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Home , Flemish Region, French Flanders, Kemmelberg, Koksijde, Koog, Kortemark

SEA-RELATED WORDS The origin of the names of sandbanks, channels and other ‘sea-related words’

Magda Devos, Roland Desnerck, Nancy Fockedey, Jan Haspeslagh, Willem Lanszweert, Jan Parmentier, Johan Termote, Tomas Termote, Dries Tys, Carlos Van Cauwenberghe, Arnout Zwaenepoel, Jan Seys

Have you ever wondered what the origin of the toponym Trapegeer is, or how cod got its name? Or are you interested in the person behind Thornton Bank or the genesis of the maritime term ‘crow’s nest’? Then you’re in luck, since a team of experts explains the meaning of some of the most intriguing sea-related words in every issue of De Grote Rede.

In this special issue of De Grote Rede, we focus on the etymology of the toponym and other place names from the front area of the First World War. Due to limited space, we had to make a selection from the extensive list of cities, towns and villages in the Belgian area that were part of the war zone. Incase of places that are no (longer) independent , we always mention the amalgamated of which they are part. Then we state a few attested forms of the place name, including the oldest one. This information was mainly extracted from the work by F. Debrabandere, M. Devos et al. (2010), De Vlaamse gemeentenamen, verklarend woordenboek. The etymological explanation is also based on this publication, to which we refer the readerfor extensive bibliographical references. Some name forms are preceded by an asterisk (*) in the text. This is to indicate that the form in question is not attested as such in a historical source, but has been reconstructed by linguists from derived forms found in more recent language development stages.

FLANDERS

Latin sources: 1st quarter of the 8th C. meant ‘torrent, eddy’ in , from meaning ‘to flow, to stream’ by means Flandrensis, Flanderenses, in Ftandris, 745 in which Norwegian flaum and Danish flom are of another suffix, namely Indo-European pago Ftandrinse, 854 (copy from circa 1175) derived, meaning ‘flood, high tide’. *-mo (>Germanic *-ma). It is likely that this in Ftandrense pago, in pago Ftandrensi, 1014 As a rule, the Germanic diphthongal Indo-European verb is also at the basis of (copy from circa 1050) Ftandria became the close-mid vowel /o o / in Dutch, the Dutch verb vloeien (to flow). Strictly Anglo-Saxon sources: 1075 (copy from e.g. Dutch rood (red) from Germanic *rauda. speaking, the element -dra is therefore 1121) to Ftandran, 1079 (copy from circa But in Germanic or Ingvaeonic redundant, as it does not add anything 1100) on Ftandron, 1085 (copy from 1121) o f languages - which include Frisian and to the etymological meaning of flauma Ftandran English as well as the oldest stratum of (flood, flooded area). Yet combinations of Dutch sources: 1237 Vtandern, 1277 and Hollandic — this phoneme two suffixes with the same morphological Vlaendre, 1295 Vtaendren, 1281 Vtaemdren has sometimes developed into aa, e.g. function and meaning sometimes occur in in case of the toponym (see Dutch. For instance, this process can be below). Other examples of an Ingvaeonic seen in the formation of diminutives, where Currently, Flanders is the official name of aa derived from au or 00 are the Germanic diminutive suffix - / is often the Dutch-speaking northern part of . sade (sod) (from Germanic *sautha ) and combined with the more recent suffix -kijn Within the Belgian federal structure, Flanders toponymie forms such as Flemish (reduced to -ken later on). Examples of this is one of the three “ regions” , besides the Aardenburg (metathesis of Radenburg, are Middle Dutch and dialectal diminutives Walloon Region and -Capital Region. which back to Rodenburg, the first such as bossetke ‘bundle’, wegetke ‘path’ The name comes from the historical County part of which probably stems from Celtic and vissetke ‘little fish’. The evolution of of Flanders, which encompassed the current water name *Rodana), the historical name the reconstructed root form *flaam-dra-um Belgian provinces of West and , Radenburg of the Leiden neighbourhood of to Vlaanderen is plausible phonetically Zeelandic Flanders (in the Dutch province of Roomburg (from Germanic rauda ‘red’ and speaking. The vowels in the unstressed ) and , located in the burg ‘fort’), Asdonk, a hamlet of the village of suffixes became weaker, which resulted in department of (map p.105). Mendonkin northern East Flanders, Asthusa the intermediate form vtaam-dr-em. Already (Oosthuizen) in North , and Astbroek in the West Germanic stage that preceded Fl a n d e r s , (Oostbroek) in Velsen, also in North Holland. , the Germanic dative case ending A FLOODED AREA In the three last names, ast- goes back to -m was replaced by -en due to assimilation Germanic austa (east). with the accusative case. The change of The most commonly accepted etymology The two final syllables of Vlaanderen the m in vtaam to -n under the influence of the name Flanders was developed by (the Dutch name of Flanders) are remnants of the -d that follows probably dates back toponymist Maurits Gysseling in an of two suffixes. Gysseling reconstructed the to the West Germanic period as well. The article he published together with historian complex form as *flaam-dra-um. The last part old form ending in -m has been found four Jan Dhondt in 1948. According to Gysseling, is a case ending, namely dative plural, which times in i3 th-century texts, e.g. graue van the root of Flanders is the Germanic noun became the standard form of numerous vtaemdren, 1281. This -m has also *flauma, which means ‘flood’ and hence place names, even if the root did not evoke been preserved in the demonym Vlaming ‘flooded area’.This word does not appear to the idea of a plural. The element -dra is an (Fleming), where it has been able to maintain have any direct descendants in Dutch, but old Germanic suffix, thought to be derived itself before a vowel. Finally, the Germanic it does have derivatives in other Germanic from a prehistoric language. This suffix was f- at the beginning of the word shifted to languages. For instance, current English originally used to form nouns from . V- in Old Dutch, e.g. compare Dutch vlam to dialects still have the word flam for a However, the root flauma of *flaum-dra Frisian flam, English flame, and German and waterlogged area near a stream, as well as already is a noun, which in an older, pre- Danish flamme. fleam for a drainage ditch or leat. Ftaumr Germanic stage had been derived from a

