OL —from A Time for Choosing Salvador. The Reagan administration responded by secretly arming an anti-Sandinista The United States also tried to stop nations guerrilla force known as the contras, from the from supporting terrorism. After Libya backed Spanish word for “counterrevolutionary.” When a terrorist bombing in Berlin, the United Congress learned of this policy, it banned fur- States launched an air attack on Libya on ther aid to the contras.

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 751

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Geography Organize the class into groups of topics: geography, climate, vegetation, history, six to research the island country of Grenada, government, or economy. Then have the groups located in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. It is create a travel poster highlighting the features composed of 8 separate islands, with the island of the islands and encouraging tourists to visit. of Grenada being the largest and most populous. Students should illustrate their posters with Have each group member use library or Internet magazine clippings, drawings, and maps. Have sources to learn more about one of the following each group present its poster to the class. OL

751 Chapter 22 • Section 2 Reagan’s Foreign Policy

President Reagan launched a massive weapons Differentiated buildup, believing it would weaken the Soviet D Union. He also provided aid to Afghan rebels Instruction fighting Soviet forces and engaged in a series of Interpersonal As students read meetings with the Soviet leader that produced a nuclear arms treaty (at right). “Arms Control,” have them work in groups to trace the changes in relations between the Soviet Union and the United States on a time line. Groups should present their time lines to the class. ELL

Analyzing VISUALS

Answers: Analyzing VISUALS 1. One photograph depicts sup- 1. Contrasting What contradictions do the photos port of the Afghans against seem to suggest about Reagan’s policies? How can ▲ In 1987, Reagan stood at the you reconcile them? the Soviet Union and the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin other photograph shows and demanded that Gorbachev 2. Evaluating Why might a president want to make a tear down the Berlin Wall. public speech demanding another nation change its President Reagan talking with behavior? Why might it be effective? Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet leader. The photographs indicate that the president was willing to use military power, Aiding the contras was not Reagan’s only Iran-Contra scandal was Marine colonel action in Latin America. In 1983 radical Marxists Oliver North, an aide to the National Security as well as dialogue, when overthrew the left-wing government on the Council (NSC). He and other senior NSC and dealing with the Soviet island of Grenada. In October, Reagan sent in CIA officials testified before Congress and Union. American troops, who quickly defeated the admitted to covering up their actions. 2. to clearly state American pol- Cuban and Grenadian soldiers. A new anti- President Reagan had approved the sale of Communist government was put in place. arms to Iran, but the congressional investiga- icy and perhaps to embarrass tion concluded that he had had no direct the other nation; it might be The Iran-Contra Scandal Although knowledge about the diversion of the money effective because of interna- Congress had prohibited aid to the Nicaraguan to the contras. The scandal tainted his second contras, individuals in Reagan’s administration term in office. tional pressure continued to illegally support the rebels. They secretly sold weapons to Iran, considered an enemy and sponsor of terrorism, in exchange Arms Control for the release of American hostages being held As part of the military buildup, Reagan in the Middle East. These hostages were taken decided to place missiles in Western Europe to by the Hezbollah terrorist group because the counter Soviet missiles in Eastern Europe. This D United States was supporting Israel’s involve- decision triggered tens of thousands of ment in Lebanon’s civil war. Profits from these protesters to push for a “nuclear freeze”—no sales were then sent to the contras. more deployment of new nuclear missiles. News of the illegal operations broke in Reagan offered to cancel the deployment of Additional November 1986. One of the chief figures in the the new missiles if the Soviets removed their

Support 752 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

Extending the Content

Divestment and Apartheid In 1984 an whites. Between 1977 and 1985, campus The divestment movement and economic estimated $14 billion was invested in South protests convinced 150 U.S. universities to problems caused by apartheid policies Africa by multinational corporations; U.S. divest—or remove—all or part of their themselves devastated the South African federal, state, and municipal governments; investments from South Africa. In 1986 economy. Long imprisoned for his anti- and American universities. Many college Congress banned new investments in South apartheid activities, Nelson Mandela was students wanted to support black South Africa. By 1991, more than 200 U.S. compa- freed in 1990. In 1994 he helped to craft a Africans’ attempts to end apartheid—an nies had divested, and 28 states, 24 coun- new constitution for South Africa that official policy of discrimination against non- ties, and 92 cities had imposed sanctions. ended white minority rule.

752 missiles from Eastern Europe. He also proposed Strategic Arms Chapter 22 • Section 2 Reduction Talks (START) to cut the number of missiles on both REVIEW sides in half. The Soviets refused and walked out of the arms Section 2 control talks.

“Star Wars” Despite his decision to deploy missiles in Europe, Vocabulary Answer: Reagan generally disagreed with the military strategy known as 1. Explain the significance of: supply-side nuclear deterrence, sometimes called “mutual assured destruc- economics, Reaganomics, budget deficit, The Reagan Doctrine was a pol- tion.” This strategy assumed that, as long as the United States Iran-Contra scandal, “mutual assured icy of supporting guerrilla and Soviet Union could destroy each other with nuclear weap- destruction,” Mikhail Gorbachev. ons, they would be afraid to use them. groups that were fighting to Reagan believed that mutual assured destruction was immoral Main Ideas overthrow Communist or pro- because it depended on the threat to kill massive numbers of 2. Specifying What political office did Soviet governments. people. He also knew that if nuclear war did begin, there would Ronald Reagan hold before he was be no way to defend the United States. In March 1983 Reagan elected president? proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). This plan, nick- named “Star Wars,” called for the development of weapons that 3. Explaining How did Reagan aim to could intercept and destroy incoming missiles. change the Supreme Court? Assess A New Soviet Leader In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev became 4. Summarizing What was the goal of the the leader of the Soviet Union and agreed to resume arms- U.S. military buildup under President control talks. Gorbachev believed that the Soviet Union had to Reagan? reform its economic system or it would soon collapse. It could not Critical Thinking afford a new arms race with the United States. Study Central™ provides Reagan and Gorbachev met in a series of summits. The first of 5. Big Ideas What was President Reagan’s these was frustrating for both, as they disagreed on many issues. approach to foreign policy? summaries, interactive games, Gorbachev promised to cut back Soviet nuclear forces if Reagan 6. Organizing Use a graphic organizer and online graphic organizers to would agree to give up SDI, but Reagan refused. similar to the one below to list the ways help students review content. Reagan then challenged Gorbachev to make reforms. In West in which the Reagan Doctrine was Berlin, Reagan stood at the Brandenburg Gate of the Berlin Wall, implemented. the symbol of divided Europe, and declared: “General Secretary Close Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe . . . tear down this wall!” Reagan Doctrine Summarizing Ask: How did Relations Improve By 1987, Reagan was convinced that Ronald Reagan’s presidency Gorbachev did want to reform the Soviet Union and end the change the United States? (taxes arms race. While some politicians distrusted the Soviets, most 7. Analyzing Visuals Study the political were reduced; some social pro- people welcomed the Cold War thaw and the reduction in the cartoons on page 747. How do the car- danger of nuclear war. In December 1987 the two leaders signed toons portray Reagan and Carter? grams were cut; military spending the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. It was the increased; most citizens were opti- first treaty to call for the destruction of nuclear weapons. Writing About History mistic about the future; relations No one realized it at the time, but the treaty marked the begin- 8. Expository Writing Take on the role of with the Soviet Union eventually ning of the end of the Cold War. With an arms control deal in a newspaper editor during the Reagan place, Gorbachev felt confident that Soviet military spending administration. Write an editorial in which improved) OL could be reduced. He pushed ahead with economic and political you present your opinion of Reagan’s reforms that eventually led to the collapse of communism in plans for a military buildup. Eastern Europe and in the Soviet Union. With the economy booming, the American military strong, and relations with the Soviet Union rapidly improving, Ronald Reagan’s second term came to an end. As he prepared to leave office, Reagan assessed his presidency: “They called it the Reagan revolution. Well, I’ll accept that, but for me it always seemed more like the great rediscovery, a rediscovery of our values and our common sense.” Study Central™ To review this section, go to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. Identifying What was the Reagan Doctrine? Section 2 REVIEW 753

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section 6. answers may include: supported Afghan and the Glossary. guerrillas and anti-Sandinista guerrillas in 2. Governor of California Nicaragua, sent American troops to 3. Reagan planned to appoint conservative Grenada justices. 7. Reagan is leading a group of filmmakers; 4. to bring about the fall of the Soviet Union Carter is causing other Democrats to run away. 5. aggressive stance toward Communism everywhere; military buildup to weaken 8. Students’ editorials will vary. Soviets

753 Chapter 22 • Section 3 Section 3 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus Life in the 1980s

Bellringer he 1980s was a period of increased wealth for many, Guide to Reading as areas of the economy improved and new tech- Daily Focus Transparency 22-3 T

