Fotojornalismo: Dor E Sofrimento

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Fotojornalismo: Dor E Sofrimento Janaina Dias Barcelos Fotojornalismo: Dor e Sofrimento Estudo de caso do World Press Photo of the Year 1955-2008 Faculdade de Letras Universidade de Coimbra 2009 i Janaina Dias Barcelos Fotojornalismo: Dor e Sofrimento Estudo de caso do World Press Photo of the Year 1955-2008 Dissertação de Mestrado em Comunicação e Jornalismo, Especialidade de Comunicação e Jornalismo, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, sob orientação da Professora Doutora Isabel Ferin. Faculdade de Letras Universidade de Coimbra 2009 ii Agradecimentos À minha orientadora, Professora Doutora Isabel Ferin, pelo apoio constante, pelas observações sempre pertinentes e pelo carinho e cuidado que sempre tem com seus orientandos. Ao Instituto de Estudos Jornalísticos e a seus funcionários, pelo suporte e pela atenção. À minha família sempre presente e querida, que me apóia constantemente e me ajuda a me manter serena, confiante e perseverante em meus projetos. Aos amigos, antigos e recentes, próximos ou distantes, que souberam compreender os momentos difíceis e que compartilharam das alegrias e conquistas. A Deus, sempre e por tudo. iii Índice INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................. 1 PARTE I – O FOTOJORNALISMO OCIDENTAL: DOR E SOFRIMENTO ......... 4 1. Evolução histórica .......................................................................................................... .4 2. Fotógrafos que marcaram época ................................................................................... 27 3. A noticiabilidade da dor e do sofrimento ...................................................................... 40 4. Os usos da foto pela imprensa ....................................................................................... 54 5. Fotojornalismo, dignidade humana e ética ................................................................... 70 PARTE II – ESTUDO DE CASO: WORLD PRESS PHOTO OF THE YEAR. ……. 98 1. O World Press Photo of the Year .................................................................................. 98 2. Metodologia ................................................................................................................ 105 3. Descrição das fotografias ............................................................................................ 110 4. Análise e resultados .................................................................................................... 123 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ....................................................................................... 140 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................ 151 iv Lista de Figuras Figura 1 – Soldados fotografados por Roger Fenton na Guerra da Criméia ............................. 8 Figura 2 – “Bandits Roost” (O Beco dos Bandidos), 1888, Jacob Riis …………………...... 11 Figura 3 – “Death of a Loyalist Militiaman”, 1936, Robert Capa ………………………….. 15 Figura 4 – Campo de Bergen-Belsen, 1945 ............................................................................ 17 Figura 5 – Exposição “The Family of Man”, Luxemburgo .................................................... 19 Figura 6 – Foto de Robert Frank para o álbum “Les Américans” .......................................... 19 Figura 7 – Fotografia de Larry Burrows publicada na Life ..................................................... 21 Figura 8 – Imagem do livro “Sahel”, de Sebastião Salgado ................................................... 24 Figura 9 – “Workers in Silent Highway”, 1876-7, John Thomson/The British Library ……. 27 Figura 10 – Menina em fábrica na Carolina do Sul, 1908, Lewis Hine .................................. 29 Figura 11 – Trabalhador na construção do Empire State Building , 1930, Lewis Hine ........... 30 Figura 12 – A imagem da “Mãe imigrante”, de Dorothea Lange, tornou-se ícone do projeto FSA e referência estética ......................................................................................................... 31 Figura 13 – “Saipan”, 1944, Eugene Smith ............................................................................ 32 Figura 14 – “Tomoko no banho”, 1972, Eugene Smith .......................................................... 33 Figura 15 – Foto feita durante a guerra em El Salvador, 1980, Susan Meiselas .................... 34 Figura 16 – Vítima de fome no Sudão, 1993, James Nachtwey ............................................. 35 Figura 17 – “Mãe e filho”, 2004, James Nachtwey ................................................................ 36 Figura 18 – Soldado carbonizado, 1991, Ken Jarecke ............................................................ 