Master's Thesis

UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE MASTER'S THESIS Dario Čulig-Tokić Zagreb, 2013. UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND NAVAL ARCHITECTURE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN CROATIA AND DENMARK Supervisors: Student: Prof. dr. sc. Neven Duić Dario Čulig-Tokić Prof. dr. sc. Brian Vad Mathiesen Zagreb, 2013. I hereby declare that this thesis is entirely the result of my own work except where otherwise indicated. I have fully cited all used sources and I have only used the ones given in the list of references. Dario Čulig-Tokić Acknowledgments I would like to begin by expressing my gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Neven Duić and Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen for giving me the opportunity to write this thesis. I would also like to thank Assistant Goran Krajačić for the guidance throughout my thesis writing. I want to thank the following companies for their assistance with the collection of my data: HEP Toplinarstvo, Aalborg Forsyning, Varme Special thanks are extended to directors of HEP Toplinarstvo Robert Krklec and Robert Vuk, and engineer Luka Pavišić. Special thanks should also be given to Jesper Møller Larsen from Aalborg Forsyning, Varme. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my friends, family and especial my love Marina for all the support and patience during the writing of the thesis. Dario Čulig-Tokić Master's Thesis CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................ I LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. III LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... V NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................................. VI ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ VII SAŽETAK ............................................................................................................................. VIII PROŠIRENI SAŽETAK .......................................................................................................... IX 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Past and present of DH systems ................................................................................... 2 1.2. Basics of renewable energy sources ............................................................................. 2 1.3. Brief EU legislative overview ...................................................................................... 3 1.4. Research question ........................................................................................................ 5 2. METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 7 2.1. Choice of topic ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2. Literature overview and data collection ....................................................................... 7 2.3. Data analysis and processing ....................................................................................... 8 2.4. Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................. 9 2.5. Limitations and challenges in research ...................................................................... 10 3. DISTRICT HEATING....................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Heat supply ................................................................................................................ 11 3.2. Heat demand .............................................................................................................. 13 3.3. Distribution of heat energy ........................................................................................ 14 2. DH COMPANIES ............................................................................................................. 18 2.1. HEP Group ................................................................................................................. 18 2.1.1. HEP District Heating .......................................................................................... 22 2.2. Aalborg Forsyning-Koncernen .................................................................................. 24 2.2.1. Aalborg District Heating ..................................................................................... 26 3. HEAT SUPPLY ................................................................................................................. 28 3.1. Heat supply Zagreb DH ............................................................................................. 28 3.2. Heat supply Aalborg DH ............................................................................................ 32 3.3. Heat supply comparison ............................................................................................. 36 4. HEAT DEMAND .............................................................................................................. 41 4.1. Heat demand Zagreb DH ........................................................................................... 41 4.2. Heat demand Aalborg DH .......................................................................................... 44 4.3. Heat demand comparison ........................................................................................... 46 5. DISTRIBUTION ............................................................................................................... 49 5.1. Distribution Zagreb DH ............................................................................................. 49 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture I Dario Čulig-Tokić Master's Thesis 5.2. Distribution Aalborg DH ........................................................................................... 53 5.3. Distribution comparison ............................................................................................. 56 6. ECONOMICS .................................................................................................................... 63 6.1. Economics Zagreb DH ............................................................................................... 63 6.2. Economics Aalborg DH ............................................................................................. 65 6.3. Economics comparison .............................................................................................. 66 7. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 70 8. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 78 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 80 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture II Dario Čulig-Tokić Master's Thesis LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Structure of comparative analysis chapters ................................................................ 8 Figure 2. Overall structure of the Thesis .................................................................................... 9 Figure 3. District heating energy sources in Denmark [6] ....................................................... 11 Figure 4. Distribution of Electricity generating power plants from 1985 to 2009 [11] ........... 12 Figure 5. Heat energy demand division ................................................................................... 13 Figure 6. District heating generations [6],[49] ......................................................................... 15 Figure 7. HEP Group [12] ........................................................................................................ 18 Figure 8. Installed Capacity HEP [13] ..................................................................................... 19 Figure 9. Generated energy HEP [13] ...................................................................................... 20 Figure 10. HEP Operating income split [13] ............................................................................ 21 Figure 11. Distribution of generated heat energy in HEP DH by operative areas [15] ........... 22 Figure 12. Distribution of generated steam in HEP DH by operative areas [15] ..................... 23 Figure 13. Distribution of the number of customers in HEP DH operative areas [15] ............ 23 Figure 14. Aalborg Forsyning-Koncernen [16] ........................................................................ 24 Figure 15. Distribution of turnover of companies within the Aalborg Supply Group [17] ..... 25 Figure 16. Number of employees in companies within Aalborg Supply Group [17] .............. 25 Figure 17. Distribution of the net heat demand in Aalborg Municipality [18] ........................ 26 Figure 18. Generated heat energy in Aalborg DH and Decentralized DH areas [19] .............. 27 Figure 19. Installed heat power in Aalborg

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