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ANSWER: D Big Ideas nologies came to market. However, cuts in social pro- Teacher Tip: Tell students to use logical thinking when UNIT identifying problems and solutions. 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-3 Science and Technology Identifying Problems and Solutions grams left many Americans in need, leading to a new Directions: Answer the following NEW DESIGNS ON SPACE question based on the information at left. Achievements in technology during the • Between What problem must entre- sense of activism. April 1981 and December preneurs solve in designing 2006, a vehicle that will allow 1980s symbolized the optimism many astronauts commercial space travel? completed 114 missions on NASA’s A Few people are interested in space shuttle. commercial space travel. Unlike earlier associated with the Reagan era. spacecraft, B Space shuttles only last one the shuttle is reusable, but or two years. it is near the end of its C There is no money available service life. to fund private space explo- • Seven astronauts lost their lives when the shuttle Challenger exploded in 1986. Seven ration. more died when the shuttle Columbia came apart during reentry into the atmosphere in 2003. D Currently, space travel is very Content Vocabulary • Shuttle launches are very expensive. Entrepreneurs are designing lost-cost alternatives expensive. that would allow business to develop industries in space. A Booming Economy • SpaceShipOne made the first privately funded human space flight in 2004. Many people see this development as an important step toward commercial space flight. • yuppie (p. 754) • discount retailing (p. 755) MAIN Idea Innovation in the retailing and broadcast industries changed American society and generated new businesses and jobs. Academic Vocabulary HISTORY AND YOU What technological devices are part of your everyday (p. 756) Guide to Reading • via life? Read on to find out about the inventions of the 1980s. • orientation (p. 759) Answers may include: By late 1983, the American economy had revived after the stagfla- AIDS, alcohol and drug abuse, People and Events to Identify • Mothers Against Drunk Driving tion of the 1970s. Stock prices soared as many companies reported crime, homelessness, gay and les- (MADD) (p. 758) record profits. Stockbrokers, speculators, and real estate developers bian rights • AIDS (p. 759) made multimillion-dollar deals, buying and selling hundreds of com- • Stonewall Riot (p. 759) panies. Perhaps the most famous real estate developer of the era was • American Association of Retired Donald Trump, who opened Trump Tower in New York City in 1982. Persons (AARP) (p. 759) Many of the new moneymakers were young, ambitious, and hard- working. Journalists called them yuppies, from “young urban Reading Strategy professionals.” To generate student interest and Organizing Complete a graphic orga- The rapid economic growth and emphasis on accumulating wealth nizer similar to the one below by listing in the 1980s was partly caused by the baby boom. By the 1980s, many provide a springboard for class the kinds of social issues that Americans baby boomers had finished college, entered the job market, and discussion, access the Chapter 22, faced in the 1980s. begun building their careers. Young people entering the workforce Section 3 video at glencoe.com or often placed an emphasis on acquiring goods and getting ahead in on the video DVD. their jobs. Because baby boomers were so numerous, their concerns Social Issues tended to shape the culture. in the 1980s The strong economic growth of the 1980s mostly benefited middle- and upper-class Americans. As a result, the emphasis on acquiring wealth had another effect on society. From 1967 to 1986, the amount of money earned by the top 5 percent of Americans fluctu- ated between 15.6 and 17.5 percent of the nation’s total income. In the late 1980s, their share of the nation’s income began to rise. By the mid-1990s, the top 5 percent of Americans earned well over 21 percent of the nation’s income.

A Retail Revolution In addition to the booming real-estate and stock markets, the economy of the 1980s witnessed a revolution in retail sales. Several entre- Resource Manager preneurs pioneered a new approach to retailing—or selling goods to

754 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Teacher Edition Additional Resources Teacher Edition • Summarizing, p. 756 • Det. Cause/Effect, p. 756 • Special Ed., p. 755 • American History in • Visual Literacy, p. 757 • Setting a Purpose, Graphic Novel, p. 87 p. 758 Additional Resources Additional Resources Additional Resources • Historical Skills Act., • Differ. Instr. Act., URB • Link. Past and Present Additional Resources URB p. 56 p. 57 Act., URB p. 68 • Prim. Source Read., URB • Supreme Court Case • Read. Essen., p. 289 p. 71 Studies, p. 129 • Guided Read. Act., URB • Quizzes/Tests, p. 315 p. 82 • Geography and History • Am. Literature Reading, Act., URB p. 3 URB p. 17 Chapter 22 • Section 3 The Booming Economy of the 1980s Security Prices 2,750 The American economy grew rapidly in the 1980s for several 2,500 reasons—lower taxes spurred investment and spending while 2,250 2,000 Teach new methods of retailing lowered prices and new technology 1,750 led to new businesses and the creation of many new jobs. 1,500 1,250 1,000 750 D Differentiated 500 Instruction 250 Dow Jones Industrial Average Dow Jones Industrial Special Education As stu- 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1995. dents read the section, they might encounter text or other information they do not understand, and they should adjust their reading strategies to clarify ideas. Model how this is done by reading part of the section aloud. As you read, ask yourself questions aloud, such as, “What do I think the main focus of the 1980s will turn out to be?” Analyzing VISUALS (predicting) and “What discount 1. Identifying In what year of the late 1980s did retail stores have I shopped in or the Dow Jones sharply decline? are in my community?” (activating 2. Explaining Examine the photos and then write a Discount retail stores (above) and cable television (right) prior knowledge). Modeling how brief essay explaining how they demonstrate eco- took off in the 1980s, helping to further fuel economic you check your comprehension nomic trends of the 1980s. growth. helps students to think about strategies they can use as they consumers—that greatly reduced prices for developed a system of distribution centers to read independently. BL Americans. rapidly re-supply his stores. He was one of the This new type of retailing, known as dis- first retailers to use a computer database to count retailing, had actually begun to emerge track inventory and sales. By 1985, he was the in the 1960s—but it did not have a major richest person in the United States. Analyzing VISUALS impact on the economy until the 1980s. Others soon copied Walton’s approach. By Discount retailers sell large quantities of goods the late 1970s, discount retailers had begun to Answers: at very low prices, trying to sell the goods build huge “superstores” that enabled them to quickly to turn over their entire inventory in a sell large quantities of goods very quickly at 1. 1988 2. In their essays, students D short period of time. By selling a lot of prod- low prices. One such entrepreneur was Arthur ucts at very low prices, they could make more Blank, who opened Home Depot—a chain of should note economic trends money than traditional retailers who sold giant home-improvement stores—in 1978. In such as discount retailing and fewer products at higher prices. During the 1983 Richard Schulze, a former air force officer, 1960s many new discount retail chains were used his technical training to found Best Buy, a the rise of cable television. founded, including K Mart, Woolco, Target, and huge discount retailer of consumer electronics. Wal-Mart. Annual sales by discount stores Dozens of other entrepreneurs started dis- grew from about $2 billion in the mid-1960s to count stores in other industries. Their innova- almost $70 billion by 1985. tions created millions of new jobs in the 1980s The most successful discount retailer was and helped fuel the era’s rapid economic Sam Walton, the founder of Wal-Mart. Walton growth. Hands-On

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 755 Chapter Project Step 3 Conducting an Opinion Poll or (5) strongly agree. Encourage students to ask follow up questions if respondents Step 3: Conducting the Poll Each stu- express a strong opinion on an issue. OL dent should arrange to interview at least (Chapter Project continued on page 763) one person who was of voting age in the 1980s. The student should then read each of the statements composed during Step 2 and ask the respondent if he or she agrees or disagrees with the statement. Classifying Respondents should be given five options, ranked by number: (1) strongly disagree; (2) disagree; (3) neutral; (4) agree; 755 Chapter 22 • Section 3 A Revolution in Media minorities. In 1980 entrepreneur Robert Johnson created Black Entertainment Television In the 1980s other entrepreneurs began (BET). Johnson—who had been born into a transforming the news and entertainment poor, rural family in Mississippi and gone on C Critical Thinking industries. Until the late 1970s television view- to earn a master’s degree from Princeton ers were limited to three national networks, University—was convinced that television had Determining Cause and local stations, and the public television net- tremendous power to promote African Effect Discuss with students the work. In 1970 a businessman named Ted Turner American businesses and culture. BET was the changes in television in the 1980s. bought a failing television station in Atlanta, first, and is still the largest, African American- Georgia. Turner then pioneered a new type of Ask: In what areas of broadcast- owned network on cable television. broadcasting by creating WTBS in 1975. WTBS In 1981 music and technology merged when ing or on what new audiences did was the first “superstation”—a television sta- Music Television (MTV) went on the air. MTV the new networks focus? (CNN tion that sold low-cost sports and entertain- broadcast performances of songs and images, ment programs via satellite to cable companies provided 24-hour news, BET focused or music videos. MTV was an instant hit, throughout the nation. though the videos it showed were often criti- on African Americans, MTV focused cized for violence and sexual content. Many on youth.) What do you think are The Rise of Cable Television Turner’s performers began to produce videos along some effects that the new televi- innovation changed broadcasting and helped with each of their new albums. Music videos sion networks may have had on spread cable television across the country. boosted the careers of artists such as Madonna Dozens of networks soon appeared. Many of and Michael Jackson. consumerism and culture in the C the new networks specialized in one type of Rap music was the new sound of the 1980s. United States? (Students may note broadcasting, such as sports (ESPN), movies This musical style originated in local clubs in that new groups were represented (HBO), or news. In 1980 Turner himself founded New York City’s South Bronx. Emphasizing the Cable News Network (CNN)—the first heavy bass and very rhythmic sounds, rap art- more in popular culture with the 24-hour, all-news network. ists did not usually sing but rather spoke over new networks, but they were also Other new networks focused on specific the music and rhythmic beats. Rap’s lyrics fre- exposed to advertising. CNN created audiences, such as churchgoers, shoppers, or quently focused on the African American expe- a 24-hour news cycle, which may have led to a huge broadening in the definition of “news” as networks scrambled to fill air time.) OL April 1981 New Space Technology R Reading Strategy After the series of moon landings of the 1970s, NASA Summarizing Dr. Sally Ride concentrated on the space shuttle. Although it looks like a huge airplane, the shuttle is rocketed into space, then glides back to became the first American woman Earth for another fl ight. Unlike earlier spacecraft, the shuttle is to orbit Earth when she flew reusable. Astronauts John Young and Roger Crippen made the fi rst aboard the space shuttle space shuttle fl ight in April 1981. Challenger. Ask: What are some R Between April 1981 and December 2006, shuttle astronauts completed 114 missions. They have placed many satellites in orbit, innovations that occurred in the including the Hubble Space Telescope, and conducted numerous nation’s space program in the experiments. Tragedy has struck twice during shuttle missions. In 1980s? (space shuttle, Hubble 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after liftoff. In 2003, the shuttle Columbia came apart while reentering the Space Telescope, experiments, atmosphere. Seven astronauts died in each of these accidents. women astronauts) OL As the shuttle nears the end of its service life, both NASA and several independent companies have begun work on vehicles capable of reaching orbit. Shuttle launches are very expensive and many entrepreneurs are seeking to develop low-cost alternatives ▲ to the shuttle that will enable business to move into space and On April 12, 1981, the shuttle Columbia lifted off on the first space shuttle flight. Additional develop new industries there.

