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KAJIAN KONSENTRASI BAP DAN NAA TERHADAP INDUKSI TUNAS in VITRO SENGON (Falcataria Moluccana) TOLERAN KARAT TUMOR

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KAJIAN KONSENTRASI BAP DAN NAA TERHADAP INDUKSI TUNAS in VITRO SENGON (Falcataria Moluccana) TOLERAN KARAT TUMOR KAJIAN KONSENTRASI BAP DAN NAA TERHADAP INDUKSI TUNAS IN VITRO SENGON (Falcataria moluccana) TOLERAN KARAT TUMOR USULAN PENELITIAN Disusun Oleh : Andhika Dwi Ariananta 20130210131 Program Studi Agroteknologi Kepada FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA YOGYAKARTA 2017 Usulan Penelitian KAJIAN KONSENTRASI BAP DAN NAA TERHADAP INDUKSI TUNAS IN VITRO SENGON (Falcataria moluccana) TOLERAN KARAT TUMOR Yang diajukan oleh Andhika Dwi Ariananta 20130210131 Program Studi Agroteknologi Telah disetujui/disahkan oleh: Pembimbing Utama Dr. Innaka Ageng Rineksane S.P., M.P. NIK 19721012200004133050 Tanggal 25 April 2017 Pembimbing Pendamping Dr. Ir. Asri Insiana Putri M.P. NIP196609142005912003 Tanggal 25 April 2017 Mengetahui Dekan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Ir. Sarjiyah, M.S. NIK 196109181991032001 ii I. PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Kayu banyak digunakan untuk bahan bangunan seperti rumah, gedung sekolah dan masjid. Selain itu kayu juga dimanfaatkan untuk kebutuhan industri. Pemenuhan kayu untuk bahan bangunan dan industri dapat terpenuhi dari hutan rakyat. Menurut Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan Nomor P.03/MENHUT-V/2004, hutan rakyat adalah hutan yang tumbuh di tanah yang dibebani hak milik maupun hak lainya dengan ketentuan luas minimum 0,25 Ha, penutupan tajuk tanaman kayu-kayuan dan tanaman lain lebih dari 50%. Hutan Rakyat sudah sejak lama memberikan sumbangan ekonomi maupun ekologis baik langsung kepada pemiliknya maupun kepada masyarakat sekitar (Suprapto, 2010). Salah satu jenis kayu yang banyak ditanam di hutan rakyat adalah kayu dari tanaman sengon (Falcataria moluccana). Menurut Siregar dkk. (2010) prospek penanaman sengon cukup baik, hal ini karena kebutuhan kayu sengon mencapai 500.000 m3 per tahun. Dengan adanya permintaan kayu yang tinggi ini maka permintaan benih sengon juga meningkat karena berkembang luasnya penanaman sengon untuk hutan tanaman industri dan hutan rakyat. Tanaman ini sangat mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan tempat tumbuhnya, tanaman ini dapat mencapai tinggi 45 m dengan diameter 100 cm, jika ditanam pada lahan yang subur (Anggraeni dan Lelana, 2011). Dalam budidaya tanaman sengon terdapat penyakit yang dapat merusak bahkan mengakibatkan kematian bagi tanaman sengon. Penyakit tersebut adalah karat tumor. Penyakit tersebut disebabkan oleh jamur bernama Uromycladium falcatarium, yang termasuk dalam Famili Pucciniaceae, Ordo Uredinales, Kelas Basidiomycetes. Jamur ini termasuk kelompok parasit obligat, yaitu dapat hidup dan berkembang pada organisme yang sedang hidup (Corryanti dan Novitasari, 2015). Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan perbanyakan bibit unggul tanaman sengon toleran karat tumor secara vegetatif yaitu dengan perbanyakan secara kultur in vitro, Teknik ini dapat menghasilkan jutaan benih dalam satu kali proses pembenihan. Kultur in vitro menghasilkan tanaman baru dalam jumlah besar 1 2 dengan waktu singkat serta memiliki sifat dan kualitas yang sama dengan tanaman induk (Zulkarnain 2009). Kultur in vitro bukan merupakan metode pemuliaan tanaman, tetapi hanya merupakan cara perbanyakan genotipe yang ada. Keuntungan yang diperoleh menggunakan kultur in vitro, yaitu bibit yang dihasilkan seragam dalam hal kualitas, ukuran dan usia sehingga memudahkan penanaman dan pemanenan, menjaga keberlanjutan ketersediaan bibit dalam jumlah besar, serta menghasilkan bibit bebas penyakit (Tini dan Amri, 2002). Balai Besar Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Pemuliaan Tanaman Hutan (BBPBPTH) telah memiliki calon bibit sengon toleran karat tumor dalam bentuk planlet. Bibit tersebut berasal dari papua dengan jumlah yang sedikit. Oleh karena itu perlu dlakukan perbanyakan dengan teknik kultur in vitro. Menurut Zulkarnain (2009) dalam teknik kultur in vitro, kehadiran zat pengatur tumbuh berpengaruh sangat nyata. Teknik kultur in vitro pada upaya perbanyakan tanaman sangat sulit diterapkan tanpa melibatkan zat pengatur tumbuh. George (1993) menyatakan bahwa keseimbangan zat pengatur tumbuh golongan auksin dan sitokinin dapat memberikan pengaruh pada pertumbuhan dan diferensiasi sel. Menurut Herawan dan Burhan (2009) perbanyakan sengon (Falcataria moluccana) dengan bagian kotiledon, konsentrasi BAP 3 mg/l dan konsentrasi NAA 0,03 mg/l memberikan respon paling baik dalam pembentukan jumlah tunas sengon. Silvaa (2006) menyimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi 1, 2, 3 mg/l BAP yang dikombinasikan dengan 0,5 mg/l NAA mampu menginduksi organogenesis internodus 'Bahia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Pada penelitian ini dilakukan induksi tunas sengon secara in vitro menggunakan media MS (Murashige and Skoog) dengan penambahan zat pengatur tumbuh BAP dan NAA. Hasil penelitian ini memerlukan uji lapangan, sehingga planlet (kombinasi perlakuan BAP dan NAA) terbaik merupakan hasil putatif (kandidat kuat) sengon toleran karat tumor. 3 B. Perumusan Masalah 1. Perbanyakan bibit unggul tanaman sengon toleran karat tumor belum tersedia. 2. Konsentrasi BAP dan NAA yang optimal untuk perbanyakan tunas tanaman sengon toleran karat tumor secara kultur in vitro belum diperoleh. C. Tujuan Penelitian 1. Memperoleh bibit unggul tanaman sengon toleran karat tumor. 2. Memperoleh konsentrasi BAP dan NAA yang tepat untuk perbanyakan tunas tanaman sengon toleran karat tumor. II. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA A. Tanaman Sengon Sengon yang mempunyai nama latin Falcataria moluccana merupakan salah satu jenis yang dikembangkan dalam pembangunan Hutan Tanaman Industri maupun Hutan Rakyat di Indonesia. Di Indonesia sengon memiliki beberapa nama lokal antara lain: jeungjing (Sunda), sengon laut (Jawa), sika (Maluku), tedehu pute (Sulawesi), bae, wahogon (Irian Jaya). Sengon merupakan jenis tanaman cepat tumbuh yang paling banyak dibudidayakan dengan pola agroforestry oleh masyarakat Indonesia, khususnya di Jawa. Sengon dipilih karena memiliki beberapa kelebihan, antara lain: masa masak tebang relatif pendek (5-7 tahun), pengelolaan relatif mudah, persyaratan tempat tumbuh tidak rumit, kayunya serbaguna, membantu menyuburkan tanah dan memperbaiki kualitas lahan, dan dapat memberikan kegunaan serta keuntungan yang tinggi, misalnya untuk produksi kayu pertukangan, bahan bangunan ringan di bawah atap, bahan baku pulp dan kertas, peti kemas, papan partikel dan daunnya sebagai pakan ternak (Baskorowati, 2014). Sengon