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Genetic Variation F Growth and Disease Resistance Traits N Open Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 23, (1): 1-7, April 2017 Scientific Article EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469 DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.23.1.1 Genetic Variation of Growth and Disease Resistance Traits in Open-Pollinated Provenance-Progeny Trials of Falcataria moluccana Growing on Two Rust-Affected Sites at Age-18 Months Liliana Baskorowati1*, David Bush2, Dedi Setiadi1, Mudji Susanto1 1Research and Development Centre of Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Jl. Palagan Tentara Pelajar Km 15, Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55285 2Australian Tree Seed Centre, CSIRO Black Mountain. Building 101, Clunies Ross Street Black Mountain ACT 2601, Australia Received October 11, 2016/Accepted March 23, 2017 Abstract Two Falcataria moluccana (sengon) progeny trials, incorporating 100 different families from 12 provenances growing on two highly gall rust (Uromycladium falcatarium) prone sites were used to estimate genetic parameters and potentially identify rust-resistant material. Analysis was performed to assess provenance- and family-level survival, rust incidence, and growth at the two progeny trials. Height, diameter, survival, and rust incidence was measured at two progeny trials at 18 months-of-age located at Jember and Lumajang, East Java. Rust incidence at the two trial sites was severe, with only 39% overall survival (35% and 43% at Jember and Lumajang, repectively). The analysis revealed significant genetic variation at the provenance level for survival, rust incidence, and growth. No statistically meaningful narrow-sense heritability of these traits was indicated, though this is probably reflective of the inadequate within-family replication and effects associated with uneven stocking resulting from rust-induced mortality. Significant genotype-by environment (provenance-by-site) interaction was also indicated, though the performance of some of the best- and worst-performing provenances was relatively stable, allowing recommendations of suitable provenances for further testing on rust-prone sites. Keywords: Falcataria moluccana, progeny trial, multilocation, growth, genetic parameter *Correspondence author, email: [email protected], ph./fax: +62-274-896080 Introduction genetic base of the original introduction from Biak (Seido & Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes, Widyatmoko 1993; Suharyanto et al. 2002). previously Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I. C. Nielsen or Sengon is widely grown in Java because it has a relatively Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg, with the common name short rotation length (4−5 years), is able to grow in a wide sengon is a fast-growing species (Wagner et al. 1999) that range of environmental conditions, and is commercially occurs naturally over a broad geographic range valuable for carpentry, pulpwood, particle board, and wood encompassing the Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, and energy (Atmosuseno 1994). Moreover, sengon products can the Solomon Islands (Wagner et al. 1999; Soerianegara & be promoted as environmentaly friendly wood commodity Lemmens 1993). In Indonesia, this species is found naturally because plantations are grown mostly on private land as in Eastern Indonesia i.e. Papua, South Sulawesi, and community forest and many final sengon products are Moluccas (Krisnawati et al. 2011). In the Hawaian lowlands, combined with other wood materials derived from Samoa, and Indian Ocean islands it is a widespread exotic plantations (Nemoto 2002). The substantial annual demand and considered an environmental weed (Hughes & Uowolo for sengon wood and its attractive pricing (500,000 m3 with a 2006; Hughes et al. 2012; CABI 2014). In Java, however, it is price of IDR650,000 m-3 in 2009, Siregar et al. 2009) provides one of the highest priority species for the development of incentive to grow the species. However, to meet the high plantation and community forestry. Introduction of the demand from industry, survival and resistance to pest and species to Java Island commenced in the 1970s with the disease attack must be improved. planting at Bogor Botanical Garden of a seedlot from Biak The production and use of genetically improved seed to Island. From this planting, the species was distributed to all obtain productivity gains in sengon plantations is increasing regions of Java Island for land rehabilitation purposes (Na'iem & Winarni 1996). One of the simplest means of (Rimbawanto 2008). Previous studies found low genetic securing some genetic improvement is through screening diversity within the Java population, reflecting the narrow provenances and using the best performers for plantation Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika Vol. 23, (1): 1-7, April 2017 Scientific