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Report PPS Lotte Woittiez V6 100318 Non-Timber Forest and Rangeland Products to reduce food insecurity at times of extreme climatic events. A case study in Wedza Communal Area, Zimbabwe ‘Tsubvu’ ( Vitex payos ) Lotte Woittiez MSc thesis Plant Production Systems Wageningen, March 2010 2 Non-Timber Forest and Rangeland Products to reduce food insecurity at times of extreme climatic events. A case study in Wedza Communal Area, Zimbabwe Lotte Woittiez MSc Thesis Plant Production Systems PPS-80433 May 2009 - March 2010 Supervisor: Dr. Mariana Rufino Chairgroup Plant Production Systems Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands Co-supervisor: Dr. Paul Mapfumo Department of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering University of Zimbabwe Mount Pleasant 167, Harare, Zimbabwe Examiner: Professor Ken Giller Chairgroup Plant Production Systems Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands Dr. Nico de Ridder Chairgroup Plant Production Systems Wageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands 3 4 Table of contents Preface 7 Summary 9 Chapter 1: Introduction 11 Chapter 2: Methods 13 2.1: Introduction 13 2.2: Definitions 13 2.3: Sampling 13 2.4: Research activities 13 2.5: Data analysis 16 Chapter 3: Study area and sample description 17 3.1: Introduction 17 3.2: Study area description 17 3.3: Sample description 21 Chapter 4: Natural resource availability and access 29 4.1: Introduction 29 4.2: Natural resource availability 29 4.3: Access to natural resources 35 4.4: Discussion 36 Chapter 5: Overview and valuation of NTFRPs 39 5.1: Introduction 39 5.2: Inventory of collected NTFRPs and frequency of use 39 5.3: NTFRP ranking exercise 46 5.4: Discussion 50 Chapter 6: Consumption and collection of key NTFRPs 53 6.1: Introduction 53 6.2: Quantifying NTFRP consumption 53 6.3: Labour for NTFRP collection 56 6.4: Discussion 59 Chapter 7: Diet and the contribution of NTFRPs 61 7.1: Introduction 61 7.2: The contribution of NTFRPs to the diet 61 7.3: Discussion 71 Chapter 8: Livestock management and feed 73 8.1: Introduction 73 8.2: Livestock management in good and bad years 73 8.3: Energy provision for livestock from crop residues and grazing 75 8.4: Discussion 77 Chapter 9: Discussion and conclusions 79 9.1: Discussion 79 9.2: Conclusions 85 References 87 Appendix A: Conversion factors 93 Appendix B: Household questionnaire 97 Appendix C: Access (interview with the headman of Ushe Ward) 107 5 6 Preface From June to October 2009, I’ve lived the Zimbabwean life: I’ve slept in Zimbabwean houses with Zimbabwean families, I’ve eaten Zimbabwean sadza with muriwo, I’ve walked on the Zimbabwean soil, I’ve sweated under the Zimbabwean sun, I’ve listened to Aleck Macheso (and I’ve danced on it, too) and I’ve met the Zimbabwean people. It was an unforgettable experience, and I want to thank all those kind people that made me feel at home in Zimbabwe. My special thanks goes to Florence and Naboth Mtambanengwe and their entire family, who offered me a home in Harare and a place of belonging. I also want to thank Dr. Paul Mapfumo and Dr. Regis Chikowo from the University of Zimbabwe, who were my supervisors and guides. To Cathrine Mazivanhanga and Tafadzwa: thank you for offering me a home in Ushe and for teaching me how to prepare sadza and muriwo. To Johnson Mupanga: thank you for being my host in Dendenyore and for some nice games of chess. To Magama, Goto, Mr. Chiwaka, MaiMaguenzi and Maimasire: thank you for your invaluable help as translators and guides. To Miss Bake, Shiri, Ernest and my lovely neighbour in Dendenyore whose name I still don’t know: thank you for making me feel at home in rural Zimbabwe. To Hati, Jairos, Grace & Grace, Byron, Christopher, Tony, Tongai and Mr Chitopo: thank you for your help and for the good times that we had. To MaNyashe: thank you for washing the dishes with me. To sensei Joshua: thank you for making my life in Zimbabwe complete by adding a healthy dose of karate. To Manodawafa, Nyamazana, Mandari, Chiwaka, Hakata, Ringoziwa, Gomba, Gware, Mudzungwa, Muza, Kunaka, Tsomondo, Chizavari, Makurumure, Mr. Ushe, Dongo, Phone, Chinhengo, Mawire, Chatukuta, Chakuinga, Madziwa, Tavaziva and Bebulo: thank you for your time, your knowledge, your enthusiasm and your kind hospitality. Without you, this research would have been impossible, and it was an honour to learn from you. To Kurauone and Andy: thank you for being my friend. I would have been lost without you. Returning to the Netherlands was a shock, and to turn all knowledge and impressions from Zimbabwe into a comprehensible report was not an easy task. Therefore, I want to thank my supervisor, Mariana Rufino, for her guidance and her critical eye. I also want to thank my family and friends for their suggestions and support. Lotte Woittiez Wageningen, March 10 th 2010. 