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I Nowadays, Flanders (pale greenj is one of the three "regions" of the kingdom of Belgium, besides the Walloon Region (dark greenj and Brussels- Capital Region (olive green). The name comes from the historical County of Flanders, which roughly encompassed the current Belgian provinces of West and East Flanders, Zeelandic Flanders in the and French Flanders (situation circa 1400) (VLIZ on the basis o f W ikipedia maps).

O r ig i n s in Pa g u s flandrensis A d in k e r k e ( D e Pa n n e ) B o e z in g e (Y p r e s )

As for as the meaning is concerned, the 1123 Adenkerka, 1132 Odecherca, 1139 1107 Bosinga, 1120 Boesinga, 1138 explanation ‘flooded area’ is consistent Adenkerke, 1159 Odenkercha, Odenkerka, Boesinghe, 1276 Bousinghes (Romanic with the historical geography of Flanders. 1513 Adinkerke, 1537 Aeyenkercke. form), 1744 Boesinge. The oldest sources in which the name Flanders - in its Latinised form - appears This place name is composed o f-kerk Derived from the Germanic personal (8th-io th century) prove that the toponym and the Germanic personal nam eAudo, name Boso and the patronymic suffix -inga, already existed prior to the foundation of here in the genitive case, and means ‘Audo’s which converts personal names into clan the County of Flanders by Baldwin II (in 884 church’.The Germanic diphthong au became names. These names were in turn often given or shortly afterwards). The area originally the close-mid vowel 00 in Dutch (e.g. brood to the settlement of the clan in question. called Flanders was much smaller than the from Germanic brauda). In accordance with was originally the home of the future county. It constituted a territorially this phonetic law, Audo should become Odo people of Boso. limited administrative unit in the Frankish as is the case in the southern Empire, a so-called pagus (shire). According place names Otegem (submunicipality of to Jan Dhondt, Pagus flandrensis covered ) and Ooigem (submunicipality a broad strip along the North Sea coast, of ), both derived from Odengem which included the flood plain as well as the which in turn stems from *Audo-inga-heem. northern fringe of the adjacent sandy region. Flowever, in coastal dialects au sometimes The area would have stretched from the became aa, hence Adenkerke besides Zwin estuary in the east at least to the river Odenkerke (for this phonological change, Aa (currently located in France) in the west. see the etymology o f‘ Flanders’ above). Yet according to recent historical research, Apparently, the two variants coexisted for Flanders originally had a smaller surface a very long time, and Adinkerke eventually area, bounded in the west by the river became the standard written form as well as (Declercq 1995). In any case, its landscape the common colloquial from. Due to replace­ mostly consisted of unembanked salt ment of the intervocalic consonant d by the marshes criss-crossed with tidal channels palatal consonant j (e.g. Dutch odevaar > and creeks. It is therefore not surprising that ooievaar [stork]) the - antiquated - local pro­ this marshy land was called “ the flooded nunciation is Ooienkerke: 1566 Oyenkercke, area” (map p.107). 1650 Oye Kercke, 18th C. Oienkerke.

