Regmi Research (Private) Ltd. ISSN: 0034-348X

Regmi Research Series Year 19, No. 4 Kathm'Bndu: April, 1987 Edited "by Mahesh G, -Ragmi_

Contents -� 1 • Garhwal llJ)pointments, :A.D. 1805- • •• 4E( 2. Gorkha After Tha Licchavi J?eriod ••• 48 • , r .. ,. -···' '- 3.: - F.J:om the: Ya.muns to the Sutl,Ji ;-.. - • • • ��o( ' �. ; if ·, .o:·J Jajarkot •• •,.f , 4. :: j(. . 5. .An Error in -Colonel Jc..irkpatrick •-� Account of • •• .5.5 6. -· Night J?atrols in I�at_hmandu ••• 56 ' ' 1 7 •. : Land J.$signm.e�11$ 1to _ Sabuj rocokllpa.;iy - .. ""' -· u: .:, .• � "'51 i • • ••• ,. ; • .. ,..... _ , � • ; • -� -:-• n • . . � l rr1 L. �-. l , ·r. j . -� �'.: '; i.e. .:, Traffic l'i1'n ••,, n.:c:• ' 9:1s...-e '.) r Gl!i"rhwal. .,' ;.: i 9. Ap_pc>intments ir the Jaalu.J?a-;Sut_lej' �egiqit '' ••·; ' . . :,.;,, i,•8rl ...... �-- -� .. ":,' '>." . ' ' '; ;" . • : . 5 J ' � �-. 6'd' · 1_0. -.t-Troop Movement·e,j.. : .A..D. ·1805 u .. � •: '•,J

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(For private study and researah·pnly; not meant tor public sale, distribution and ' ►· ,- -1. ' di�play)..: "i •.L �.. � �- :).,;, . ' /) :· ; 46

G:-::rhwcl Appointrc1;:_mts I A, D, 1805 1. Appointment of Khatri Brothers as Subbas I Dhttuk.al 1.hatri, Surabir I .. hatri, and Ranabir 1.hatri belonged to Kaski district. They were sons of Shiva Khatri and u grandsons of Chasmu Khatri. On Thursday, Ashaah Badi 1, 1862 (Jne 1805) they were appointed Sub bas of one-third of the lv1a6hesh, hill, and Bhot territories of Garh. ·:'hey replacec Ranadhir 13:asnet.

Regmi Research Collection, Vol. 6, pp. 46-47.

II Letter to· Surabir 1.hatri 2.no Ranabir Khatri: "Your ancestor.'..:; too hEd worked faithfully in the cause of this state (ahuugo). Last year, when action began. in Garh, we had appointed the .Basny2ts in Pyuthan and -aeputed them to tr� front • .But because they could not proceed from .Pyuthari in tin1e, we have avpointed you to replace them. You know at that time that ls..aji .Ambar Simha Thapa had been sent there in -the capacity of Mukhtiyar.u An€;ad has written t• Tribhuwan that because they cold not agree, Ranadhir left Srinagar. whatever might -be the stGte of pe1·sonal relations, he should not have acted in such a manner in our cause. Because Ranadhir has behaved ln an improper way, we hereby appoint you three brothers to replace him as Subbas for one-third of U� territories of G8rh in the Madhesh, the hills, and the Bhot. Dhaukal hBs taken charge of shawls and pagaris here. Share the emoluments (�hangi) of Slil.bba equally, and assign lands acaording to the prescribed schedule to the company that has been placed uncter your command. Ranabir Khatri has already left ( for Garh), and S_urabir Khatri s.hall do so quickly after handing over cru:,rge of the arms and ammunition in Pyuthan to Sardar Rana Gunj aud Rudravira. Act in all matters accoraing to the advice of ls..aji Ambar Simha Thapa and remain faithful to us. You will know £:.bout otrer matters from the letter of Dhaukal.

"While this letter was being written, we received your r-eport and noted its contents. We s.hall look after affairs in Pyuthan from here. Proceed quickly to Srinagar as soon as you receive this' , order." Ashadh .Badi 2, 1862 Regmi Research Collection Vol. 6, pp. 53-55.

III Letter to Sardar Rana �unj and Rudravira:u "We have transferred Surabir Khatri, Ranabir Khatri, and Dhakal Khatri from Pyuthan g to Garh. Dhaukal Khatri has taken chare of shawls and pagaris. An order _has been sent to Surabir 1.hatri to proceed immediately to Garh after handing over arms and anmunition to you in Pyuthan. Take over charge from him accordingly, and let him proceed to Garh q uickly. Because lanas ava ilaole for assignment are not adequate in Pyuthan for a Suobs, as well as for four c ampanies and a gunpowder factory, it has been decided not to appoint a Subba in Pyutha�. You ars, therefore, ordered to construct irrigation channels and reclaim rice-fields. 47

"Bho j Khawas and Ahiman Bogati had been previously se.µt to Kaski . They have no w been appointed as Subedars'"eand ordered to proceed to Pyuthan immediately. They have also .. been told that the bhardars will assign lands according to the prescribed schedulae. After they reach theree, arrange for assigning lands to th� two c ompanies despatched to Garh, f:iS well as the tw o companie s retained there , without affe c,t ing the operation of the gunpowder factory . The assignmt1nts should be made in a just manner, so that lands in the Madhesh, the hills, and the ilhOt are appo rt ioned equally. We have delegated ·to k.aji Ambar Simha Thapa the power of ,l?Ej ani in the case of the two compani(;S atth have been despat ched to Garh. Appointments of the two Subedars will be made from there. "While this letter was being written , a repo rt wss received from Sura bir Khatri saying that if the copper-plate grant mli\de tp the Raj a of �alyan is implemented, the boundaries will cont ract by 80 or 100 y�rds. We shall, therefore , fix the bow:idarie s latere. As sign lands to the four companies witho�t affe cting the oper&tion of the gunpowder factory , and report to us whether there will be a surplus or short fE.11e. We shall fix the boundearies only thereafter . Act according to these order without the slightest delay.