7 8 Summary Smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe use the woodlands and rangelands in their community for the collection of products such as firewood, wild fruits and insects, and for the grazing of their livestock. We interviewed 25 farmers, divided over three wealth classes, about the collection and consumption of these so-called NTFRPs (Non-Timber Forest and Rangeland Products) in general and specifically at times of crop failure due to bad weather, usually drought. Farmers were able to name over 130 species of wild plants, insects, mushrooms and animals that were collected from the woodlands and rangelands. The most valued species were Julbernardia globiflora (firewood), Brachystegia spiciformis (firewood), Uapaca kirkiana (fruit), Parinari curatellifolia (fruit), ‘flying termites’ (insect), ‘cape hare’ (animal) and Azanza garckeana (fruit). In good years, households collected on average 4511 kg/year of firewood, 599 kg/year of construction poles, 553 kg/year of leaf litter, 239 kg/year of U. kirkiana , 62 kg/year of P. curatellifolia , 54 kg/year of Strychnos spinosa (fruit) and 36 kg/year of Amanita zambiana (mushroom). In bad years, the consumption of P. curatellifolia increased significantly to 489 kg/year, and the time spent on the collection of both U. kirkiana and P. curatellifolia also significantly increased. For the other products, there were no significant differences between good years and bad years. There was also no significant difference in consumed quantities of any of the products between poor and wealthier farmers, both in good years and in bad years. To look at the NTFRPs in terms of food security, we analysed the contribution of edible NTFRPs to the total energy intake. In good years, all farmers in our sample consumed enough energy to remain above the hunger line, and wealthier farmers consumed more energy than poor farmers. NTFRPs only contributed a minor quantity of the total energy; the major share of energy came from cultivated maize and pulse crops. In bad years, the energy consumption dropped below the hunger line for both the poor and the wealthy farmers in at least some seasons. For wealthier farmers, about 22% of the energy supply came from wild fruits (especially U. kirkiana and P. curatellifolia ) in bad years and for poor farmers, wild fruits supplied up to 42% of the total energy intake. Our data show that wild foods, especially wild fruits, are consumed in large quantities at times of crop failure. Additionally, our analysis suggests that wild fruits contribute greatly to the energy intake of especially poor farmers in bad years. The results of our study support the hypothesis that wild foods can help to reduce food insecurity at times of crop failure due to extreme climatic events. 9 10 Chapter 1: Introduction. Goal one of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations is to eradicate poverty and hunger. The more concrete sub-goal, instead of eradicating hunger, is to halve the ‘proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption’ by 2015 (UN, 2000). Africa, together with Asia and South America, is one of the areas where hunger is still widespread. Most smallholder farmers in sub- Saharan Africa are dependent on crop production and livestock keeping for their food security. In Zimbabwe, smallholder farmers are to a very large extent dependent on rainfall as the sole water source for growing their crops (FAO, 2005). The great majority of the rain in Zimbabwe falls during the rain season, from November to April (Scoones et al. , 1996; Mugabe et al. , 2007). During the rain season, farmers grow maize and other crops such as cowpea, millet, sorghum and sunflower. The whole year round, farmers grow vegetables and sometimes fruits in irrigated gardens, and keep livestock such as cattle, goats and poultry for the provision of animal products and, in case of cattle, for draught power and manure (Ncube et al. , 2009). Livestock graze in the communal rangelands and woodlands and are therefore flexible in their search for different food and water sources (Scoones et al. , 1995). Most of the smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe live in the so-called Communal Areas, formerly called Reserves or Tribal Trust Lands (O’Flaherty, 1998). In Communal Areas, land tenure takes the form of ‘right of use’, rather than ‘right of property’. Those parts of the land that are not part of a homestead and are not under cultivation belong to all of the community, and can be used for cattle grazing and the harvesting of useful products. Additionally to cropping and livestock keeping, the smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe and other countries of sub-Saharan Africa gather natural products, such as firewood, fruits, insects and medicinal herbs, from the common lands (e.g. Campbell, 1987; Zinyama et al. , 1990; McGregor, 1995; Shackleton and Shackleton, 2002; for a review see Scoones et al.
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