85 Figura 19 – Atentado em Atocha, 2004, Pablo Torres ............................................................ 87 Figura 20 – Monge tibetano em chamas ............................................................................... 123 Figura 21 – Cabeça de criança soterrada apos desastre químico .......................................... 124 v Figura 22 – Menina foge de ataque de napalm ..................................................................... 125 Figura 23 – Braço de vítima de tsunami indica corpo fora de campo ................................... 126 Figura 24 – Tiro a queima roupa em vietcong ...................................................................... 127 Figura 25 – Queda de uma mulher e uma criança de uma escada de incêndio ..................... 129 Figura 26 – Estudante chinês na Praça da Paz Celestial ....................................................... 130 Figura 27 – Mãe carrega corpo de filho vítima da fome na Somália .................................... 131 Figura 28 – Corpo de criança é preparado para cremação .................................................... 131 Figura 29 – Mãe acalenta bebê enquanto espera ajuda humanitária ..................................... 132 Figura 30 – Vítima de conflito em Ruanda exibe cicatrizes ................................................. 133 Figura 31 – Mãe e filho em Centro de Alimentação de Emergência em Níger .................... 134 Figura 32 – Fuga de vitimas da guerra entre russos e chechênios ........................................ 135 Figura 33 – Crianças vítimas de minas terrestres na guerra civil em Angola ....................... 136 Figura 34 – Massacre de palestinos no Líbano ..................................................................... 136 Figura 35 – Sofrimento em velório durante Guerra de Kosovo ............................................ 137 Figura 36 – Imigrantes mexicanos fazem piñatas ................................................................. 138 Figura 37 – Jovens libaneses passam por bairro devastado em Beirute ............................... 138 1 INTRODUCÃO A fotografia, considerada por Walter Benjamim (1992) o primeiro meio de reprodução verdadeiramente revolucionário, transformou a maneira como a humanidade vê o mundo e, por conseqüência, como olha para o outro e para o semelhante, sejam estes próximos ou distantes. As imagens que nos chegam por meio do olhar dos fotojornalistas nos ajudam a construir uma realidade e interferem na visão que temos do mundo. Ao contrário da velocidade que acompanha as imagens audiovisuais, a fotografia nos permite parar, olhar e refletir. Podemos mantê-la diante dos nossos olhos todo o tempo de que precisamos para observar atentamente, analisar e compreender a realidade que fixaram. E até para viver, porque os instantâneos dos repórteres fotográficos configuram não apenas registros e propostas de interpretação do real, mas também narrativas capazes de fazer vibrar a corda da nossa sensibilidade. (Ricardo, 2003: 3). Portanto, o uso de fotos pela imprensa carrega efeitos que, por sua vez, remetem a responsabilidades e a reflexões sobre o papel dos fotojornalistas e demais profissionais de comunicação na divulgação dessas imagens. Dessa forma, esta dissertação centra-se no campo do fotojornalismo, direcionando-se especificamente para fotografias que exibem dor e sofrimento. Como ponto de partida, optamos por questionar sobre como a imprensa utiliza tais fotos. Para tanto, buscamos construir uma base teórica que enquadrasse o desenvolvimento do fotojornalismo ocidental, a noticiabilidade da dor e do sofrimento, os usos que a imprensa faz das fotografias e o debate ético que envolve a utilização de imagens com este enfoque. 2 Escolhemos como corpus para o estudo de caso as 51 fotos vencedoras da categoria “Foto do Ano” do concurso internacional World Press Photo , realizado anualmente de 1955 a 2008 1. Tal opção deve-se à notabilidade pública, à abrangência e ao reconhecimento mundial do concurso, disputado por fotógrafos, agências e veículos de várias partes do planeta. As fotos premiadas podem permitir-nos ter uma visão geral de quais tipos de imagens foram mais valorizados ao longo de meio século. Entre nossas hipóteses, questinamo-nos se a maior parte dos prêmios seria concedida a fotos que mostram dor e sofrimento e se haveria diferenças nas abordagens imagéticas por décadas. Também interessa-nos confrontar os tipos de sofrimentos retratados em cada período e as regiões do planeta mais presentes nos contextos fotografados. Além disso, do ponto de vista técnico, quais opções seriam as mais comuns em planos, enquadramentos, cores? Haveria uma constante estética? Diante de tantos questionamentos, temos como objetivos verificar quais tipos de fotos são mais premiadas; identificar os tipos de
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