Support 756 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Science Have students review the history of students write a persuasive essay either sup- the space program and research its future goals. porting the continued expansion of the space Tell students that during times of economic program or call for reduced funding for it. struggle, some have questioned the ongoing Ask: What are the benefits of space explora- usefulness of the space program and have pro- tion to the American public? What are the posed to reduce funding for it. Others see the drawbacks? (Students’ answers will vary, but potential future value to Americans and all should be supported with logical reasons.) AL humans of continued space exploration. Have

756 rience in the inner city. While rap was initially replaced by digital video disk (DVD) recorders. Chapter 22 • Section 3 popular among East Coast African Americans, The growing use of VCRs changed the movie it grew in popularity, becoming a multimillion- industry, as people increasingly chose to rent dollar industry that appealed to music lovers taped movies to watch at home rather than go across the country. to the theater. S Skill Practice Even as technology changed the music and Technology and Media In the 1980s tech- television industries, it also brought about a Visual Literacy Have students nology also transformed how people accessed new form of entertainment that competed study the examples of some of their entertainment. Until the 1980s, most with music and movies—the video game. Early the latest spacecraft. Ask: What people listened to music on large stereo sys- video games grew out of military computer features of SpaceShipOne and tems in their homes or relied on radio-station technology. The first video arcade game was programming when they were driving. In the a game called Pong, released in 1972. Home Goddard are similar to and differ- 1980s, the Sony Walkman made music porta- video games developed quickly. In the early ent from the space shuttles? (All ble. The Sony Walkman played cassette tapes, 1980s sales reached about $3 billion with the three vehicle types are aerodynamic but it marked the beginning of a new way for sale of games such as Pac-Man and Space people to access music. In the 1990s, portable Invaders. Video arcades became the new spot and are meant to escape Earth’s compact disc (CD) players replaced the for young people to meet. By the mid-1980s, orbit. The newer craft seem to have Walkman, and in the early 2000s digital audio home video games were able to compete with simpler designs; Goddard does not players, such as the iPod and MP3 players, arcade games in graphics and speed. Video have any type of wing.) OL advanced the technology even further. games have continued to grow in popularity to Video technology also began to change. the present day and three major companies— Until the 1980s most people had to watch tele- Sony, Nintendo, and Microsoft—have emerged vision shows when they aired. By the end of as the major developers of video games and MAKING CONNECTIONS the 1980s, many people had videocassette game devices. recorders (VCRs), enabling them to tape tele- Answers: vision shows or watch taped films whenever Describing What forms of enter- 1. Students should note that they wished. By the 2000s, VCRs were being tainment gained popularity in the 1980s? United States benefited from the space program in prestige and also through the many June 2004 In the early 2000s, many private important scientific discover- companies were working on building spaceships. SpaceShipOne (below) was ies that were made and the the first privately-built ship to carry materials, tools, and machines a person to space. Another company is working on the Goddard (right)— that were developed for space. a ship designed to take off and land vertically, without needing wings. 2. possible answer: satellite communications companies

Answer: listening to music such as rap; MAKING CONNECTIONS watching taped movies, cable or satellite TV, and music videos; 1. Analyzing How has the United States benefited from the space program? and playing video games 2. Speculating What kinds of private businesses might benefit from easy, inexpensive space programs? Differentiated

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 757 Instruction

Leveled Activities

BL Guided Reading Activity, OL Linking Past and Present AL Primary Source Reading, ELL Differentiated Instruction URB p. 82 Activity, URB p. 68 URB p. 71 Activity, URB, p. 57

Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class Name Date Class

★ Guided Reading Activity 22-3 and Present Ac Primary Source Reading 22-2 ★★★★★★ ★ Differentiated Instruction Activity 22 Linking Past tivity 22 DIRECTIONS: Filling in the Blanks In the space provided, write the word or words that best The Effort to Stop Drunk Driving complete the sentence. Refer to your textbook to fill in the blanks. Video Games Me, Me, Me, Me Reader’s Dictionary In 1980, Candy Lightner founded Mothers against Drunk Driving (MADD) following 1. The rapid economic growth and emphasis on accumulating wealth in the 1980s was the death of her 13-year-old daughter Cari, in Fair Oaks California. Since then, MADD Pong was the hit of the Rapid advances in technology ★ partly caused by the . About the Selection bucolic: like a beautiful countryside has grown to approximately 400 offices and 2 million members and supporters T arcade in 1972. With thick verti- have allowed programmers to H E N N O W The 1980s saw the flowering of what epiphanic: having a realization nationwide. The organization has also been instrumental in the passage of thousands 2. By the mid-1990s, the top 5 percent of Americans earned well over cal lines as paddles, players bat- create ever more complex came to be known as the Me Generation. It Krugerrand: gold coin used as currency in of life-saving laws, changing society’s behavior and raising awareness about the dan- ted a little white light-ball across games. Today’s games are truly percent of the nation’s income. was a time when money and the status it South Africa gers of drunk driving. Below is one example of how MADD has raised awareness. the center dividing line that served as a net. With a multimedia—full of color, sound, visual effects, and bought mattered most. It was also a time of Shangri-La: imaginary remote paradise 3. , or the practice of selling large quantities of goods at low prices, deft flick of the knob, a player could add “spin” to realistic movement. Some even use human actors. self-involvement or, as the critics put it, sic transit: Latin term that means everything had a major impact on the economy in the 1980s. change the ball’s flight path. Popular games are designed around themes of adven- CHAPTER indulgent narcissism. The conspicuous con- passes away Video games are played using an electronic device ture, horror, sports, war, space, and mystery.

4. Entrepreneurs helped to change broadcasting by spreading and sumption that so many young people had Xanadu: mythical Asian city described by the 22 22 and a display screen. A tiny computer called a micro- Video games can develop a number of skills. Some rejected in the 1960s returned in high style. poet Coleridge as a “stately pleasure-dome” specialty channels across the country. processor controls the games. A set of instructions use game elements to teach children to read, write, More than a few of those participating in contained in a program tells the computer what to do. and solve problems. Games such as Tetris and Frogger 5. In 1981 music and technology merged, and went on the air. the 1980s’ spending and shopping spree

22 Video games are interactive—the course of the game develop hand-eye coordination. As play continues, life in one of America’s glitziest play- 6. Rap, the new sound of the ‘80s, offered rhythmic lyrics that often focused on the were those same people, now middle-aged depends on the players’ actions. these games speed up or become more complex to grounds for the rich—Aspen, Colorado. and making good money. Most, however, CHAPTER CHAPTER experience in the inner city. Pong, introduced by the American company Atari, increase the challenge. More sophisticated games

SECTION were younger adults riding the economic became the first successful commercial video game. It such as Myst add an element of judgment, presenting 7. Early video games grew out of . crest of President Reagan’s pro-business GUIDED READING got its name from one of its only special effects—the players with puzzles to solve to progress in the game. policies and the beginnings of the As you read, identify what life was like 8. became the new spot for young people to meet. sound of the ball hitting the paddle. Its instructions Strategy games add another layer of sophistication. technology-driven stock market. In 1988 for those who flocked to Aspen. Then were quite simple: “Avoid missing the ball for a high Players must make complicated decisions that influ- 9. Ongoing problems with in the 1980s made many neighborhoods Ronald Steel wrote a first-hand account of answer the questions that follow.

22-3 score.” ence the long-range course of the game. dangerous. = one life Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. In 1972 Magnavox introduced Odyssey, the first Home games can be played on game units Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10. In 1980 was founded to look for effective solutions to underage home video-game machine. Players plugged the attached to a TV, on handheld devices, or on a com- drinking problems and drunk driving. machine into the TV and inserted game cartridges. puter. Game programs are supplied as cartridges or ★★ Atari released its home CD-ROMs. Players If 17,000 people died tomorrow, would you notice? 11. In 1981 researchers identified a disease which caused seemingly healthy young men to system in 1977. With interact with the game e swooped in low and dropped down into a lush valley dotted with con- Of course you would. There would be 24-hour news coverage. Dramatic headlines. And a become sick and die. They named it , or AIDS. Atari’s famous Space using devices such as Wdos as far as the eye could see. I had a café crème and a pain au choco- devastating eﬀect on our country forever. But last year, drinking and driving did kill about Invaders game, players joysticks, trackballs, lat at the airport snack bar, and watched as the suntans and tennis rackets 17,000 people. It injured half a million more. But because it happened over a year rather than in 12. The marked the beginning of the gay activist movement. shot down rows of aliens as they marched relentlessly steering wheels, and light guns. The three-dimensional come and go. Eventually I sauntered over to an exceedingly hip clerk and a single day, most of us hardly noticed. It’s a growing problem, with a simple answer. If you drink, 13. Musicians in England organized concerts in 1984 to help starving and ever faster down the screen. effects of virtual reality games can give players the asked when he thought my bags would be in. “No problem,” he reassured ﬁnd a safe way home. And help remove the marks that drunk driving leaves on our country. people in Ethiopia. The video game industry grew rapidly through the feeling of being physically inside the game’s world. me. “On the next plane from Denver. Or maybe the one after. They always early 1980s, aided by the popularity of games such as Video game players can play each other on the same come through eventually.” No hurry. No problem. 14. organized Farm Aid to help American farmers. PacMan and Donkey Kong. With superior graphics terminal or against other players anywhere in the Donning my cool, I hopped into a Mellow Yellow taxi and headed for the 15. became an influential interest group in the 1980s because they and animations, Japanese Nintendo and Sega systems world by Internet. village of Aspen, which nestles in a valley cupped between mountains as lushly green as Astroturf. Between the simulated redwood and cedar condos tended to vote in large numbers. soon dominated the home market. are sprinkled quaint Victorian houses. . . . They and their quarter-acre plots