Ashadh Badi 2, 1862 Regmi Research Collection, Vol. 6, pp . 49�52r.

2. Pyuthan Affairs·

Letter to Bho j Khawas, and Ahiman Boga t i : "Surabir Khatri, Ranab1r Khatri , !J.nd Dhau.kal Khatri have been transferred from Pyuthan to .Garh. J3eca use lands avaiJ.able for assignment ·as Jagir are not ac;lequftte in .Pyuthan for a Suboa , as well as fo r fout companies and a gunpo"{der factory, it has ·been decided not to ma int ain a Subba theree. Sardi:,r Hunn Gunj and Rudravira have been ordered· to assign lands for the fou:r companies 'wi t'hout affe c0t·1ng the operation of the gunpowder factoty. You have been appo i.Qte,d • Subadars of the two companie s of Pyuthan on a permanent basis . We have also sent swords , whi ch will reach you in due timee. Pay . darshan-.!l.l:liti levies. Pro ceed to Pyuthan as soon as you r0 ceive t his order . The Subedars of the , twoe· othe r compauies haTe be:m deputed to join Ambar Simha Thapa on the western fro'nt ; he will be in charge of their :fajani . You had been deputed to construct irrigation channels and reclaim rice-fields in Kaskie. Submit particulars of the total area irrigated and reclaimed. Also recommend the names of persons who may now be given the rasponsibility . As soon as you re ct:d ve this order , assign lands ac�ord ing to the prescribed schedule (raibandi� and fonn two companies. Recruit only good people from areas east of .t he Marsyangdi river. Report on whether or not the compani ,, s statioped thare have cannon. If they do not . .hav? any , we shall send 1t, frome·hare.e" Ashadh Badi 2, 1862 Regmi Research Collection, Vol . 6 , PP. . 49�59. 48

3. Subba Chandra bir },.un war I

Another one-third of the terrioories of Garh was pla ced under the charge of Subba Chandra �ir Kunwarr, of .dhanwarkot' , on the same date. Chandrabir hunwnr was th..:: son of Jaya Krishna Kunwar, an d grandson of Ahiram 1.unwar. He replacec. Subba Hastadal Shnh. Regmi Research Collec:tion , Vol. 6, ppr. 4:!-43.

II (Subba Chandrabir }. unw2r wc.s trt,nsferred to Doti about two y,_ c'.rf. later. (Regmi ·Re search Serias, Year 18, no . 12, December 1986, pp . 185-86 ) . He wns lflter sent bnck to Garhwal , and died there in eer�y 1871 Sa�vat (A. D. 1814). (Regmi Rese£:rch ueries , Year 3, no • 1 , January 1 , 1 971 , pp • 3-5 ) •

III

Letter to Chandrabir Kunwar : "We have r ::ceived reports that the bhardnrs sent (to Gsrh) were not on good terms wi th each other. We have, the refore' , appo inted Surabir Khatri , Hanabir Khatrir, and Dhaukal ld'1[:tri to replace Ram: dhir. Ranabir 1.hatri is still along wi th th(j troops. We have sent an order to Sur0 bir Khatri ; he too will join the troops soon' . We have appo inted you to replace Hastadal . we have orde red Bal KW}War tc take over cho rg' . of shawls, pagaris, and the lettar of appointment (patta) on your behalr; these will resch you in due timer. Kaj i Ambar Simha Thapa is old and meture , and also true to his salt'. Act according to his advice'. Proceed to Srinagar quickly and make necessary arrangements for the administration of thL:t territory in corisul tat wr.. wit h the },.aji and otror bhardars. we shall send other instructionr-; later.r" Ashadh Bodi 2, "1 862 Regmi• Research Collection , Vol' . 6, p. 55.

******'**it

Gorkha After The Licchavi Period By Dine sh Raj Pant (Dine sh Raj Pant , Gorkhako tihasa ( A History of Gorkha) , Kathmandu; the author, 204 1 ( 1985), Vo I • 1 , pp' . 10-14. The Manadeva_'era , which had started in the Vikrama year 633, came to an end after 304 years in the monrh of Aswin 937 Vikramar. The use of the Nephl Samva t then started. 49

We do not have aut'henti c eviaence to show the condit ion of Gorkha after the Licc havi period. For tha.t rea son , we are· not in a position to say anything clei-:rly about Gorktra at that time' . At the same time, we do possess mEterials that shed in dire ct light on this matter . We shall, therefore', pre sent ou r vi ews in this regard.

A manus cript of Ashtasahasrilq:1 Pra.i nygparami.ta, transc ribea in the Vikrama year 1055 during the j oint rule of King Narendradev2 and ldng U d �yadeva , 2 is in the possession of the Sakya monastery in T i bet . The co lophon of the manu script sho ws that it was transcribed by Suner Ranaka, a re sident of Gandi-Gulma 3. Q;ulma d'enotes a check.post. The checkpos t located on the bank s of the Gandaki river was known ES Gandi-Gulma . It thus seems that Gandi­ Gulma was situated � :the area of modern Gulmi . 4 That- is to say , in the Vikrama year 1055 Gulmi was ruled" by tlie central� gevernment of Nepal.,' We can , therefore, say that 'Gorkha too w as similarly under central rule' .

A manuscript of Asht asahasrika Praj nyaparatnit a' , trans crib ed during the reign of k.ing Harshade'va in the Vikrama ye.=ir 1150 , is al so .in the possession of the Sc:.k:ya monastery in Tibet . Its cclophon shows thct it was transcribed by Jivadhara Simha Kaya stha , a resident of the Gandi-Gulrr.a area ( Vishaya ) . 6 The exi stence of an area known as Garidi-Gulma Vishaya leads one to presume that Gorkha too :formed pbrt of a-•vishaya ( district' ) .