VLIZ IDE GROTE REDE] 2 0 1 3 • 36 105 presumably Celtic, leper stems from ip-ara, D e Pa n n e H a n d z a m e (Ko r t e m a r k) a compound of an Indo-European root *ip, derived from *ejap, which means ‘flame- ± 1785 de la Kerkpanne nommée Josephe 1085 Hansam, 1155 Hanzam, 1268 coloured’ or ‘red’, and the suffix -ara, which Dorp, 1786 de plaets Kerkepan, 1800, Hansame, 1289 Handsome, 1826 Handzame. occurs in numerous names of rivers (e.g. 1820 Joseph Dorp, 1818 Kerkepanne, 1826 Dender, Demer and Vesdre ) and probably Kerkepanne (La Panne), 1840 hameau ¡a Handzame stems from Hands-, a means ‘water’. therefore means ‘flame- Panne, 1900 Sint-Jozef’s Dorp, 1900 de compound of the Germanic personal name coloured water*.The formerly often used Kerkepanne, 1901 . Hanno, in the genitive case, and ham, a form leperen is a more recent caique of the Germanic word that is frequently found in French form Ypres. The current Dutch spelling The original name of this fairly recent toponyms meaning‘meander, bend in a leper is etymologically incorrect, since the / settlement is Kerkpanne. Its root is panne, watercourse’ as well as ‘ (alluvial) land in is short in local pronunciation and according the western form of Dutch pan, which such a bend’. The -d in hand was added to the phonetic laws, and is not a long vowel literally means ‘a vessel used in cooking’ later on, perhaps by analogy with the word or diphthong. The correct Dutch spelling and metaphorically also ‘a depression in the hand; the -e in hamme is a dative ending. should therefore be Iper, cf. Izenberge and earth, a basin, a dune valley’.This is one of Handzame was originally the land of Hanno, , or it should be pronounced with a many names of containers used to indicate located in the bend of a local watercourse. Dutch diphthong ( IJper), cf. Ijzer (Yser), Stijpe valleys and depressions, cf. basin, bowl, In French, ham evolved into han, as in Bohan, and Wijtschate. crater and trough in English. The premodifier Frahan, Poupehan and Mortehan, which are kerk does not refer to a local church, as no all names of places near the Semois river. chapel was built on this site until i860, the Ys e r precursor of the current St. Peter’s Church. H o u t h u l s t Was this hamlet the property of a church, 846 Ysera. e.g. Adinkerke church? Holy Roman Emperor 1096 in Walnensi nemore, 1151 copy Joseph II wanted to expand the settlement from ± 1225 Woltehust, 1187 Wouthulst, 1201 Yser (IJzer 'm Dutch) is also a prehistoric and turn it into a real fishing village named Outhulst, 1306 . water name, formed with the same suffix after himself: Jozefdorp. Yet this name did as leper. The first part is the Indo-European not take hold. The current name De Panne is This site was originally called Woudhu(l) (Celtic) word *is, which is thought to the literal translation of La Panne, the French st, traditionally considered as a compound mean ‘lively’. The river was therefore form of vernacular Kerk(e)panne. In 1789 of woud (wood) and (holly). According called ‘lively water’.The Dutch name IJzer Kerkpanne was a hamlet of Adinkerke, in 1911 to this explanation, it would have signified is etymologically identical to e.g. Isère it became the independent municipality of De ‘holly wood’. If this were the case, we would (France), Isar () and Jizera (the Czech Panne. Adinkerke became a submunicipality expect the reverse order of the name’s Republic). of De Panne in 1977. components, i.e. Hulstwoud, with the modifier preceding the modified element, as Ke m m e l (H e u v e l l a n d) D ik s m u id e in , a municipality in the province of . It is therefore possible that 1066 Kemble, 1089 Kemlis, 1189 Kemle, 1089 Dicasmutha, 1119 Dlschemue, the premodifier has another origin, but it 1243 Kemmel, 1269 ad opus rivi gui vocatur Dixmue, 1128 Dixmude, 1608 Dixmuyde, 1906 remains unclear what this actually was. On Kemle. . the basis of the oldest vernacular attestation, Woltehulst, it is possible to consider hurst Various explanations have been The forms ending in -mue are Romanic. as a variant of horst with the West Flemish suggested as to the origin of Kemmel. The current French form Dixmude actually elision of -r. Because the -w at the beginning Gysseling initially traced the name back corresponds to Middle Dutch orthography. of woud was dropped before the back vowel to Camulion, a prehistoric settlement Diksmuide is a compound of muide, which in West Flemish, as is still the case in West named after the Celtic god Camulios, and stems from Germanic muntha ‘mouth’, Flemish oensdag ‘Wednesday’ and oekeren he assumed that this god had once been also in the sense o f‘the point where a river (Dutch ‘woekeren’), the form Oudhulst came worshipped on Kemmel Hill (Kemmelberg in empties into a sea or lake’. In Dutch coastal about. The first part was interpreted as the Dutch). Later on he recognised a prehistoric dialects and in English, the -n disappeared word hout, which formerly meant (timber) water name derived from the Indo-European before the dental fricative -th, as a result of forest in Flemish and sounded like oud in root *-akom, meaning ‘charming’or which the preceding vowel became longer, Oudhulst in the h-dropping dialects of West ‘excellent’.Debrabandere also thinks that it hence Middle Dutch and West Flemish Flanders. After this reinterpretation by folk originally was a pre-Germanic water name, muude (>Dutch muide) and English mouth. etymology, Houthulst found its way to the Kemmel or Kemmelbeek, but he says its The first part is the genitive of Germanic written language and later on it became the meaning is unclear. In 1977 Kemmel was *dika, from which Dutch dijk and English official name. In 1926 Houthulst was split off consolidated with seven other villages dike are derived. In the name Diksmuide, from Klerken and became an independent into the new amalgamated municipality of dik- has the original meaning, which still municipality, which nowadays also includes . exists in the West Flemish dialects, of ‘ditch, Klerken, Merkern and Jonkershove. narrow channel’. dic, which is etymologically identical to dik or dijk, has the Y p r e s same meaning (in addition to ‘embankment’) and is akin to the verb to dig. The settlement 1071-93 Ipera, 1096 Ipre, 1162 Ypre, 1798 of Diksmuide was founded where a small Yperen, 1903 leperen. stream issuedinto in the Yser. Perhaps this stream was the forerunner of the current The city’s name is derived from the river Handzamevaart canal, dug in the bed of a leper, which was canalised and renamed natural watercourse. leperleet later on. Ypres (leper in Dutch) is a prehistoric water name borrowed from the Indo-European language that preceded Germanic and Dutch in this region,