Pin placements do not represent actual crash sites. www.madd.org © Mothers Against Drunk Driving. All rights reserved. sell for upward of $400,000 each. Only a commodity trader or cocaine dealer 757 CRITICAL THINKING could afford them. Happily Aspen has many such entrepreneurs. . . . From the marbled Jacuzzis they watch the last rays of the sun bathe Aspen Mountain copyright Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. in a golden Krugerrand glow and ponder the justice of a system that has Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, answer the following questions based on the public 1. Analyzing Information What elements do you think make great video games? brought them such rewards. . . . service announcement above. Keeping in shape is a tyranny from which there is no respite. But for the 2. Making Inferences What objections do you think people have about video games? Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, golden young people of Aspen it is an affirmation of life. It is also the pass- Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill a division of Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1. Evaluating Information What does this announcement aim to illustrate? 3. Identifying the Main Idea In what ways can video games benefit players? port into it, for fatties are not permitted. And a good life it is: congenial folks, amusing restaurants, a constant inflow of new bodies, and hardly a rumble of 2. Evaluating Information How well do you think this announcement gets it point across? (continued) (continued) 82 68 71 57 Chapter 22 • Section 3 drugs. In 1984 one teen who had been arrested New Social Activism for selling drugs challenged the school’s right to MAIN Idea Social problems affected many peo- search her purse without a warrant. In 1985, the R ple during the 1980s, and new groups formed to try Supreme Court case New Jersey v. T.L.O. upheld R Reading Strategy to solve them. the school’s right to search without a warrant if HISTORY AND YOU Does your school have organi- it had probable cause. Although students did Setting a Purpose Point out zations such as Students Against Drunk Driving? have a right to privacy, they did not have the to students that they can use the Read on to learn more about attempts to limit teen same Fourth Amendment rights as adults. Main Idea statements that follow alcohol abuse. Similarly, the 1995 case of Vernonia School each main heading in a section to District v. Acton held that random drug tests do The 1980s was a decade of wealth and pros- not violate students’ Fourth Amendment rights. help them preview and prepare to perity. At the same time, many social problems read. Instruct students to change continued to plague the nation, such as drugs, Efforts to Stop Drunk Driving Abuse of poverty, homelessness, and disease. alcohol was also a serious concern. In 1980 the Main Idea statements into a Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) question. For example, the state- was founded to try to stop underage drinking ment on this page could be Social Problems and drunk driving in general. In 1984 Congress changed to “What social problems Ongoing problems with drug abuse in the cut highway funds to any state that did not 1980s made many neighborhoods dangerous. raise the legal drinking age to 21. Within four affected many people during the Drug users often committed crimes to get years, all states complied. 1980s and what new groups money for drugs. Drug use also spread from The AIDS Epidemic Begins In 1981 cities to small towns and rural areas. formed to solve them?” Tell researchers identified a disease that caused students that they should be Fighting Drugs in Schools In an effort to healthy young people to become sick and die. able to answer the question as reduce teen drug use, some schools began They named it “acquired immune deficiency they read. BL searching student bags and lockers for concealed syndrome,” or AIDS. AIDS weakens the

Farm Income and Debt Analyzing VISUALS The Farm Debt Crisis of the 1980s 350 300 Although the high interest rates of the 1980s helped reduce inflation, 250 Answers: when they were combined with the low food prices of the era, they 1. high interest rates and low created a debt crisis for American farmers who could not make their 200 loan payments and were forced out of business. By the end of the 1980s, 150 food prices the total number of farms in the United States had sharply declined. 100 Farm Income Farm Debt 2. low crop prices Billions of Dollars* 50

1975 1980 1985 1990 *In constant 2000 dollars Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture.

▲ As farmers faced a debt crisis, some began holding demonstrations, such as this one in Washington D.C. in 1984.

Analyzing VISUALS 1. Hypothesizing What factors explain why farm debt increased between 1975 and 1980? 2. Interpreting What are the farmers at Additional left complaining about? Support

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Civics Invite someone who works in a mental school may have about sensitive subjects. health facility, free clinic, or other social agency Allow time for students to ask questions of the to make a presentation to the class about guest speaker. Conclude with a discussion on ways in which students can help address an civic participation. Ask: What are some ways ongoing social problem, such as drug abuse, in which you can make a difference in your AIDS, or drunk driving. Be sure to brief the community? OL BL ELL speaker beforehand on any guidelines your

758 immune system. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is spread Chapter 22 • Section 3 through bodily fluids. REVIEW In the United States, AIDS was first noticed among homosex- Section 3 ual men, but it soon spread among heterosexual men and women. Many people were infected by sexual partners. A few got the disease from blood transfusions. Other victims included drug users Vocabulary who shared needles. Between 1981 and 1988, the Centers for 1. Explain the significance of: yuppie, dis- Answer: Disease Control and Prevention identified more than 100,000 count retailing, Mothers Against Drunk aid to starving people in Africa; cases in the United States. Driving (MADD), AIDS, Stonewall Riot, aid to American farmers American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). New Activist Groups AIDS increased the visibility of the country’s gay and lesbian Main Ideas community, but some homosexuals had been engaged in efforts 2. Summarizing How did retailing change Assess to defend their civil rights since the 1960s. On June 27, 1969, New in the 1980s? York City police raided a nightclub called the Stonewall Inn. 3. Listing What are three social problems The police had often raided the nightclub because of the sexual that gained focus in the 1980s? orientation of its patrons. Frustration among the gay and lesbian onlookers led to a riot. The Stonewall Riot marked the begin- Critical Thinking Study Central™ provides ning of the gay activist movement. Soon after, organizations such 4. Big Ideas What new innovations as the Gay Liberation Front began efforts to increase tolerance of summaries, interactive games, occurred in the consumer electronics homosexuality. industry in the 1980s? and online graphic organizers to help students review content. Rock ‘n’ Rollers Become Activists Many musicians and 5. Organizing Use a graphic organizer sim- entertainers in the 1980s began using their celebrity to raise ilar to the one below to list the changes in awareness about social issues. To help starving people in Ethiopia, entertainment in the 1980s. Irish rocker Bob Geldof organized musicians in England to pre- Close sent “Band Aid” concerts in 1984. In the next year, the event Changes in Entertainment grew into “Live Aid.” People in some 100 countries watched Summarizing Ask: What was benefit concerts televised from London, Philadelphia, and life like in the United States in the Sydney, Australia. The organization’s theme song, “We Are the 1980s? (The economy was boom- World,” was a best-seller. In the same year, country singer Willie 6. Analyzing Visuals Study the graph of ing, there was a revolution in the Nelson organized “Farm Aid” to help American farmers who were the stock market rise on page 755. How is going through hard times. Musicians also publicized efforts to this graph indicative of what you have media, and there were advances end the segregated apartheid social system in South Africa. In the read about in this section? in space technology. However, the late 1980s, the United States and other nations were attempting decade was also marked by an to end apartheid in South Africa by imposing economic sanctions Writing About History increase in social problems, such against the country. 7. Persuasive Writing Choose one of the as drug use and the AIDS epi- Senior Citizens Begin to Lobby Another group that became social problems of the 1980s. Write a let- politically active in the 1980s was senior citizens. Decades of ter to members of your favorite band ask- demic, although many groups improvements in medicine had resulted in more Americans surviv- ing them to perform a concert to benefit also began to fight to solve these your cause. Your letter should explain why ing to an older age. In addition, the birthrate had declined, so problems.) OL younger people represented a comparatively smaller proportion of the cause is important. the population. The fact that more Americans were receiving Social Security payments created budget pressures for the government. Older Americans became very vocal in the political arena, opposing cuts in Social Security or Medicare. Because they tend to vote in large numbers, senior citizens are an influential interest group. Their major lobbying organization is the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), founded in 1958. Study Central™ To review this section, go Summarizing On what issues did some entertainers to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. focus in the 1980s? Section 3 REVIEW 759

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section 6. It indicates a booming economy. and the Glossary. 7. Students’ letters will vary but should use 2. Some companies began to grow in the area standard grammar, use correct letter format, of discount retailing. and be persuasive. 3. drug abuse, alcohol abuse, AIDS 4. the Sony Walkman, VCRs, video games 5. Innovations include rap music; listening to music on tiny portable cassette players; watching movie and music videos and cable or satellite TV; and playing video games. 759 Focus SSeattleeattle Ask students to define basic terms Urban America such as urban, rural, and suburban. Explain the meaning of “exurbs.” on the Move Have students identify the type of After World War II, cities grew into vast metro- politan areas—a development referred to as community in which they live. “urban sprawl.” Inner cities, often inhabited by R lower-income people, lost tax revenue, resulting in deteriorating infrastructure and shortages of Teach affordable housing. As the map shows, many SSanan FFranciscorancisco high-growth areas are in Southern Sunbelt states. In response, some cities sought to improve R Reading Skill urban neighborhoods and encourage reinvest- ment in the city core. These policies have had Determining Importance only limited effect, as suburbs and new Ask: What are the possible “exurbs”—communities located in the country beyond the suburbs, continue to grow. advantages in several of the high LLosos AngelesAngeles growth areas that have made How Has Urban Geography ▲ Urban sprawl, traffic congestion, people and industry move there? Affected Politics? long commutes, and air pollution (Students might suggest climate, The rapid growth of the suburbs and exurbs are part of the price Atlanta paid PPhoenixhoenix for rapid growth. SSanan DiegoDiego large labor pool, and infrastructure plays an important role in American politics. Inner city communities tend to vote for already in place.) BL Democrats, while voters in outer suburbs and exurbs tend to vote for Republicans. The reason for this pattern is C Critical Thinking unclear. In part, it reflects the preference of many minori- C ties who live in the inner city to vote for Democrats. In Analyze Information Have addition, some political geographers believe that since students work in teams to create city-dwellers rely more on government services, they tend to support liberal policies that favor government activism. surveys about local community People in the suburbs and exurbs want more indepen- development. Tell students to dence and more often distrust government—a conserva- devise 10 questions that can tive perspective. They believe large city governments have be answered with a range of done a poor job running schools and controlling crime. Existing development as of 1993 responses. (One example could be: Intense Moderate Do you favor increased mass transit Development since 1993 Intense options? Sample responses might be Moderate Analyzing GEOGRAPHY Strongly Favor, Favor, Neutral, 1. Movement Which regions experienced the most Oppose, and Strongly Oppose.) OL growth after 1993? 2. Human-Environment Interaction How does the urban geography of American cities shape voting Additional patterns and preferences?