A manuscript of AShtasahasrika Pra.inyapara.mita, trans cribed in the Vikrama year 1221 in Gandi-Gulma', is in the possession of the Cambridge University lion:.. ry .

On i -- -- - the basis of the .e_yidence suppl ed by th�e-i - manu_s_cripts in the Vikrama years 1055, •1' 1 50, and 122 1-, we -ear'--·-say t hg't .the Gorkha region had been .rul'ed from the eenter ti11 then .

A m anus cript of Ashtasahasrika Pra.invapa:ramj ta , trans'cribed in the Vikrama year m26 auring the reign o f King Shankzradeva' , is in the possession o 1 the 1� gor mona�tery in Tibet. The co lophon of the manuscript shows that it was transcribed by Ganga Ranaka of Lamj ugunga. It is clear thet lamjugunga. means Lamj ung.8 There is . thus a . clear referen c� to the central ruler in a manuscrip t transcribed in Lamj ung in the Vikrama year 1126. This const itu tes • additional evide.n ce to- prove t hE:t Gorkha too was under central' · ru le at ihat time . T he eviden ce that we have cited aoove · con tains no direct reference to Gorkha' . .ri:ven then , it is clear that Gorkha was under central rule at that time.

Notes . 1 • l Dinesh Raj .P':1nt, .!:_i c:chBvi �a ama QbaJ eka samvBt (Era_'s u.sed during the Licchavi period , Kathmandu :Punya Bah_ adur Sh_restha , 2038 {1981 ), pp . 3 and 44-45; Din esh Raj Pant' , It ihasalrn jS.ehi Pana ( Some pages of :NepHli . hi story ) , RathmaNeaan u:li, Sa jha Prakashan , 2038 (1981 ), pp. 15-16. 50

Din�sh Raj Pant,"Dwn irajya" (Dyi:::rchy ), Purniman, year 8, non. 2, 2. Ghait ra 2030 (March -April, 1974)n, pp. 135-38 .

3. -I bidn, p. 1 37 . M:ahesh Raj Pant ai,c. Aishw2rydh:- r Sharman, TheTw o 3arlie!::,t 4. o er- ·late nscri tions From .Nepaln, h.athmnndu . Nepal Research ·centern, 2034 1977 , ppn. 19-20n.

Lu ciano p9tech, :Mediaeval H story of .Nepaln, Ranan: 1958, p. 50 5 . i . 6. Ibid , p. 64n. 7. Gautam Vaj rD Vuj rac h0.rya , "l�ewari ha sh�, o ' am" ·r[.ttha limbµ Bbc.;sbo s�.rnr,ako Sadrisaya" similaritie$ of the Ne.wa.ri language with the Tamang and limbu Languages)n, :P1,1.rniman, year 1, no . 2, Shrawan 1, 2021 (July 16, ·1964n) p. 44.

The Two �arlit�st Copper-plate Inscriptions ••• (see non. 4)n, 8. ppn. 16-17 .

-From the Yamune to the -� - - By ·nr. Shiva Prasad Dabaral "Chc:ran"n.

(Dr. Shiva Prasad Dabaral "Charan "n, Uttarakanda h Ka Ra.ianai tika Tatha Samskritika Itihasn, Part h.umaun Garhwal ur imachal par Gorkhali ShE: :::Em, Samvat 1847-v.1 872 A.D. 1790-1 81 5 , Dogadha , Garhwal; Vira Gat ha Prakashan , 2030 ( A. D. 1973)n, pp . 120-25)n.

S-o on after his return from Banc:�rns , Ram .Baha dur Shah gave o rdc::rr_, for the conquest of th_e hi ll principali tL s in the westn. ·r his order set off a wave of jubilntior: in the Thapa fa ct ion and the army. Soldiers were paid full salLries during El campaign , and also expe cted to profit from plundern. Amara Simha Thapa hnd been given supreme command of the forces despat ched to oc-.upy the Kingdom of GcJrh, with Chautariya Hastn-: dBl as deputy, �md Ranadhir Sim.ha Basnyat t .. HaStidal ' s assistant� . After Garh was occupied , Amara Simha Thapa was ordered to l(:3ave its administration in the charge of Hastidal Shah and .invade the principalities in the westn. He w�m all!!to ordered, "Destroy tho se who oppose you , but give refuge to thoser- who saek it. Occupy the fort of :K.angra as quickly as possible , and then make plrms fo r t he conquest of Laho re and Delhi." {Ma:ulnrc.n.: ·:r omvr, Garh-Ra.iya-vamsha-:K.av.ya (unpublished)n.

The hill coupJ;r_y - between the Yamuna and Sutlej rivers was then divided among nu.merous small end weak prin cipalities, so it was not diff,ic�J. t. to defeat them. , rule r of Raogra -west of the S-utlej river , hcd annexed many of them. He possessed large and well-trained army , modern weapoLs , and several strong fortsn. 51