106 VLIZ DE GROTE REDEI 2013 • 36 these premodifiers were chosen exactly Ko k s d e coastline just outside the domain of Ter remains unclear. Lang (long) and kort (short) Duinen abbey. This settlement disappeared do not refer to the shape of the territory 1270 Coxhyde, 1295 Koxide, 1915 . in the 14th century, after which the name of the two villages, as neither of them is was passed on to the older settlement of particularly long or short. Koksijde is one of many toponyms Simoenskapelle, which in turn was buried ending in (h)ide on the coast. The second under the Galloper dune in the I7th-i8th ( M id d e l k e r k e) part stems from the Middle Dutch verb century. The current town of Koksijde was hiden, etymologically identical to English established about 600 metres to the south. 1285 Lombardie, 1375 van Lombardyen, to hide and Dutch hoeden (to tend, to keep 1408 Lombaerside, 1409 van Lombaerds watch over). Its original meaning ‘to hide’ yden, 1818 Lombartzijde. developed into ‘to take to safety’ and in La n g e m a r k particular ‘to land a vessel’. An (L a n g e m a r k -P o e l k a p e l l e ) In view of the oldest form, Lombardie, city account from 1403-04 states “ais men which survives in popular speech up to this de bakine stac omme de harijnc scepe te 1102 Mare, 1219 Langhemarc, 1824 day, it is unlikely that this is a name ending hydene” (when the beacons were lit to guide Langemark. in -hide like Koksijde and , from the herring ships to land). The derivative which the -d- disappeared in the local dialect. noun hide, which lost the h and became ide Initially this village was called Mark, This assumption does not explain the first in the local dialect, indicates a place on shore the name of the watercourse on which part of the name: Lombard is probably not a where small fishing boats were brought to Langemark and Merkem (from Mark-heem personal name, as the genitive ending -s is protect them from storms, in particular a ‘settlement on the Mark’) are located lacking and since no given name or surname creek or channel behind the dunes,perhaps and which is still in part called Martje. resembling Lombard has been found in sometimes a flat area between the dunes, Mark, from Germanic *mark -, originally our historical personal name lexicon. The cf. hude entrepôt, staple town’ meant ‘boundary’, hence also ‘boundary name may refer to the region of Lombardy in (e.g. Buxtehude, Steinhude). The first part marker’ and in particular ‘watercourse as a Italy, not literally but in a figurative sense: of the name Koksijde is thought to refer to boundary’. Numerous watercourses in the a place far awayfrom the eponymous a person, an important inhabitant of the have names derived from centre. Remote hamlets and estates have settlement that grew around the landing mark, and several of these names have been often been named after distant places, e.g. place. The same name is possibly found in passed on to the settlements on these rivers, Turkijen (Turkey), Pottanen (Poland), Egypten other coastal toponyms such as Coxiand e.g. Marke (near ), Maarke (near (Egypt), Bohemen (Bohemia), Canada, (Westkerke), Coxmoer (Varsenare) and ), and (both Argentinië (Argentina) or Siberië (Siberia). Coxweg (St.-Kruis, Zeeland). It is more likely, in the province of Antwerp). A village of the We know from i3 th-century sources that however, that kok stems from koog, a coastal same name, currently known as , the of Lombardsijde was owned by West Germanic word meaning unembanked was situated about twenty kilometres St. Peter’s Abbey in . According alluvial land.In this case, the place name northeast of Mark. To distinguish between to medieval standards, this poire van is comparable to German (Lower these two place, the premodifiers Lange- and Lombardien was quite a long way from the Saxony): 1570 Kuckeshaven. It is likely Korte- were added in the 12th century. Why abbey, which is probably where the thought that Koksijde was originally located on the of distant Lombardy came from. Rotterdam and also have neighbourhoods called Lombardije and these are located at a fair distance from the city centre. The form Lombaerside did not appear before 1408, and likely arose by analogy with Koksijde and Raversijde. The ending -ide can be explained as a hypercorrection of -ie (cf. Dutch kastijden (to chastise) from Middle Dutch castien).