mulai banyak dikembangkan sebagai hutan rakyat karena dapat tumbuh pada sebaran kondisi iklim yang luas, tidak menuntut persyaratan tempat tumbuh yang tinggi. Prospek penanaman sengon cukup baik, hal ini karena kebutuhan akan kayu sengon mencapai 500.000 m3 per tahun. Dengan adanya permintaan kayu yang tinggi ini maka permintaan benih sengon juga semakin meningkat karena berkembang luasnya penanaman sengon untuk hutan tanaman industri dan hutan rakyat (Baskorowati, 2014). Sengon paling banyak dibudidayakan dengan biji. Keuntungan perbanyakan dengan biji adalah mendapat bibit dalam jumlah yang banyak dalam waktu yag relatif singkat. Biji sengon mempunyai daya kecambah yang sangat cepat, dimana hanya membutuhkan waktu 7 hari untuk mencapai 100% kecambah (Baskorowati,2014). Tetapi bibit yang dihasilkan dari biji tidak memiliki sifat yang sama dengan induknya. Untuk memperoleh bibit sengon yang unggul dan memiliki sifat sama dengan induknya dapat dilakukan perbanyakan secara 4 5 vegetative yaitu dengan perbanyakan secara in vitro. Teknik ini dapat menghasilkan jutaan benih dalam satu kali proses pembenihan. Kulturin vitro menghasilkan tanaman baru dalam jumlah besar dalam waktu singkat dengan sifat dan kualitas yang samadengan tanaman induk (Zulkarnain 2009).Regenerasi dan multiplikasi sengon melalui kultur in vitro sebagai metode in vitro untuk seleksi toleransi terhadap penyakit belum banyak dilaporkan (Sukartinengsih et. al., 2002 ; Sumiasri et. al., 2006 ; Putri 2016). Penelitian kultur in vitro sebelumnya yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya adalah menggunakan materi nodul atau kotiledon generatif yang diperoleh secara in vitro atau ex vitro (Krisnawati et. al., 2011 ; Chujo et. al., 2010). B. Kultur In Vitro Kultur in vitro adalah penerapan teori totipotensi, didefinisikan sebagai teknik isolasi bagian tanaman dan menumbuhkannya secara aseptis pada media buatan yang kaya akan nutrisi dan mengandung zat pengatur tumbuh. Tiap sel terstimulasi untuk memperbanyak diri dan akhirnya beregenerasi menjadi tanaman lengkap kembali. Menurut sifat totipotensi sel, bagian tanaman yang diambil akan dapat tumbuh menjadi individu baru yang lengkap apabila diletakkan di media yang sesuai (Hendaryono dan Wijayani, 1994). Menurut Hendaryono dan Wijayani (1994), keberhasilan kultur in vitro ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu, asal eksplan seperti bagian; tunas, biji, daun, akar atau bunga, umur tanaman (umumnya tanaman yang telah mencapai fase generatif lambat pertumbuhannya dibandingkan tanaman muda), genotipe tanaman, media kultur yang mencangkup pemberian unsur hara yang lengkap dan tepat sesuai dengan eksplan. Ketepatan dalam pemberian takaran unsur hara karena pertumbuhan eksplan sangat bergantung pada susunan zat makanan yang terlarut dalam media. C. Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Zat Pengatur Tumbuh (ZPT) adalah senyawa organik bukan nutrisi yang dalam konsentrasi rendah (< 1 mM) dapat mendorong, menghambat atau secara kualitatif mengubah pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman (Intan, 2008). ZPT 6 yang sering digunakan dalam kulturin vitro adalah dari golongan auksin dan sitokinin. Perbandingan konsentrasi auksin dengan sitokinin akan menyebabkan pertumbuhan yang berbeda pada eksplan. ZPT golongan auksin yang sering digunakan dalam kultur in
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