These fort s include d Ka.ngra, which h d witne ssed several irNado ,·s during the past eight centruies, including 1v1ahmo od G2zhni and AdiLt: Beg 1.hcn. Amara Simha Thapa co nsulted Maularam about the expedit ior:i to Kfi».gra , and also wanttJd to know the geography of xhe area. Naula}'am prepared a map of 1.a.xigra for him. 'l' he Gorkhali force was marohine; forwarc. , separa ted from it s ho me land by hundreds o f' miles, defeating the hill principalities si tur.ted on the wBy i:>.nd making enemies of their inhabite.nt s through gross oppression. l�laularam warn ed Amara Simha Thapa thr:t a ruler could make his author"o· durable only by keeping t heo, peo,ple happy . This warn ing WfJS vindicated wit hin only ten or eleven yerrs. . After making preparEJ.tions for the campaJgn in the west , Amara Sirnha Thapa st�1tioned his son , Ranj or Thapa, and his grandson from the daughter •s side , Birabhadra Kunwer in :R.umaun , and .J::lirabhaar: Runwa r'� father , Chandrabir tcunwar, and Subba Surabi:r Khatri in Garh, wit h a few troops. With t.re remaining troops, w.hich in cluooci Gorkhalis, as well [,a peo ple belonging to .l?al.pa ,. Juinla. , Do ti, Kumaun, and Garh\�· alo, Amara Simha T htipa tht:m proceed,ed tow£Lrd the west. The conquest of the Kingdom of Garh h2d extend ed the front rs of the Gorkhali Kingdom to the Yarnu.na rivero. The kingdom of Sirmur was situated on the other side of that ri ver •. 'r.he .Gorkh£1liD soon had an opport;uni ty to occupy that h.ingdom. In the Vikrc-::.mlil year 1850, (A..D. 1793), the ruler of hatoch (Kangra ) state irwad... ;cl the stete of h.ahlur (.BilcJSpur), whie;h was ruled by Maha Ohan0 , and oct"upi,·. d forts situa ted on the nort hern banks, of t� Sutlej river. Maha Chand [)Sked Ring Dhc.rmc:: Praki.,sh o f Sirilll.lr for assistance ann offered to make pa.ymi.:mt of Rso. 100,000 •.Ac gompanied by his vasssl chiefs, and 1:ing Rania Simha of the state of Hinduro, DharmB Prak.8.sh went to the help of Maha (.;hanoo. Their combined forcl)S reached a place callud C.:haradtbi, situLted on the northern banks of the sut river ·in the state of Kato ch. Sansar CharJd reached there _alor1g witJ1. his troops to drive out the aggret:,sors. In tte battle thF.t followed, Dharma Prakash, King of Sirmur , was killed by Sansar Chand. Dherma Prakr,sh had no son, so his bn,ther , Karma Prakash, ascended the throne of Slrmuro. Top-ranking officials did no,t . liku the new King and , therefore , hatchi::id a conspiracy to install -his bJ"Othar, iu.nwar Ratna Simha , on the throneo. They besieged the King, �erma J>rakaBh, in a fort called Ranger, situated at a distance 32 miles from 1� ahano. A man named Cholu Miyan ,' who resembledo! Ka rma Prakrsh , was kiJ. l.ed in the course .of the fight ing . The rumor then spread that Kir}g Karma Prakash hEJd been killedo. In the confusion th;: t followed, h.arma Prakash, accompanied by his fami}:y reached h.al�i t hroug� T�noru. Ratua Simba ascended thE:1 throne of Sirmur with the title of Ratrrn. Prakash. Karma Prakash then approached Ranajor Thapa, Amara Simha ·.r hapa' s son , for assistL.:­ The Gorkhalis took immediate ac.vantage of this opportunity.. 'r h�:: y invaded Sirmur and drove out Ratna Prakash. However, instead of handing over the kirg dom of Sirmur to Karma PrakElsh, t hey annex(Ht it to Gorkha. After the .Battle of _Rangar, th9 'fhakur Jagi.rdars of Kota, Ramgarh, Lalarpur, Morni, Pinjor, . and Jagatgarh savi;recl their links with Sirmur and declared themselves independer1to. L1.::ti:.::.:.·, they were compelled to nccept the suzerai.nty of Gork.ha . 52

The Gorkhalis did not face any particulLr difficulty in occupying the state of Juu bal , which w£:s situated to ·the nort h of Sirmurn. As soon as the Go r.hhali troops reached trere, Risal Simha , Thakur of 1.halete, fled to .Busch� r and took .r e fuge 1here . The invaders immediat ely occup i . .:d his princip£lli ty. The Gorkhalis then overran several small prin•cipali ties on the -way, including Bilsfm , Kyonthal , Tharoch, Gh1md , h.otkhai, ·r hiyog, and Kotgarh, and mar ched forw:·rd .t;useh£1r. The inhabit ants o f these princip&lit·:. ,,;S n ccep ted the Gorkhali to domination out· of panic, but in Buse hr r the Gorkhali were strongly resisted by botl1 the people and the arnzy- .

Even then, the GorkhEi is suc�eedea in reaching up to Rattu. The Jiing of thE t principal ity , who h£1d not y➔t come o f age, fled to Kam.run . The invading army occup ied th8 forts of Rattu , Kuran, Ba.ghi , Naogarh, Sungri , End BB.hali , and stationed some troops in each of them. The Gorkhal i, troops once succeeded in reaching as far BS Rampur , where they plundered the town as well as t he state treasury and set fire to state do cument s. However, they were unable to maintain their occupction of h..nm�ur for long. A Gorkhali :force was despat ched for the purpose of plundering the state treasury of Kamrunn. It established its crunp near the village o! Chugaon (Tholang ) · on the ban:ts o f the Ch.l:lnl tu ri var , but ";,;l:S att:1cked by the Kanauris in the nightn. The Gorkhalis were una.ble to get food s,pplies ·anywhere , and so were compelled to'' go back. ,