M annekensvere ( M id d e l k e r k e)

1171 kopie 13d0 eeuw Manekini overvara, 1235 Mannekinsvere, 1435 Mannekensvere.

This place was named after a veer or ferry across the Yser owned by someone called Mannekin, a diminutive of the old Germanic male name Manno or of a shortened dithematic name such as Herman. Mannekin was probably the official who operated the ferry on behalf of the count. The ferry was replaced by the Gravenbrug bridge in 1287. The current Uniebrug bridge was constructed during the French occupation of Belgium. Mannekensvere was an independent municipality until it was consolidated with Schore, Slijpe and Sint-Pieterskapelle into the new municipality of Spermalie in 1971, which became part of in 1977. I Pagus Flandrensis covered the coastal area between the Yser and the Zwin estuary, including the flood plain as well as the northern fringe o f the adjacent sandy region. This administrative unit was created in the Carolingian period, so before the County o f Flanders existed (Raakvlak, from Hillewaert et al 201 1)

VLIZ IDE GROTE REDE] 2 0 1 3 • 36 107 without rand with -pp-. Gysseling therefore N ie u w p o o r t Pa s s e n d a l e (Z o n n e b e k e ) suggests a personal name derived from *pupurn- which goes back to the root *peup- 1163 Novus portus, Novum oppidum, 1190 844-864 kopie 961 Pascandala, 1187 ‘child’. Already in the early 13th century, the Nieweport, 1302 van der Niewerport, 1723 Paskendate, 1190 Paschendate. suffix -heem seems to have disappeared, Nieuwpoort. perhaps by analogy with other names ending Compound of dai ‘valley, hollow’and in -inge from the area such as Viamertinge, Compound of nieuw (new) and Middle the name of a former inhabitant.Perhaps Boezinge and Etverdinge. Dutch port, poort from Latin portus, which this is the Flebrew name Pascha, or a name means ‘port’ or ‘harbour’. In the case of from the language spoken in this region Nieuwpoort, this word already had the prior to the arrival of the Germanic tribes and R a m s k a p e l l e ( N ie u w p o o r t ) Middle Dutch derived meaning o f ‘city’. linked to the Indo-European word *pasik, The name is etymologically identical to which means ‘child’. Passchendaele was an 1120 Ramescapella, 1227 Ramscappel, Nieuwpoort near in northern independent municipality until 1977, when it 1915 Ramskapelle. France and Newport in England ( Novus was consolidated with . Burgus in Latin). The city was called Named after a chapel founded by a ‘new’ by contrast with the older city of P e r v ij z e (D i k s m u i d e ) person with the Germanic nameHraban or . Nieuwpoort was built in the area Hramno. Another village called Ramskapelle, of Zandhoofd: 1083-93 Sandasovad, 1107 1063,1115 Paradisus, 1172 Parvisia, 1225 currently a submunicipality of -Fleist, Sandeshoved. This name, which refers to a Pervisa (TW), 1189 Parvise, 1190 Pervise, is located in the northeast of . chain of dunes on the Yser estuary, appeared 1915 . Yet vernacular pronunciation distinguishes frequently until 1373, so two centuries after between both place names: Ramskapelle the appearance of the new name. The name comes from Old French parevis, on the Yser is called Ramskapet, while its French parvis, which stems from Latin namesake is called Ramskapelle. OOSTDU IN KERKE (KOKSIJDE) paradisus and meant ‘forecourt or square in front of a church’ in the Middle Ages. 1120 Duncapella, apud Dunckerkam, 1135 This is derived from the original meaning: R e n in g e (L o -R e n in g e ) Duunkerka, 1149 Duncaple, 1231 Dunkerke, ‘enclosure, courtyard, park’.Pervijze is 1235 Ostduenkerke, 1827 . therefore named after its village square. The 877 kopie 12de Rinenga, 1085 kopie 12de local pronunciation ending in -ie or -zje can Rininge, 1162 Reninghe, 1903 Reninge. Up to the 2nd half of the 12th century, be explained by