Support 760 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism photo credit

Collaborative Learning

Create an Urban Plan Divide the class into ment planned for the Sunbelt states will look small groups. Challenge each group to imagine different than one in northern states. that they are a firm of urban planners specializ- ing in “smart growth” and “green building.” Have them use the Internet or library resources to find out more about these concepts. Then have them outline a plan with rough sketches for the new community they have designed. Remind them to take climate into account; a develop-

760 Atlanta, Georgia was one of the fastest growing cities in the early 1990s. The expansion of Atlanta’s suburbs into surrounding counties Assess/Close since 1993 is shown in red and yellow. Activity: Top Ten Cities Ask students to use an almanac or other reference source to find the MMinneapolisinneapolis BBostonoston top ten most populous cities in the United States. Have them NNewew YorkYork CityCity locate those places on the map. CChicagohicago Do they observe any changes or DDenverenver new patterns emerging?

Analyzing GEOGRAPHY

Answers: 1. the south and west 2. Urban voters tend to vote AAtlantatlanta Democratic, while suburban and exurban voters tend to DDallasallas vote Republican. This may reflect the tendency of urban dwellers to rely on and be AAustinustin willing to support govern- HHoustonouston ment services, while suburban and exurban dwellers MMiamiiami tend to distrust government and prefer independence.

Like many Sunbelt cities, Austin, Texas, experienced rapid growth in the 1980s and 1990s—much of it fueled by the influx of new high-tech companies. Austin’s population was about 465,000 in 1990. By 2007, it had reached 690,000.

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 761

Technology Connection

Urban Planning in China Have students working in pairs use the Internet to find reputable sources on the problems of growing industrial cities in China. Ask students to read and summarize at least three articles suggesting ways that China can continue to modernize and still follow the Kyoto Protocols.

761 Chapter 22 • Section 4 Section 4 Section Audio Spotlight Video Focus The End of the Cold War

Bellringer n the late 1980s, the United States faced a series of Guide to Reading international crises. The Cold War came to an end in Daily Focus Transparency 22-4 I

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ANSWER: J Big Ideas Europe, but events in the Middle East soon led the Teacher Tip: Explain to students that receiving a UNIT percentage of the popular vote does not mean a 7 DAILY FOCUS SKILLS candidate received any electoral votes. Chapter 22 TRANSPARENCY 22-4 Economics and Society The deficit Interpreting Bar Graphs United States into its first major war since Vietnam.

Directions: Answer the following 1992 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION question based on the graph. and an economic slowdown hurt Third-party candidate 400 Ross Perot received an 370 unprecedented 19 percent 350 of the popular vote. How George H.W. Bush’s attempt to win many electoral votes did 300 he receive?

250 F 538 reelection in 1992. G 370 200 H 168 The Soviet Union Collapses 168 150 Electoral Votes J none 100 Content Vocabulary 50 MAIN Idea The Soviet Union’s attempts at reforming its social and eco- 0 0 (p. 763) George Bush Bill Clinton Ross Perot • perestroika Republican Democratic Third-Party Candidate Candidate Candidate nomic systems failed, leading to the collapse of the Communist eastern bloc. • glasnost (p. 763) HISTORY AND YOU What can you recall about the division of Europe after • downsizing (p. 766) World War II? Read on to learn about the massive changes that took place in (p. 767) • capital gains tax Eastern Europe at the end of the 1980s. Guide to Reading • grassroots movement (p. 767) Answers: Academic Vocabulary When Ronald Reagan left office, few Americans were thinking Soviet Union: cooperated with • initiative (p. 765) about foreign policy. Many generally wanted a continuation of reform leader Gorbachev; China: • retain (p. 767) Reagan’s domestic policies—low taxes and less government action. halted arms sales and reduced When Republicans nominated George H. W. Bush for president in People and Events to Identify 1988, he reassured Americans he would continue Reagan’s policies by diplomatic contact; Panama: • Boris Yeltsin (p. 764) making a promise: “Read my lips: No new taxes.” invaded and seized dictator and • Tiananmen Square (p. 765) The Democrats hoped to regain the White House in 1988 by (p. 765) helped people hold elections and • Saddam Hussein promising to help working-class Americans, minorities, and the poor. • H. Ross Perot (p. 767) One candidate for the nomination, civil rights leader Jesse Jackson, organize a new government; tried to create a “rainbow coalition”—a broad group of minorities and Reading Strategy Middle East: imposed economic the poor—by speaking about homelessness and unemployment. Categorizing Complete a graphic Jackson finished second in the primaries, the first African American sanctions against Iraq and carried organizer similar to the one below by to make a serious run for the nomination. out Operation Desert Storm describing U.S. foreign policy in each of The Democrats nominated Massachusetts governor Michael the places listed. Dukakis. The Bush campaign portrayed him as too liberal and “soft

Place Foreign Policy on crime.” The Democrats questioned Bush’s leadership abilities, but Soviet Union Bush had Reagan’s endorsement and, with the economy still doing China well, most Americans felt that Bush was the more able candidate. Bush easily defeated Dukakis in the general election, although To generate student interest and Panama Middle East Democrats kept control of Congress. provide a springboard for class Voters had focused on domestic issues during the election cam- discussion, access the Chapter 22, paign, but soon after taking office President Bush had to focus most Section 4 video at glencoe.com or of his time and energy on foreign policy as change swept through Eastern Europe and the Cold War came to an abrupt end. on the video DVD. Revolution in Eastern Europe As president, Bush continued Reagan’s policy of cooperation with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. By the late 1980s, the Soviet economy was suffering from years of inefficient central planning Resource Manager and huge expenditures on the arms race. To save the economy,

762 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

R Reading C Critical D Differentiated W Writing S Skill Strategies Thinking Instruction Support Practice Teacher Edition Additional Resources Additional Resources Teacher Edition Additional Resources • Making Connections, • Critical Thinking Skills • Reinforcing Skill Act., • Narrative Writing, p. 763 • Reinforcing Skill Act., p. 763 Act., URB p. 66 URB p. 65 URB p. 65 • Read. Prim. Sources, • Quizzes/Tests, p. 316 • Enrichment Act., URB Additional Resources • Time Line Act., URB p. 764 • Auth. Assess., p. 49 p. 78 • Enrichment Act., URB p. 67 • Act. Prior Know., p. 765 • Standard. Test Practice, p. 78 • Read. Essen., p. 242 • Taking Notes, p. 766 p. 51 Additional Resources • Read. Skill Act., URB p. 55 • Guided Read. Act., URB p. 83 Chapter 22 • Section 4 Revolutions in Eastern Europe

▲ The Berlin Wall fell on FINLAND Teach November 10, 1989. Analyzing GEOGRAPHY NORWAY

SWEDEN 60°N Tallinn Answers: ESTONIA 5. Baltic States RUSSIA 1. Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, became Riga independent, 1991 and Romania 0° North Sea 20°E LATVIA Moscow Baltic . 2. It was particularly significant DENMARK R LITHUANIA Sea a lg 4. Germany reunited, 1990 Vilnius o because it meant that UNITED RUSSIA V Minsk KINGDOM Elbe R. Germany could be reunified. NETH. BELARUS O Berlin d e 3. Berlin Wall torn r POLAND 1. Democratic elections, 1989 R EAST . 50°N down, Nov. 1989 Warsaw GERMANY Kyiv (Kiev) WEST R. BELG. la stu . R R Reading Strategy GERMANY Vi UKRAINE R n LUX. Prague Do CZECH REP. 6. Czechoslovakia separated, 1993 N Making Connections To help SLOVAKIA R. er LIECH. Bratislava p E e students understand the impact FRANCE i MOLDOVA n Budapest D W SWITZ. AUSTRIA Chisina˘u ROMANIA S of the Berlin Wall coming down, Ljubljana HUNGARY SLOVENIA Zagreb 2. Non-Communist engage them in this pre-reading CROATIA governments created, 1989 Belgrade activity. Use a large map of your SAN A BOSNIA & Bucharest ▲ Boris Yeltsin rallies the d . Black MARINO r HERZEGOVINA Danube R crowd against the military ia Sea community and draw a line down MONACO t Sarajevo ITALY ic coup on August 19, 1991. S YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA Mediterranean ea the center of it. Ask students to Sea Soﬁa Skopje look at the map closely and make 40°N 0 200 400 kilometers Tiranë T UR ALBANIA AnalyzingKE GEOGRAPHY 0 200 400 miles MACEDONIA Y a list of all the aspects of their Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection GREECE 1. Regions Which Eastern European countries lives that would be affected if they abandoned communism first? could not cross “the wall.” OL 2. Place Why was the fall of communism in East Germany significant? W Writing Support Narrative Writing Have stu- Gorbachev instituted perestroika, or “restruc- Within days, bulldozers leveled the hated sym- dents conduct some research turing,” and allowed some private enterprise bol of Communist repression. Within a year, W about the division and reunifica- and profit making. East and West Germany had reunited to form The other principle of Gorbachev’s plan was one nation—the Federal Republic of Germany. tion of Germany. Tell them to glasnost, or “openness.” It allowed more free- write a letter that might have dom of religion and speech, enabling people been written by a German teen- to discuss politics openly. With Gorbachev’s The Soviet Union Collapses support, glasnost spread to Eastern Europe. In As Eastern Europe abandoned communism, ager after the Berlin wall fell. OL 1989 revolutions replaced Communist rulers Gorbachev faced mounting criticism from with democratic governments in Bulgaria, opponents at home. In August 1991 a group of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Communist officials and army officers tried to The tide of revolution then swept over East stage a coup—an overthrow of the govern- W Germany, and at midnight on November 9, 1989, ment. They arrested Gorbachev and sent troops guards at the Berlin Wall opened the gates. into Moscow. Hands-On

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 763 Chapter Project Step 4 Conducting an Opinion Poll

Step 4: Analyzing the Findings Have students return to their groups and com- pare their poll results. Identifying Points of View Ask students to calculate the average response to each of their statements and then write a brief paragraph for each in which they attempt to interpret their findings. OL (Chapter Project continued on Visual Summary page) 763 Chapter 22 • Section 4 In Moscow, Russian president Boris Yeltsin defied the coup leaders from his offices in the A “New World Order”