The Go rk hal is then occupi8d the principalities situa t-ed west of Sirmur � in cluding , Dagsai , which belonged to a po'llerful and ambitious rule r nr,med Rara Sharan . He hc:. d extended his territories from Palsi to Mat inna . In the east , his territo ries comprised the fort of Aj mar on the ·banks of the Ynmun a rivern. Ram Sharan 'had not been al.!le to occupy the principality of Sirmur, but Dharme. .N egi , <;hi-.; f of the fort of Sab'1thu, whi ch belonged to S irmur , hud already Pcknowledged him as overlo rd . The lrorkhalis marched through the villages of NalLgcrh and reached Ram Sahar, out met with stiff resistancen. Unable to o ccupy Ramsahary the Gorkhal is laid siege: to th;,: t fort and blockadai tm supply of essenticl commoditissn. Ho wever, considerable qu[mtitias of foo d and water had already been stored inside the fort , so . th at the siege continued for three years . R� ShDran finnlly fl0d to Bishauli in Hoshiarpur , from where 'he went to Pnlsi after three or four monthSn. For t ht: next ten years (A. D .n 1'804...:1 4), he sp ent his days in the forts of Palsi , Baddi , and Gullarwala, while the Gorkhalis o c•upied the rest of his territoriesn. Becaus e of the Gorkhal i oppre ssion , many families from the hill areas o f th e state of Hindur shifted to the Pals-i Va lley •

.Before the liorkhal f inve1sior1 , tmre were 18 small prin,ipclities (Thakurai ) unde r the state of k0onthal , They were as fo llows:n-

1. Koti 2. Ghund 3 . Thyog 2. Madhan 5. Mailog 6. I<..ut har 1. .k.uniher 8. l) h0mi 9. T haronch 10 .Sangri 11. I<..umhz:nrsen 12. Rajan 1 3 .1.harantu 14. Maihili 15. KhtJlasi 16.Ba geri 17. Tingt hali 18. Ghatn. · 53

At the time of' the (i orkholi invas ion, the principality of Kumharsen w2.s unc.er Keont hc.l. As soon es th1:; uorkhali fo1 c0s ree ched there , tt�e ruler of Keonthnl , H.ana Raghunr:tth Sen, fle d to the principal ity of SUkat, where he died. His son, Sansar Sen, was born while his fatoor wns in 1.;;Xile'. He wns lriter granted the principality of h.;;;;onthal by the East Comr,nny'. . . The inaccessible hill territory of Pun�r wos on ly nomin ally under th0 control of the Rana of Jubbal , for it s inhabit ants ack.nowL:: cged no aut hority , aLd paid no taxes'. They lived in large villt:.ges and . produced lr.rgo quant it ies of food. However, they' · 11ve d on plunde r in the neighboring arer:s, £nd were skilled in guerilla fighting. They could 2ssemble even 1000 prme d fighters at a moment 's noti ce . The Gorkhal is wero, the rc:fore, unable to'· bring the inh&bitunt s of Punccr uni.er their con trol for several years, even after oco.1.pying Sirmur and Juobal •. Finally , thu Gorkhal is defeut:;d the PlAnn.ris in a b&ttle �hat W[': S fought nt n plnce· called Mc:til in which mnny paople were kil lod. The ·Gorkhal is then unlecShE.id 1:J r0 i€2,n of terro r in the villages of Punar. Rana Jngnt Simhc1. of Bc:.ghr:l was defaat,:Jd by tbB Gorkh2lis and fled to .flindur (l,nlcig:,rh) . He remained there for sevan years .

The principal ity of Hnwc�.1gr, rh comprised tru valleys of the Paw£.r &nd Tons rivers. .B(.;foro th;;; GorkhHli invasion, it WPS a part of GE:rh. On tha 0ve of thu Gorkhali inve sion , wren th;; size of the nrmy of Go.rh had declina6 _becPJ1se of the mi schief of Parakrr:.:ma Shah, R1:•nc.. Himmat Simh:::. of .Bus�· har hr:d occupied Rawaig2rh. The ruler of Jubbal mHde c.ssistance c vailabl;.; to him in thHt effort , so the King of Gorh i,.· ri s urit::.blo to liberate Rnw'aigarh from the invoder . R'a ha Himmat Simha hed di0d prior to the Gorkhali invas ion , so Amare Simha Thr 1 pa placed his orother , Runa, on the throne of BUsahar unt: ar Gorkhali suzdn:dnty. Himmri t Simha 's son, Uchhuwa , hc d fought along with Amc:1ra Simha ThEpa in the k.amgra campaign.

1fhe •onquest of .N[11:' !garh extended the territorie s of Gork ha to the e2stern b0nks of th3 Sutldj river. Kangr-a , whi ch was ru.l,:d by Sansa,r Chand, wt:::.s situated across the river. Iutoxic£'tdi with su ccess , a Gorkhali force crossed the Sutlej river and invaded the territorie s of Sansar Chand , but was defen ted. Amara Sirnha Thapa then signed a trecty wit h �ansar Chand, according to which the' · sutlej river wc;is recognized £ls the boundary between. :Nalage.rh nnd Kangra. At this time,' certain eveut s occurred in Nepo1, which slEckened the pace of Amarn Simha •rhnpc:: 's advance .

On his return to NepeJ. , Ran Beht dur had banisht,3: d his QU,,H�n , RajDrajeshwari ·nevi,to a place called Helmu on the charge of disloynlty. Queen Subcrnr.p1·c:. bhEl had alre ady gone to Deop2tan'. Durin g Damodc: r Pande 's rule, h.ing Pri thvipe.l Sen of Palpo. hnd helped the opponents of Ran Bahndur . Ren Bchodur Shah h8d not forgotten this'. He summon,,d P:rit hv-.:i.pal Sen to Nepal on the prt:: text of marrying his sister, but pla ce d him in detention . Ran Bah&dur Shah thon married Che.nciravnti, a sister of his beloved Quo en hantim. ti. When Ch&ndrr: vr ti feiled to ple.ase him·, Ran Bnhadur married Lalita Tripura SunU.:iri. !Vk anwhile , a smallpox epidem.iQ ..... broke out in KE'..t.hmr:ndu valley, and Ran .Bahadur ordered that all child.ran be sent elsewhere' . The order h£1d been issued with the aim of sa�ing them from aeath, but it imposed severe .tm rdships on tre people . 54