the frequently occurring this place next to (Duinkerke in Latinised variant Parvisia. Just like Boezinge, Reninge was originally Dutch) was also known as Duinkapet(te), the the name of a Germanic clan,named after former meaning ‘church in the dunes’and POELKAPELLE its chief, Rinno. This name is a pet form of a the latter ‘chapel in the dunes’.In the 13th (L a n g e m a r k -P o e l k a p e l l e ) Germanic name beginning with ragin such as century, oost- (east) was added to the name Reinbert, Reinhard and Reinboud. to distinguish the site from Dunkirk, located 1377-78 tercapelle ten Poele in de prochie to the west and currently in France. Flowever, van Langhemaerc, 1648 Poete cappelle, 1681 R e n in g e l s t the old form Duinkerke still appeared Poetcapette, 1915 Poetkapette. (P o p e r in g e en H e u v e l l a n d ) frequently in archival sources until after 1450. The name refers to a chapelwithin the 1107 Rinigelles, 1133 Rinegels, 1200 domain of Ten Poete in Langemark. Ten Riningheist, 1391 Reningheist, 1686 O o s t e n d e Poele means ‘at the pool, at the marsh’. Reningelst Poelkapelle became an independent ± 1115 in orientali fine in Testrep, 1256 municipality in 1904, but was consolidated The modern form, a compound of the Ostende, 1285 Oostende. with Langemark into the municipality of place name Reninge and eist ‘alder wood’, Langemark-Poelkapelle in 1977. is misleading. As the oldest attestation The name literally means ‘east end’. indicates, Reningelst is in fact a compound of Ostend (Oostende in Dutch) and Reninge and the Old French diminutive suffix were located on the eastern and western -elle. So the name means ‘little Reninge’.As tip of the island of Testreep. Middelkerke 844-864 Pupurninga villa, 877 early as the 12thcentury, this foreign suffix was situated in the middle of this island. Pupurningahem, 1040 Poparingehem, 1190 was assimilated with the well-known Dutch The name Testreep ( 992 in Testerep, 1107 Poperinghem, 1218 Poperinghe (TW), 1903 word eist. Testrep, 1173 Testreep ) is a compound of Poperinge (DF). West Germanic *tehstera ‘on the right side’ SCHOORBAKKE (DIKSMUIDE) and *raipa, from which Dutch reep is derived, The toponym Poperinge originally ended meaning ‘a long, narrow strip of land’. in -ingaheem. This common name type 1643 Schoorebacke, ca. 1680 tot Testreep, or ‘the strip on the right side’, was consists of three elements. The first part is a Schoorbacke. an elongated tidal island separated from the personal name, in particular the name of the mainland by a tidal channel. As the Germanic chief of the Germanic clan that founded the Schoorbakke is a hamlet of Pervijze tribes orientated themselves along the settlement. The patronymic suffix -ing was on the Yser near Schore. The name is a north-south axis, the west is on your right- used to derive a clan name from this personal compound of the place name Schore and hand side if you are facing south. Testreep name, with the plural genitive ending -a. The the word bak (with dative ending), a Flemish is in other words a ‘western strip’. When the final part is heem, which means ‘home’. derivation from Old French bac, which means meaning of this name was no longer clear, The personal name in Poperinge is ‘ferry’. In Schoorbakke you could take the it was reinterpreted by folk etymology as sometimes believed to be the Germanic ferry to Schore.Nowadays, it is the location Ter Streep, currently the name of a hotel in name Poppo, a pet form of Robrecht, which of the Schoorbakkebrug bridge. Ostend. Cf. 1380 ten Streep, 1455 te Streep, survives in the surname Poppe. Flowever, this 1483 ter Streep. The island was swallowed up is unlikely according to the phonetic laws, as by the North Sea later on, as was the original we would expect Poppingaheem in that case, site of Ostend.