Article EISSN: 2089-2063 ISSN: 2087-0469 DOI: 10.7226/jtfm.23.1.1 establishment. Susanto et al. (2014) reported the results of a (2009), Baskorowati et al. (2012), and Setiadi et al. (2014) trial established in Cikampek, West Java testing 5 found that the provenance from Wamena (Papua) was provenances including sengon from Biak (Papua), Wamena relatively more tolerant of gall rust attack than Java seed (Papua), Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara), Candiroto (Java), sources. According to Doran et al. (2002) a common and Kediri (Java). It showed that provenance lombok strategy to secure additional genetic gain is to establish performed highest growth at 2 and 4 years old compared to breeding populations as progeny trials, which, after they other provenances. Leksono (1998) also reported the have supplied data on variation in growth and estimates of variation in the height growth between 19 provenances of genetic parameters, are converted to seedling seed orchards sengon at a trial established in Muara Teweh, Central to supply genetically improved seed for plantation Kalimantan. The trials consisted of 19 provenances from establishment by open pollination. Genetic parameter Irian Jaya, Molucas, and Java; with Java provenances estimates during tree development of sengon outside of showed the best growth. Indonesia are described in multiple papers, but this A major issue with the establishment of sengon is the information is limited from trials within Indonesia. This susceptibility of seedlings and young sengon plantations to study was based on provenance-progeny trials established in gall rust (Uromycladium falcatarium). U. falcatarium been November 2012 comprising 100 families across two sites in identified as the cause of gall rust disease in plantations in East Java i.e. Lumajang and Jember. Both sites are located Philipina, East Timor, Sabah Malaysia, and Java Indonesia within the zone of incidence of gall rust. The aim was to (Dongsa et al. 2015). Gall rust diseases causing formation of quantify genetic variation in growth and disease parameters, galls on foliage, branches, and stem at all developmental to partition the genetic variance to the provenance and family stages of the plant from the nursery stage to mature trees in (i.e. additive) levels, and to determine genotype-by- the field (Rahayu et al. 2009). Generally, damage is most environment interactions, heritability and genetic severe when shoot and stem are affected, as stems are girdled correlations among traits. This information will contribute by the rust and then insects and saprophytes invade and live in directly to future sengon breeding strategies in East Java. the galls. As shoots are partially girdled and become under severe stress, massive defoliation occurs, and eventually, Methods large trees can be killed; moreover, stems will also easily fall Research sites Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree down when there is severe wind (Baskorowati et al. 2012). Improvement established two progeny trials, one at Initial outbreak of gall rust was reported in East Timor (Old & Lumajang (Kayu Enak, Kandang Tepus Village, Senduro Cristovao 2003) and spread out to Bali since 2009 and during Sub-district, Lumajang District) and the other at Jember 2011 had been found the disease at East and West Java since (RPH Sumberjati, BKPH Sempolan, KPH Jember), during 2009 (Rahayu 2014). Acording to Rahayu et al. (2011), the 2012 in collaboration with Lumajang District Forestry plantations become less affected by gall rust during first to Service and Perum Perhutani KPH Jember, East Java. Data third years of plantation; in general, the disease intensity and were recorded from these two trials when the trees were 18 severity of plantations will reduce as the age of plantation months-of-age. The descriptions of the sites are presented in increase. Table 1. Soil analyses were also undertaken for Though this disease can have a major impact on complementary data and carried out in the laboratory of plantations, Charomaeni and Ismail (2008), Rahayu et al. Table 1 Descriptions of sengon progeny trial sites in Jember and Lumajang, East Java Progeny trial Jember Progeny trial Lumajang Topography and surrounds Sloping topography but not steep, located Moderately hilly and steep. Single stand in the middle of a pine stand surrounded by settlements to the east and west, open fields in the south and plantations in the north Slope (Tilt-class slopes are measured using 1º and 7% thus it is included in B class 7º and 29% included in D class the clinometer and expressed in percent (%) which is sloping or undulating with guidelines. An angle of 45º is classified as slope class of 100%) Altitude About 600 masl 750 masl -1 -1 Rainfall Average of 2,351mm year Average of 4,001mm year Temperature and humidity The average temperature is 22.63 ºC 20.09 ºC The average humidity is 65.16%
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