Mu ch dissatisfaction prevailod amo ng the people as a result of such steps as confi'scation of the birta lr1 ncis of Br ahmans , the banishment of Queen Rajarajeshwuri Devi, and the expulsion of children. It is believed that King Prithvipal Sen of Palpa and Ran Bahadur-• s step-brot her , Sher Bahadur , hatch8d a plot to take advantage of this dissatisfaction . Sher Bahr dur was le ader of the Chautariy2 group. The Thapa fa ction had ' become strong because Bhimsen Thapa was Prime Minister, and Amara Simha Thapa, Chief of the ;: rmy . Gett ing information about the plot , Ran Bahadu:: · ordered Sher Bahadur to depart for the western front' . When Sher Bahadur ref used to obey the order, Ran Bahadur Shah ordered that he be arrested and beheaded. Sher �ahadur , ho wever, attacked Rari Bahadur wit h hi s sword and wounded him' seriously • .Balanarasiroh2., the hing' ' s bodygu ard, immediat ely killed Sher Bahadur . f Before his de'ath, • Ran Bahadur placed the infar1t king Girban Yuddha Bikram unrler Bhimsen Thapa's protection in the presence of all bhardars and appealed to them to co nt inue support ing him' . This event took place on .Baisakh Sudi 7, 1862 ( April 1805)'.

When Ran .Baha dur diHd, Bhimsen 'r hapa had the royal palace surrounded by troops loyal to him. He took ful l ad vant age of the situation to dispose of nis powerful op1-1onents. He had eve ry op ponent of the ·r hapa fa ction killad. These included 50 top­ ran1.ing officers of the army, as W8ll as kaji .N arasimha , Kaji Tribhuwan , Chautariya Bidur 8hahi, and king Prit hvipal Sen of Palpa, and his soldiers and officers . u Bhimsen Thapa then deputed his father, Amara Simha Thapa, to occpy the Kingdom of PaJpa. He compelled Queen Raj araj 2shwari Devi to be come a Sati, anq thus put an end to potential opposition from her side . .dhimsen Thapa, in addition installed Qu .. _ .:m ·rri[ ura sundsri , who is said to have been his lover, as Regent of the infant l<..ing. With tm aim of keeping the Thapa f2' ction and the ar□y satisfied , and divGrting the attention of· the people , Bhimsen Thapa aid not let the military campaigns in the west an d the south slacken in any way.

Ran Bahe.dur was a pleasure-loving, arbitrary and hot -tempered ruler'. However, he' w-as also·'a well-known End generous patron of poets , scholars, and ·art ists'. M.aularam had'. visit ed Rethma.u du shortly be fore Ran Bahadur • s assassim tion in the hope of getting a large gift of money. He composed the Rana Bahadur Chandrika in praise of Ran .Br:hc dur, which contains aulegies of Ran .Jjahadur , and his son , Girb?.n Yuodha Bikrama'. Like modern Nepali writers, 1v1aularam believed that Ran .Baha dur -was a great statesman'. He received gifts from Ran rlahadur f1 nd returne d happy from Nepal . *******

Ju.jnrkot I

PUran Shuhi, Lnxmic:::,s Pru;thD , ( nc. :t._[:rna Sinha wore deputed to the raj ya of J aj 0.rkot · to ravi-se the reve1,u0 settlement . '1' hey fixad the amount of revenue essessment in the raJ.ya _at Rs. 7,101: 55

a yec.r. A royal or aer w2s issu.Jd to R&j a Dip .Narayan ShP hi of Jajnrkot stipulating psyr.uent of that amount on thek ....ba ndi basis in fou r equal in stallments (Bai-�akh, Shrc>.wan, h.artik, Magh) every yeer. T he amount w8s to oe trt,nsmi tte d to the Rana Shnrdul Company .

Tuesday-, Jesthe Bndi ·12, 1864 Regmi Reseurch Collection, Vo l. 20, p. 324.

II

Public notifi cation in Jc.j r rkot , TwJsday, Jestha .Badi 12 '··' · 1804 :

"The entire territory of Jaj 2rkot has be.en. ru_inad beccu:3e of the indis cr iminat0 e��ction of, unpaid labor and provisions, as well as highh:iiriciecfo.ess and oppression. In tm fut ure, unpaid le:bor shall oe exacted only for the transportntion of militery sup plie s, sick people, anci coins. Ar.y person who exccts su ch l&bor fo r other purposes shall be' · punished'."

Regmi Research Collecti.on , Vol. 23, p. 325'.

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An ,1:,rror in Colonel 1--.irkpatrick 's Account of Nepal

Kirkp0trick wirtes: The Turr:,ani of .Nepaul' , co nfined betweGn the Gunduck and Teesta, is divided into ·sou bahs or' gove rnments; that: und-c-r i'...ort.w1=.tr Sin gh, whi ch stret ctte s from the forme r of thvse river� ensterly to the'· Kauai , and which may be c.istinsuished by the appellatfon'· · · of the WJs�ai'ri 1.'ur:Pytit or Turrymii, consists of five Zillahs. , or districts,' · sub-divided into twenty-st:1ver.1 pcrgunnnhs. Thet::e Zillahs are : 1 . Suptun i, bounciJd to tha eastwt:.rd by the 1.ousi .

2. Mo htun i, west of Su._ptuni'.

3. Rhohutute, or Rohtut , in which Huttioul is included ,- it is situated to the ·we·stwLrd of Me chtune.

4. Bhc.rah. 5. Persn , which extenc.-s- to the westword as fnt as the Turryeni of Tarino hi ..

Kirkpatrick thus states thE..t' -: · · ( 1) T he tarai areas of· Snptari, Iviahottari', Bnra, P�•rsa, and Rautahnt compri sed a Si[€ le adiuinistrativ� d istrict. ( 2) 2,orawar Singh was Chief' · (Suboa ) of this administrative unit in 1793'. 56

Contemporary l\1 epal i cw cu.ct,mts show that k.ir•kpatrick wus wrong on both points'. The corrau ct position, according to e.d.Iainis trative ·re gulations promlgated by the government of '-Nepal on Thursday ,Kartik Sudi 15, 1848 (•app rox .November 1791 ) ,was a!;j foll'ows : ( 1 ) .Barn, Pars El, aric.. Rnut nhat compri sc:d one administrative unit , with :i:.orewDr khawas and Bharat Ji.. ha was as _ j oint Subbas.