1 0 8 VLIZ DE GROTE REDEI 2013 • 36 European-Asian area of the Indo-European The premodifier West- was added later on S t a d e n languages, Gysseling stated that Veurne to distinguish it from another ‘Rozebeke’ and Voer go back to an older stratum than located about 20km to the east, currently 1115? Stathen, 1183 , 1552 van Germanic. He thought it was a prehistoric called . Staen, 1641 Staden alias Staen, water name which he reconstructed as * Pur­ 1818Staden. ina, a derivative from the Indo-European W ij t s c h a t e ( H e u v e l l a n d ) root *peur, from which puros stems (‘flame- The name comes from Germanic *statha, coloured’ in Greek and ‘pure’ in Latin). The 1069 Widesgada, 1080-85 Wideschat, which became stade in Middle Dutch, equally prehistoric suffix -ina means ‘water’, 1224 Widescate, 1237 Witscate, 1313 and meant a bank or landing place on a as does -ara in leper (Ypres) and ijzer (Yser). Wijtscate, 1641 Wijtschate. watercourse.The name is etymologically According to this explanation, Veurne means identical to stade ‘bank, settlement on the red or pure water.French The root in this name is gat, which shore’, Gestade in modern German. In river names Rhone and Seine were also meant ‘passageway, entrance’ in Old and West Flemish it is pronounced Staan, with formed with (a variant of) this suffix. Middle Dutch (and still has this meaning in omission of the -d between the two vowels, some ), cf. English gate. The cf. West Flemish braan and laan for Dutch first part is probably the Germanic personal braden (to roast) and laden (to load). V l a d s l o ( D i k s m u i d e ) name Wido in the genitive case. Another possibility is Middle Dutch wide ‘osier’, from S tuivekenskerke (D i k s m u i d e ) 992 kopie i i de eeuw Frordeslo, 1119 which the synonymous West Flemish word Flardeslo, 1150 Fladreslo, 1223 Flartslo, 1279 wiedouw was derived. Wijtschate is therefore 1218 Stuvinskerke, 1350 Stuveskerke, Vlardselo, 1529-38 Vtaedzeete, 1609 Vladslo. named after a passage or entranceway 1459 Stuvekens kerke, 1494 Stuvekinskerke, that either belonged to Wido or that was 1903 . Compound of the Germanic personal bordered with osiersor ran through such a name Frawarad with genitive ending-s, and woodland. The oldest form, Stuvinskerke, clearly the word lo, which means ‘woodland on refers to a church of a person calledStuvin, higher sandy soil’ in Flemish place names. Za r r e n (Ko r t e m a r k ) a name that lives on in the surname Stuyven. So the village inherited its name from a In the 15th century, the pet suffix -in was woodland that once belonged to Frawarad. 1089 Sarra, 1112 kopie i2 de eeuw Sarran, replaced by the diminutive suffix -kin, which However, the locals of Vladslo and the ± 1185 Zarren. became -ke in Dutch. The shortened form surrounding area do not call the village Stuvekins evolved into Stuvetjes or Stuviges Vladslo but Vlazele in their dialect. The latter Named after a local brook called Zarre. in the local dialect. form, which dates back to at least the end of This prehistoric water name is derived from the 15th century, developed spontaneously the Indo-European root *ser- /*sor- which T e r v a t e ( D i k s m u i d e ) from Vladslo in popular speech. Due to means ‘to flow, to stream’ and is akin to the strong stress on the first syllable, the the name of the Saar river (French: Sarre), 1180 uate, 1219 Vatha. second syllable was reduced to -le, which a tributary of the Moselle in France and occurred with various names