Russian Parliament. About 50,000 people sur- MAIN Idea Bush used his foreign policy exper- rounded the Russian Parliament to protect it tise to deal with crises in China, Panama, and the R Reading Strategy from troops. President Bush telephoned Yeltsin Persian Gulf. to express the support of the United States. Reading Primary Sources HISTORY AND YOU Do you remember learning Soon afterward, the coup collapsed, and about student protests in the 1960s? Read on to Ask students where U.S. forces Gorbachev returned to Moscow. learn about a student protest in China. launched attacks before they The defeat of the coup brought change swiftly. All 15 Soviet republics declared their attacked the invading Iraqis in After the Cold War, the world became independence from the Soviet Union. Yeltsin increasingly unpredictable. President Bush Kuwait. (Iraq) BL outlawed the Communist Party in Russia. In noted that a “new world order” was emerging. late December 1991 Gorbachev announced This new world order introduced new the end of the Soviet Union. Most of the for- military challenges around the globe. For mer Soviet republics then joined in a federa- Analyzing VISUALS example, U.S. troops led Operation Restore tion called the Commonwealth of Independent Hope, providing humanitarian assistance and States (CIS). Although CIS member states famine relief to refugees in Somalia, which Answers: remained independent, they agreed to form a had collapsed when the Cold War motivations common economic zone in 1993. 1. Coalition forces most likely were removed. Several other crises requiring chose to launch their invasion Explaining Why did Mikhail military action emerged in China, Panama, and from Saudi Arabia because Gorbachev institute the policy of perestroika? the Middle East. Saudi Arabia, unlike Iran, was an ally, needed some protec- tion anyway, and shared a The Persian Gulf War, 1991 border with Kuwait, unlike 0 150 300 kilometers 40°E 50°E Syria and Turkey. 0 150 300 miles Caspian 2. Saudi Arabia and Israel Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Sea TURKEY N

Eu Arbı¯l ph Mosul Tehran ra T E i W te g Kirkuk s r i SYRIA s Qom R. Tikrı¯t S Mediterranean R . Sea Beirut IRAN LEBANON Damascus Baghdad Haifa IRAQ 3. Allied ground warIsfahan Answer: ISRAEL against Iraqi troops, Karbala Tel Aviv Amman An February 23–26, 1991 It was intended to save the Jerusalem An Najaf Na¯sirı¯yah Soviet economy by allowing As Sama¯wah EGYPT JORDAN Basra some private enterprise and R 2. Operation Desert Storm 30°N begins, January 16, 1991 KUWAIT Shı¯ra¯z profit-making. Kuwait City P ▲ ( e Even before the Gulf War, the A rs 1. Buildup of Allied troops begins ra ia b n United States was escorting oil tankers along Saudi Arabia/Iraq border, ia G n u in the Persian Gulf to protect them Red Sea G l August 1990–February 1991 ul f 4. Cease-ﬁre declared f) from attack during the Iran-Iraq War. by President Bush, BAHRAIN February 27, 1991 Dhahran Manama SAUDI ARABIA QATAR Analyzing VISUALS Doha Medina Riyadh 1. Explaining Why do you think that U.S./ UN troops staged their invasion of Iraq U.A.E. from Saudi Arabia? Iraq and occupied Iraqi SCUD attacks Allied troop buildup territory Allied air attacks Allied troop 2. Specifying What nations did Iraq attack Allied against Iraq Iraqi troop movement Additional with SCUD missiles during the war? Neutral countries placements Major oil ﬁelds

Support 764 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism

Extending the Content

Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz is a widest point, it is possible that a country might narrow shipping lane that connects the Persian block or hamper the passage of ships. During Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and the Arabian Sea. the 1980s, the United States began escorting oil Most of the crude oil produced in the Middle tankers through the strait to protect them from East passes through the Strait of Hormuz. In Iranian attacks. If the passage were ever closed, 1997 about 14 million barrels of crude oil passed oil would have to be shipped overland by pipe- through the strait every day. Since the water- line—a much more expensive option. way is only about 40 miles (64 km) across at its

764 Chapter 22 • Section 4 Tiananmen Square first step and that Iraq’s ultimate goal was to capture Saudi Arabia and its vast oil reserves. Despite the collapse of communism in American troops rushed to the Middle East Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, China’s and took up positions in Saudi Arabia in Communist leaders were determined to stay response. R Reading Strategy in power. China’s government had relaxed President Bush persuaded other UN controls on the economy, but it continued to member countries to join a coalition to stop Activating Prior Knowledge repress political speech and dissent. In May Iraq. Led by the United States, the United Before students read, ask them 1989, Chinese students and workers held Nations imposed economic sanctions on Iraq to recall how President Carter demonstrations for democracy. The center and demanded that the Iraqis withdraw. responded to human rights abuses of the protests was Tiananmen Square in The coalition included troops from the Beijing, China’s capital. In early June govern- United States, Canada, Europe, and Middle around the world. Tell them they ment tanks and soldiers crushed the protests. Eastern nations. The UN set a deadline for the will read about how President Many people were killed and hundreds of Iraqis’ withdrawal, after which the coalition George H. W. Bush responded to pro-democracy activists were arrested. Many would use force to remove them. Congress were later sentenced to death. also voted to authorize the use of force if Iraq abuses in China. BL Shocked, the United States and several did not withdraw. European countries halted arms sales and On October 31, 1990, General Colin Powell, reduced their diplomatic contacts with China. chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secretary R The World Bank suspended loans. President of Defense Dick Cheney, and other high- Bush resisted harsher sanctions, believing that ranking officials met with President Bush. It Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein trade and diplomacy would eventually moder- was clear that Iraq would not obey the UN liked to be called by his first ate China’s behavior. deadline. Powell presented the plan for attack- name. When pronounced ing Iraq. Several advisers gasped at the numbers, which called for over 500,000 American correctly, with the emphasis Panama troops. “Mr. President,” Powell began, “I on the second syllable, While President Bush struggled to deal with wish . . . that I could assure you that air power Saddam means “leader” or global events elsewhere, a crisis developed in alone could do it but you can’t take that chance. “learned one.” During the Panama. In 1978 the United States had agreed We’ve gotta take the initiative out of the to give Panama control over the Panama Canal enemy’s hands if we’re going to go to war.” Persian Gulf War, President by the year 2000. Because of the canal’s impor- Cheney later recalled that Bush “never hesi- George H. W. Bush insisted tance, American officials wanted to make sure tated.” He looked up from the plans and said on pronouncing the name simply, “Do it.” Panama’s government was both stable and with the emphasis on the pro-American. On January 16, 1991, the coalition forces By 1989, Panama’s dictator, General Manuel launched Operation Desert Storm. Dozens of first syllable. Pronounced Noriega, had stopped cooperating with the cruise missiles and thousands of laser-guided this way, Saddam means United States. He also aided drug traffickers, bombs fell on Iraq, destroying its air defenses, “a boy who fixes or cleans cracked down on opponents, and harassed bridges, artillery, and other military targets. American military personnel defending the After about six weeks of bombardment, the shoes.” canal. In December 1989, Bush ordered coalition launched a massive ground attack. American troops to invade Panama. The troops Waves of tanks and troop carriers smashed seized Noriega, who was sent to the United through Iraqi lines and encircled the Iraqi States to stand trial on drug charges. The troops forces defending Kuwait. then helped the Panamanians hold elections The attack killed thousands of Iraqi soldiers, and organize a new government. and hundreds of thousands more surrendered. Fewer than 300 coalition troops were killed. Answer: Just 100 hours after the ground war began, American officials feared that The Persian Gulf War President Bush declared Kuwait to be liber- Iraq’s ultimate goal was to cap- President Bush faced perhaps his most seri- ated. Iraq accepted the coalition’s cease-fire ture Saudi Arabia and its vast oil terms, and American troops returned home to ous crisis in the Middle East. In August 1990 reserves. Iraq’s dictator, Saddam Hussein, sent his cheering crowds. army to invade oil-rich Kuwait. American offi- Examining Why did President cials feared that the invasion might be only the Bush take action when Iraqi troops invaded Kuwait?

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 765

Activity: Collaborative Learning

Comparing Invasions In the debate over Ask them to share their information and decide whether to use force against Saddam Hussein, whether each of these historical examples some who favored military action used the applied to the situation in Kuwait. Then ask stu- example of Hitler to justify their stance. Those dents to consider the war that began with Iraq who opposed action used the example of in 2003. Ask: Which example best fits that Vietnam. Have students work in pairs. One part- war? (Students’ answers will vary but should be ner is to review the chapters about World War II; supported with facts.) OL the other, the chapter about the Vietnam war.

765 • Section 4 Chapter 22 Domestic Challenges The Economy Slows The recession that began in 1990 was partly MAIN Idea To reduce the deficit, President Bush raised taxes, an unpopular decision that helped Bill caused by the end of the Cold War. As the Reading Strategy Clinton win the election. Soviet threat faded, the United States began R reducing its armed forces and canceling orders HISTORY AND YOU How are your school and Taking Notes Suggest that community designed to provide access for people for military equipment. Thousands of soldiers students take notes by creating who use wheelchairs? Read on to find out more and defense industry workers were laid off. cause-and-effect charts. They about the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Other companies also began downsizing —laying off workers and managers to become R should identify the causes and more efficient. The nation’s high level of debt effects of the recession and the President Bush spent much of his time deal- made the recession worse. Americans had bor- causes of the election results in ing with foreign policy, but he could not ignore rowed heavily during the 1980s and now faced domestic issues. He inherited a growing deficit paying off large debts. 1992. BL and a slowing economy. With the Persian Gulf In addition, the huge deficit forced the gov- crisis, the economy plunged into a recession ernment to borrow money to pay for its pro- and unemployment rose. grams. This borrowing kept money from being

Many companies began using the term downsizing The Election of 1992 rather than layoff because Presidential The election of 1992 marked the first time since 1968 Election of 1992 layoff sounded too negative. that no candidate won at least 50 percent of the popu- After several years of down- lar vote and for much the same reason. A strong third party challenger, Ross Perot (below, center), took votes Bush Clinton sizing, some companies from both major candidates. WA NH 11 VT 4 MT ME started to use the term ND 3 4 3 3 OR MN MA 7 ID 10 rightsizing to imply that cuts SD WI NY 12 4 MI 33 WY 3 11 18 RI 4 were being made to adjust 3 IA PA NE 23 NJ CT NV 7 OH 8 4 UT 5 IL IN 15 22 12 21 the workforce to the correct CA 5 CO WV VA DE 3 54 8 KS MO KY 5 13 MD 10 6 11 size. 8 NC DC 3 TN 14 OK 11 AZ NM 8 AR SC 8 6 8 5 AL GA MS 9 13 7 TX LA 32 9 FL AK 25 3 Analyzing VISUALS HI 4

Answers: % of Presidential Popular Popular Electoral 1. They are hurting mainstream Candidate Votes Vote Votes parties. The cartoon of Perot Clinton 44,909,889 43.02% 370 is riding Bush, attached like a Bush 39,104,545 37.46% 168 Perot 19,742,267 18.91% 0 parasite. 2. The Northeast is a more lib-

eral area, and more likely to ▲ The success of Perot’s Analyzing VISUALS vote Democratic. campaign surprised 1. Interpreting What does the cartoon suggest many about independent candidates? Americans. 2. Speculating What factors might explain Clinton’s Additional popularity in the Northeast?