( 2) Saptnri and .LViahottari comprised u sepnrute ci dministratiV• ,.; unit , wit h Srth'::d&Vc! Pr.dbyr r-m d twnik Raj h.hawas as joint Subb&s .

References:

1. ColonGl R1.r:'-:patrick, ccou.nt of the h.in dom of He aul (reprint of' 1811 ed. , .New :D0lhi: Mm1jusri Pub lishing House , 1969 , P!-l • 40-4 1 .

2. "AdministrutivG Rt:gulc:tioris- for Bara , P&rsa, c:.nc: Re.ut8:tiat Districts in the .Nome s of 0ubba ZorEwnr 1.hawrs arid Subba Bhar[lt 1.hawas" , h,0rtik . Sudi 15, 1848 (.November 1791 ) , Regmi Rese2rch Collection , Vol' . 5, pp . 77-78 . 3. "Adr,:i.inist rr,tive Regulntion s for ;.::;apt,,ri c' nd haho t"inri Districts in the Nemes of' Subba Sr:h deva Padhya and Subbr, Manik Haj Rhawas , 11 k.1-::.rt ik Sudi 15, 1848 (Novembe r 1791 ) , Ibid, pp . 76-77. . ·****** •...... ·•�·· ••'• .!'. .. � Night Patrols in Kat hman:1 u

On Friday , Ashadh .Bacli 6, 1864, the following companies were ordered to patrol the streets of Kathmand• to�n from 12 ghaQiS ( 4 hours and 48 minutes) a fter sunset to'· 4 ghad is ( 1 hour and 36 minutes ) before sunrise' . ·r he order added, "If any person., hig h or low, is found walting in the streets during these hours, arrest him and hand him over to the Itachapl i (Court ). If he resists arrest an� uses force' , retaliate in kind'." Comp anies 1. Srinat h, h.alibux . . . 4 nights. 2. Sri i�1e' har Company . . . 1 night • 3. Sri Viradal Company . . . do . 4. Sri .Biraoha6.ra Jung Company . ·• . do • 5. (Illegible ) Company . . . do • ,. Devidatta Company . . . do . ?. Gu.ru'bux Company . . . do. 8. Sri B:::tukdal Company 9 •• • dor. 9. Sri kalid& tta Company • • • do . Regmi Research Collection, Volr. 20 , p. 401 ******* 57

Lana Ass ignments to Sabuj Compan.y

The following lancl s an d hhuwa revenue s were assigned for meeting the short fall in tre emo lument s of the additional personnel re cruited for the 8abuj Company .

g_aginas Mouj a in Lam.i ung District

Cultaivator Are a of Rice -tand (in muriae) Bisu Kadyal 17 R.antu Thapali,a. 130 Umya Damya 30 Goryc .Karadiya 60 Ranahar .h.riparatn 148 Bhanu Parajuli 70 RamanaLd Kadyal 105 Laxmi Patahak 200 P admya Lo hani 87 Padrnya Chulwal 60 Shobharam Chulwal 180 Gunya Doliya 100 Chamya ,20 Nandram Bic hhural 20 Sahalok BabLrangi 30 Chhabilal k.aradiya 70 �enuram R.aradiya 80 Gunya Auliya 20 Ram Kadyal 5 Chhitaram 104 Nanaaram 110 ,J aaodhar Kura.diya 70 Dat aram Uh.amya Thapf:l.liya 110 Bhagirat hi Biccahuryal 260

Total 2,107 muris 1

namcbe �1ouja in ;:)at ahun Di§!�rict

Shivanand Chapagain 60 Mangal Dhak al .· 160 Lacchi.ram · Tewari' 44 Jaya Narayan Tewari 42 Total 286 muris (sic)a.

Grand Total 2,393 muris . 58

1-h:1wa Revenue

1 . Sang nu Mouj a in Risir,g District . . . Hs. 82-8 2. T anahu . . . Rs • 7-0 3. Pallo-Nuwakot . . . Rs . 1 1 -1 2 4 . Serma of Badi households i� RisiLg . . . Rs . 15-1 2 5. Arghau Mouja in h.usk.i District Rs. 63-1' 4 (Dhunga:na-· House ho les .., Re . 13-6 Lamic c hane Households' '"' Rs. 50-8)

Sunc ay , As hac, h lJadi 1 , 1 864 Regmi Research Collecti�n, Vol . 20, pp. 402-3 *-li**** 31ave Traffic in Garhwal

Roy al order to (;hautLtriy a .dam hah8 on Ashadh Badi 10, 1864: "We have re ceived ·reports that the territory of Garh has been ruined because Subbas , Aw.alis, Subed ars , Fouzdars, etc . take away the wive s, sons , arid dEJ.ught ers of the ryots themselves', and also sell them in ti's MadheE:h. We , therefore , order that from the year 1864 Vikrt1mn :

1 • Ryots sha.11 Lot c r'fer their wives , sons, ana daughters in lieu of paymen ts in h moi1ey . They shal l, instead, pay the amounts due from t em in cc1sh.

2. Subbas'1 Arualis, etc shall col lect all au.es from the ryot s in casn.. 'l' hey shall not &ccept the wives, sons , and dm:ghtars of the ryots i_n lieu of Sl.lch payments .

"Ir.. ca se any person does r_ o t comply wit h tmse orders , arrest him, and refer the ccse to us'. In adaition , restore the person who hus been acce1ri:;ed ( in lieu of cash payments )"'.