ending in -lo, Germany. Tervate is a hamlet of Stuivekenskerke, e.g. Stavele (West Flanders), Ronsele (East Flanders) and Zoerle (Antwerp). After this currently part of the municipality of Z e e b r u g g e (B r u g g e ) Diksmuide. The name is a compound of the vocal reduction, the pronunciation became preposition fer (contraction of tot deer) and vladzle in line with the West Flemish This recent name dates from the late 19th the dative form of the word vaat, a dialect assimilation rule whereby an -s preceding century, when the development of a seaport variant of vat. Vat/vaat’s original meaning an - / changes into a voiced z (cf. West connected to the inland harbour of Bruges ‘container for holding or storing liquids’ Flemish vizleurder instead of Standard by means of a canal was begun. The port was changed to a public well or a watering place Dutch visleurder). Yet the new form did not founded within the limits of the municipality in Flemish and Zeelandic dialects. Tervate just have an obscure meaning, it was also of Lissewege, currently incorporated into therefore originally meant: near the watering difficult to pronounce because of the heavy the city of Bruges. The name was place. consonant combination -dzl-. This was devised by officials and was written down rectified by expelling the -d- (cf. dialectal for the first time in 1894, when the Belgian variant Dizele for the West Flemish village of V e u r n e state, the city of Bruges and a few private Dudzele) and inserting the long close-mid investors entered into an agreement as to the vowel ¡e e l between z and /, which resulted in 877 kopie 961 Furnis, 1080-85 Furnes, 1110 construction and operation of the planned a new ending: -. This may have occurred Furna, 1237 Veurne, 1306 Voerne, 1324 te seaport. by analogy with other place names in the Vorne, 1686 binnen Veuren. area ending in -zele such as Voormezele and Dadizele. In written language, the Veurne stems from a water name, but original etymological form Vladslo remained its age and original form are uncertain. In predominant throughout the centuries and all likelihood, the name is etymologically acquired official status. identical or at least akin to the river names Voer (the name of two rivers, one in and one in ) and Vurre (in W estrozebeke (S t a d e n ) Afsnee near Ghent), as well as Voorne, the name of a Dutch island. Gysseling initially 1072 vals 12de eeuw Rosebeke, 1200 Sources thought this was the Germanic water name Roosebeke, 1299 Droghe Rosebeke, 1567 • Debrabandere F., M. Devos e.a. (2010), De Vlaamse *Furno, derived from the same root as to Droochroosbeke, 1652 West roosebegue, gemeentenamen, verklarend woordenboek, Brussels / fare (Old English farari). In this case it would 1802 West-Roosebeke, 1915 Westrozebeke. 2010. mean ‘navigable water’. As a place name, • Declercq G. (1995). Vlaanderen en de Vlaanderengouw in de vroege middeleeuwen. In: Vlaanderen 44, pp. 154- this would have led to Old Germanic *Furnum This village was originally called 161. (in the plural dative) and the Romanic plural Rozebeke after a local brook. The first part • Dhondt J. & M. Gysseling ( 1 9 4 8 ) . Vlaanderen. dative forms of Furnis and Furnes. In a stems from Germanic *rausa ‘reed’, so Oorspronkelijke liggingen etymologie. In: Album prof. later study about water names in the wide dr. Frank Baur. 1st volume. Antwerp, Standaard, pp. 1 9 2 - Rozebeek was a brook in which reed grew. 2 2 0

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