Support 766 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism (b)Mike Lane/Cagle Cartoons

Activity: Interdisciplinary Connection

Mathematics Have students use the figures remaining votes. Then have students create cir- in the map legend above to create a circle graph cle graphs showing the proportion of total votes showing the proportion of total votes for each each candidate received in the west (west of the candidate in 1992. Point out that the percent- Mississippi River) and the proportion of total ages listed do not total 100 percent. Tell stu- votes each candidate received in the east (east dents to create a category labeled “other” for the of the Mississippi River). OL

766 available to businesses. The government also had to pay interest Chapter 22 • Section 4 on its debt, money that might otherwise have been used to fund REVIEW programs or boost the economy. Section 4 As the economy slowed, hundreds of savings-and-loan institutions collapsed. After President Reagan had allowed them to be Assess deregulated, many had made risky or even dishonest invest- Vocabulary ments. When these investments failed, depositors collected on 1. Explain the significance of: perestroika, federal programs to insure deposits. The cost to the public may glasnost, Boris Yeltsin, Tiananmen Square, have reached $500 billion. Saddam Hussein, downsizing, capital gains tax, H. Ross Perot, grassroots Study Central™ provides Gridlock in Government movement. summaries, interactive games, Shortly after taking office, Bush tried to improve the economy. Main Ideas and online graphic organizers to He called for a cut in the capital gains tax—the tax paid by busi- 2. Explaining How did perestroika and help students review content. nesses and investors when they sell stocks or real estate for a glasnost create conditions that led to the profit. Bush believed that the tax cut would encourage businesses fall of the Soviet Union? to expand. Calling the idea a tax break for the rich, Democrats in Congress defeated it. 3. Describing What actions did the United Aware that the growing federal deficit was hurting the economy, States take in Panama in 1989? Bush broke his “no new taxes” campaign pledge. After meeting with Answer: congressional leaders, he agreed to a tax increase in exchange for 4. Determining Cause and Effect How The economy was failing, and cuts in spending. This decision turned many voters against Bush. did the huge deficits from the Reagan Bush broke his promise not to years lead to economic problems under raise or introduce new taxes. The 1992 Election George Bush? Although the recession had weakened his popularity, Bush won Critical Thinking the Republican nomination. Bush promised to address voters’ eco- 5. Big Ideas How did the economy affect nomic concerns and he blamed congressional Democrats for the the 1992 election? gridlock that seemingly paralyzed the nation’s government. Close The Democrats nominated Arkansas governor William 6. Organizing Use a graphic organizer sim- Jefferson Clinton, despite stories that questioned his character ilar to the one below to list the causes of Summarizing Ask: How did and the fact that he did not serve in Vietnam. Calling himself a the recession of the early 1990s. Clinton gain support in the 1992 “New Democrat” to separate himself from more liberal Democrats, Budget Economic Foreign Clinton promised to cut middle-class taxes, reduce government Problems Problems Developments election? (He set himself apart spending, and reform the nation’s health care and welfare pro- from other Democrats by calling grams. His campaign repeatedly blamed Bush for the recession. himself a “new Democrat.” He Some Americans were not happy with either Bush or Clinton. This enabled an independent candidate, billionaire Texas busi- also promised to cut taxes and 7. Analyzing Visuals Examine the map on nessman H. Ross Perot, to make a strong challenge. Perot page 764. Which nations have significant spending.) OL stressed the need to end deficit spending. His no-nonsense style oil resources? appealed to many Americans. A grassroots movement—groups of people organizing at the local level—put Perot on the ballot in Writing About History all 50 states. 8. Descriptive Writing Suppose that you Bill Clinton won the election with 43 percent of the popular are traveling in West Germany in 1989 vote and 370 electoral votes. The Democrats also retained con- when the Berlin Wall is being torn down. trol of Congress. Bush won 37 percent of the popular vote, while Write a letter to a friend at home to Perot received 19 percent—the best showing for a third-party describe the event and how you think it candidate since 1912—but no electoral votes. will affect the United States. As the first president born after World War II, the 46-year-old Clinton was the first person from the baby boom generation to enter the White House. It was his task to revive the economy and guide the United States in a rapidly changing world. Study Central™ To review this section, go Summarizing Why did President Bush lose popularity to glencoe.com and click on Study Central. as the 1992 election approached? Section 4 REVIEW 767

Answers

1. All definitions can be found in the section 4. The huge deficit forced the government to 6. Budget Problems: tax increase; Economic and the Glossary. borrow money to pay for its programs. This Problems: recession, high consumer debt, 2. They created a more open economy and borrowing kept money from being available federal deficit; Foreign Developments: fall of society; people were allowed to discuss pol- to businesses. The government also had to the Soviet Union, Persian Gulf War itics and to protest, and this led to the over- pay interest, money that might otherwise 7. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Syria throw of several Communist regimes in the have been used to fund programs or boost 8. Students’ letters will vary but should be eastern bloc and, eventually, to the fall of the economy. descriptive and use standard grammar and the Soviet Union. 5. The recession hurt Bush’s efforts to win punctuation. 3. U.S. troops invaded Panama, arrested its reelection. dictator, Manuel Noriega, and then helped the people hold elections and establish a democratic government. 767 Chapter 22 • Visual Summary

Chapter VISUAL SUMMARY You can study anywhere, anytime by downloading quizzes and flashcards to your PDA from glencoe.com. Activity: Collaborative Learning Causes of the New Conservatism Government Priorities As • The Cold War promotes strong foreign policy and an emphasis on described in this chapter, con- minimal government interference in economics. servatives and liberals believe in • Cold War fears of communism encourage many religious Americans different types of spending, gov- to turn to conservative ideas. • Many Americans are disturbed by the protests, demonstrations, and ernment control, and freedom violence of the 1960s. from government. Have students • The population growth in the Sunbelt increases support for work in groups. Ask them to dis- conservative politicians. cuss what spending, controls, and • The rise of an evangelical movement willing to use politics to change society and defend its values helps mobilize conservative voters. freedoms are most important. • Frustration with rising taxes and government regulation, especially in Ask: Is it more important for citi- the South and West, turns many voters to conservative ideas. zens to have personal freedoms • Both Western conservatives and Southern conservatives come to see the Republican Party as the more conservative party. or for business to have freedom ▲ Part of the new conservative movement drew support from Americans from control? Should military who were fed up with high taxes. spending be more or less important than programs that aid citizens personally? Have students make a three-column chart headed The Reagan Administration “Spending,” “Controls,” and • Ronald Reagan is elected president in 1980 and 1984. “Freedoms” and then rank their items • Reagan promotes supply-side economics and pushes large tax cuts in order of priority. Have a member through Congress. from each group report the results, • Many industries are deregulated, helping spur a boom in the oil, transportation, and communications industries. including disagreements among • A political debate over cutting government programs rather than group members, to the class. OL expanding them shapes the domestic politics of the era. • Reagan’s administration takes a strong anti-Communist stance in Narrative Writing Have Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Middle East, providing aid to interested students create a groups that resist communism. narrative history of U.S. involve- • The nation begins a sustained military buildup to put pressure on the Soviet economy; in addition the United States begins work on anti- ment in China, the Middle missile “Star Wars” technology. East, or Latin America during • The failure to cut domestic programs, combined with increased Reagan’s and George H. W. Bush’s military spending, drives the growing budget deficit to record levels. • Energy prices fall, the economy grows rapidly, and stock market presidencies. AL values soar. • The farm debt crisis and deregulation of the banks leads to the collapse of many family farms, and many savings and loan institutions. • Under great economic stress, the Soviet Union introduces perestroika and glasnost; communism falls across Eastern Europe in 1989, and ▲ The summit between President Reagan then the Soviet Union collapses in 1991. and Mikhail Gorbachev created an easing of Hands-On tensions between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

Chapter Project 768 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism Step 5: Wrap Up Conducting an Opinion Poll • What was the most difficult part of the project? Why? Step 5: Wrap Up Have groups share their • What was the best part of the project? results with the rest of the class. Encourage Why? students to discuss why President Reagan • What was the most important thing I scored higher on some students’ polls than learned by completing this project? others. Ask students to record their responses in Putting It Together Have students evalu- their journal. OL ate the project by answering the following questions:

768 Chapter 22 • Assessment Chapter ASSESSMENT Answers and Analyses Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing Main Ideas Reviewing Vocabulary Directions: Choose the word or words that best complete the Directions: Choose the best answer for each of the following sentence. questions. 1. B Review the general differences between liberals and conservatives 1. Political views held by include the belief that the Section 1 (pp. 740–745) with students, who will most likely government should regulate the economy to protect people 6. One main difference between liberals and conservatives is have trouble choosing between B from the power of large corporations. that, generally, and C. Economists are people who A economists A conservatives believe in government regulation of the B liberals economy, while liberals do not. study economics. They can be lib- C conservatives B liberals believe in government regulation of the economy, eral or conservative. Televangelists D televangelists while conservatives do not. are preachers on television. C conservatives believe that all power should be held by the 2. Reagan based his policies on , a philosophy that national government, while liberals do not. 2. D Reaganomics was based on advocates tax cuts to improve the economy. D liberals believe that all power should be held by the supply-side economics. Basically, A monetarist economics states, while conservatives do not. the theory says that lower taxes B supply-and-demand economics lead to more money being spent C microeconomics 7. Which of the following two groups had added their support (including investments), thereby D supply-side economics to conservatives by the 1980s? A African Americans and urbanites stimulating the economy and 3. A new business model known as had a major B Northerners and Easterners leading to economic growth. impact on the economy starting in the 1980s. C Democrats and women Basically, supply-side economics A superstations D Sunbelters and suburbanites seeks to increase the supply of B wholesale retailing capital. Greater money supply = C discount retailing Section 2 (pp. 746–753) greater investment. D direct mail 8. Critics of Reagan’s economic policy referred to it as “trickle- down economics” because they 3. C Discount retailing offered 4. One part of Mikhail Gorbachev’s plan to improve conditions goods at a discount. Discount in the Soviet Union was to allow , or increased A believed that the plan would work, allowing wealth to freedom in speech, religion, and political discussion. “trickle down” to the middle and lower classes. retailers are prevalent today. Ask A glasnost B ridiculed the idea that much wealth would “trickle down” students to discuss how they think to the middle and lower classes. B perestroika shopping was different in the years C believed that the plan was messy and would cause a C contra before discount retailing. great deal of wasteful government spending. D rights of assembly D agreed that the richest people would share their wealth 4. A Glasnost means “openness.” A with the neediest in society. 5. To combat the recession of the late 1980s, and searching for way for students to remember its greater efficiency, many corporations began laying off meaning is to think of glass, which employees, a process called is clear, and relate it to openness. A downsizing. TEST-TAKING TIP Perestroika dealt with restructuring B mass firing. Read each answer choice and eliminate the ones that simply the economy. To remember this, C horizontal integration. do not make sense for the given question. students should think of the “rest” D vertical integration. in Perestroika to “restructuring.” Need Extra Help? If You Missed Questions . . . 12345678 GO ON Go to Page . . . 740–742 748 755 762–763 766 740–742 743 748 5. A Downsizing was a popular way to combat rising business Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 769 costs during this era and was the focus of much media coverage. Downsizing was replaced by 7. D Review “Sunbelt Conservatism” and 8. B Critics believed Reagan’s policies would outsourcing in the later 1990s. “Suburban Conservatism” on pages 743–744 help the wealthy, but that it would not help, or with students. The groups/areas listed in A and trickle-down to, the middle and lower classes. B in general tend to be liberals. C does not The question asks about critics’ opinions, so A Reviewing Main Ideas make sense because it includes “Democrats.” and D are incorrect, because they are support- 6. B Review the sections on liberals ive of the plan, not critical. and conservatives. Generally, conservatives support a more hands- off government with a laissez-faire approach to economics.

769 Chapter 22 • Assessment Chapter ASSESSMENT

9. C The key word in SDI is defense. Only C includes an 9. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was proposed to Critical Thinking strengthen defense by action that is a directly defensive Directions: Choose the best answers to the following questions. maneuver. A preventing the expansion of Communist countries. B re-emphasizing the use of infantry troops in future wars. 14. The religious right joined the conservative movement because they 10. B VCRs revolutionized the C developing weapons to intercept incoming missiles. A were concerned about American values and morality. way people watched TV and mov- D severely reducing the number of American troops B wanted more liberal social welfare programs. ies at home. The DVD and the PDA stationed worldwide. C felt that the U.S. had been too aggressive with the were not available in the 1980s. Section 3 (pp. 754–759) U.S.S.R. The digital watch was invented in 10. Which technology became available during the 1980s? D wanted government regulation of local churches. the 1970s. A the digital video recorder 15. The huge number of baby boomers affected the economy of 11. C Nancy Reagan’s “Just Say B the video cassette recorder the 1980s because they No” campaign sums up a major C the personal digital assistant A were driven to acquire material goods and social success. focus of 1980s activism. As first D the digital watch B pushed for increased government spending for the poor. lady for most of the decade, C rejected worldly success as members of the Moral Majority. 11. A major focus of U.S. social activism in the 1980s was Nancy Reagan was able to keep D were beginning to draw Social Security benefits. the program in the forefront of A gun control. B illiteracy. Base your answer to question 16 on the graph below and your public focus. She believed that knowledge of Chapter 22. eliminating drug abuse would C drug abuse. lead to a reduction in crime. D poverty. Military Spending and the Deﬁcit 40

12. B Boris Yeltsin was the presi- Section 4 (pp. 762–767) 35 Federal Debt 12. The result of the failed Communist coup in Moscow in Total Federal Expenses dent of Russia at the time of the 30 coup. He was instrumental in dis- August 1991 was that National Defense 25 mantling it. The Berlin Wall had A Boris Yeltsin became president of the Soviet Union. come down in 1989. D is irrelevant. B the Soviet republics declared independence. 20 C the Berlin Wall was taken down by bulldozers. 15

13. B The events in Tiananmen D the United States sent troops into Saudi Arabia. 10

Square sparked protest in the U.S. 5 and other nations, so students can 13. In response to events in Tiananmen Square in China, the In Hundreds of Billions Dollars United States and other nations 0 reason that the actions of those 0 A sent weapons and money to the rebels. 198 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 nations expressed displeasure with Sources: Departments of Commerce and Treasury; Ofﬁce of Management B halted arms sales and reduced their diplomatic contacts and Budget. China. Therefore, A can be elimi- with China. nated. Making plans to express C made plans for a summit meeting with China to express 16. How much money was spent on national defense in 1986? their concerns. their concerns at a meeting would A approximately 500 billion dollars D sent in troops to help free the imprisoned protesters. not be harsh enough. The U.S. did B more than 500 billion dollars not send troops into China. C approximately 250 billion dollars D less than 250 million dollars Critical Thinking Need Extra Help? If You Missed Questions . . . 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 GO ON 14. A The religious right is con- Go to Page . . . 753 757 758–759 763–764 764–765 744–745 754 R16 servative in morals and values. Their concern for morals and val- 770 Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism ues led them to join the conservative movement. Liberals generally 15. A Choices C and D can be immediately favor increased social-welfare pro- eliminated. Baby boomers spent money and grams, not conservatives. The reli- sought out success, they did not reject it. Baby gious right was more concerned boomers are now affecting the economy with the domestic agenda rather because they are becoming eligible for Social than with foreign relations. D Security, but were too young then for this to be would not make sense. a concern.

16. C The bottom line on the graph represents defense spending.

770 Chapter 22 • Assessment Chapter ASSESSMENT Extended Response 17. The beginning of the collapse of communism in Eastern Document-Based Questions Europe is most closely associated with the 21. Essays must demonstrate a Directions: Analyze the document and answer the short-answer ques- A fall of the Berlin Wall. tions that follow the document. strong understanding of the B admission of Warsaw Pact nations to the North Atlantic events that led to the end of the Treaty Organization (NATO). President Ronald Reagan addressed the American people at the Cold War. Events should be pre- C intervention of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization end of his presidency in 1988. The following is an excerpt from that address: sented with an understanding of (NATO) in Yugoslavia. their chronological order, and D formation of the European Union. The way I see it, there were two great triumphs, two opinions on why the Cold War things that I’m proudest of. One is the economic recovery, ended when it did should be Analyze the cartoon and answer the question that follows. Base your in which the people of America created—and filled— answer on the cartoon and on your knowledge of Chapter 22. 19 million new jobs. The other is the recovery of our supported with well-reasoned morale. America is respected again. . . . arguments. Common sense told us that when you put a big tax on something, the people will produce less of it. So, we cut the people’s tax rates, and the people produced more than ever before. The economy bloomed. . . . Common sense told us that to preserve the peace, we’d have to become strong again after years of weakness and confusion. So, we rebuilt our defenses, and this New Year we toasted the new peacefulness around the globe. . . .

—from Speaking My Mind

19. What did Reagan believe were his greatest accomplishments? 20. How did Reagan feel his administration preserved peace?

Extended Response 21. In the late 1980s, the Cold War came to an end with the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact, the fall of the Berlin 18. What is the cartoonist saying about Gorbachev’s policies? Wall, and the collapse of the Soviet Union. In an expository essay trace the events that led to the end of this global A Marx, Lenin, and Stalin would approve of his policies of conflict and explain why you think the conflict ended when glasnost and perestroika. it did. In your essay, include an introduction, a conclusion, B Marx, Lenin, and Stalin would disapprove of restructur- and at least three paragraphs with details from the chapter. ing the Soviet economy and allowing some private enterprise. C Marx, Lenin, and Stalin would approve of glasnost, or allowing more freedom of religion and speech. STOP D Marx, Lenin, and Stalin would disapprove of the expansion of communism to Eastern Europe.

For additional test practice, use Self-Check Quizzes— Chapter 22 at glencoe.com.

Need Extra Help? If You Missed Questions . . . 17 18 19 20 21 Go to Page . . . 763 R18 771 R19 762–767

Chapter 22 Resurgence of Conservatism 771

17. A This question does not ask what caused Stalin especially would not approve of greater the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe; freedoms of religion and speech. it asks what event is associated with it. The fall Have students visit the Web of the Berlin Wall was the culmination of a site at glencoe.com to review series of revolutions. Students should relate Document-Based Questions Chapter 22 and take the Self- the collapse of communism with the collapse 19. Reagan believed his greatest accomplish- Check Quiz. of the wall. ments were economic recovery and the recovery of American morale and international 18. B In the cartoon, Marx, Lenin, and Stalin respect. Need Extra Help? can be seen peering down with looks of disap- proval. They did not believe in private enter- 20. Reagan felt his administration preserved Have students refer to the prise, so perestroika would not please them. peace by becoming strong by rebuilding pages listed if they miss any of defenses. the questions. 771