Regmi Research Collection'9 Vol' . 20 , p. 404 .

Apnointments in the Jamuna-Sutlej Region

On Aswin Su.di. 2, 1862 (September 1805 ), the following persons wer� appo inted to the following positions in the terri tories of , Sirmur, Hat:.dur, and Kangra ;

(1) Angad Khswas, son of kalu Ghale, a� d grandson of Dambar Ghale, be.longing to �1aicihi (Dhading ), was appointed Sardar for ·one-third of the territori es of Kul lu. Hi s emoluments amounted to Rs. 3, 600 a year . The royal' . order of appointment added, "We shall send you one piece of cannon for each of the fiva companies under your command' j each company comprising 1 01 muskata· rs' . Appoint Subudi,rs , Jamadars, etc . on the prescribed 59

khangisr. Allot lands against the khangis. After lanas have been allotted against the khan,t-;is of the four companies , as well as of yourself, spend thG surplus revenue for such '.)frour purposes as payment of allowances, arms and ammunition, funeral expenses, rewards, and religious ceremonies and festivals. Any amount that may still b� left after meeting t he se expenses shall De used to recruit additiop:al musketeers." Sardar Angad h.. ha was was also ordered to send manuscripts, we6.pons , and other -;aluablu objects found in the state of R.ullu ; or at the royal palace, to :K.athmandu . Regmi Research Coll0ction , Volr. 6. p. 508-9r. (2) Anot her one-third of the territories of Kullu state was placed under the authority of Hastadal Shahir_, son of Birabahu Shah aud grandson of Chandrarup Shah, on the same terms and conditions on the same date (Aswin �udi 2 , 1862)r. Regmi .H.e search Collection, ·Yol. 6. pp. 51r2...;.1 3. •r ho royal order does not mer.- tion Hastadal Shah:I..'s designationr. Information about the person appointed for the remaining one-third of the territorie s of Rullu state is also not availabler. Regmi Research Collection, Vol. 6, ppr. 512-1 3. ( 3) The state of Sirmu r was divided into two .administrat ive units. On Aswin Sudi 2, 1862, these units were placed under the authority of Sardar Bhotu (son of Kirtimehoddam Shah of Nuwakot) and Parasrhuram Thapa (son of Mah0ndra Thapa and grandson of Maha�imha T hapa of Bhadgaun)r. Four companies of troops were placed unc,er t hv commandr· of each of these Sardars , and they were promised one piece of cannon for each of these companiesr. Their emoluments amounted Rsr. 3,600 a year each.r' Other terms and conci. i tions wera the same as those for Sardar Angad R.hawasr. Regmi _Research Collection , Vol . 6, pp . 510-12. ( 4) The state of Handur was plE..ced under the aut hority of k.aJl , · Randhir Simha Basnyat ( son of Bhokal j;jimha Basnyat and gran6sor of Shivaram Simh2 .Basnyat fllf Kathmandu)r. He was grenied emoluments amounting to Rs. 5,000 a year, with three companie.:::1 of troops unaer him. Other terms and conditions were the same es those for Sardar Angad hhawasr. Regmi Research Collect ion, Volr. 6, ·ppr. 514-15 . ( 5) The state of kangra wes placed under the joint authority of k.aj i Ambar Siraha Thapa anci Kaj i Nayan Simha Thapa , wit h twelT.J companies of troops under their commandr. As in the other cases mentioned above , they were promised one piece of cannon for each of these twelve companies . Ot her terms and conditions were the same as thos0 mcmtioned abover. However, no reference has been ma de to their emoluments . Regmi Research Collection, Vol. 6, pp. 515- 16.

******* 60

·r roop Move ments, A,D. 1805 Achhnm

One company of troops stationud in Achham , corr.prising 150 musketeers, had alre ady been sent to Garhwal , leaving anothe r company , al so comprising 150 mu sk0teers , for the defense of Achh1:-m. On iihadra Sudi 15, 1862 , royal orders were issued deputing 125 o f them to Garhwal , thu& leaving only 25 ausketeers in Achham. Subedar Chagumal was appointed to con1m[:.n0. that truncated company . The Subedar was informed that Bishram Khatri had been ordered t o allc t lands and khuwa revenues to that compE.:.ny according to the pres crj b� schedu.len.

Regmi Research Collection , Vol, . 6, pp. 425-27n.

_6ajhang and Ba.jura

On .dhadra Sudi 15, 1862 , Subedar Nirbhaya Simha The.pa of Baj hang _and B-aj.ura wcs informe d thf.: t thG Ranabam company of Baj hang and Bajuro. had heen deput ed to Garhwaln, and that Subedar Kirtibir . Thapa had been sent to Bajnhang nnd Bajura 8long W:-i th the Ramban company • .Nirbhaya Simha Thapa w:::s ordered to proceed immediately to Garhwal , leaving only on·a p&tti of the Ranabam company in Baj hang and Bajura in order to collect rents on its ja�ir landsn.

A royal c')rd.er wes sent to �ubedar Kirt ibir Thapa on the sam1:� dat e instructi:ng him to proceed to Baj hang and Bajura immediately • ... Regmi Research Co�lenction, Vol . 6, pp . 428-29.

Dullu-Dailekh

The Jwalad�l Company of Dullu-Dailekh, commanded by Subedar Harithak:ta Shahi,was deputed to Garhwaln. Subedar J ayapat i Pa.dhye of the Dalamardan Company was then sent to replace in Dullu­ l him Dall_ek.h. Har.bhakt a Sha.hi was ordered to proceed immediately to Garhwal , leaving only one pat ti of troops be hina in order to collect rentfHoh ·i.ts Jagir lands. ,, . .

Regmi Re search :Colle ct ionn, Vol. 6, pp . 429-30 .

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