Bembidiina Della Fauna Italo-Corsa: Chiavi Di Identificazione 1

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Bembidiina Della Fauna Italo-Corsa: Chiavi Di Identificazione 1 Quaderno di Studi e Notizie di Storia Naturale della Romagna Quad. Studi Nat. Romagna, 33: 1-183 (novembre 2011) ISSN 1123-6787 Paolo Neri, Paolo Bonavita, Ivo Gudenzi, Paolo Magrini & Luca Toledano Bembidiina della fauna italo-corsa: chiavi di identificazione (Insecta Coleoptera Carabidae) Riassunto Vengono redatte le chiavi di determinazione dei Bembidiina dell’Italia e della Corsica in italiano e in inglese. Esse comprendono 154 specie, per un totale, con le sottospecie, di 168 taxa; vengono riportate le attuali conoscenze sulla distribuzione e di molte specie viene raffigurato l’habitus e l’edeago con disegni o foto. Viene riportato inoltre il catalogo completo dei Bembidiina italo- corsi con tutti i relativi sinonimi. Bembidion (Bebidionetolitzkya) sclanoi (Magrini, 1996) e B. (B.) cassolai (Bonavita & Vigna Taglianti, 1993) vengono elevati a specie distinte. Abstract [Bembidiina of Italian and Corsican Fauna: identification keys] Keys to the species of Bembidiina of Italy and Corsica Island are provided in Italian and in English. 154 species are included in the keys, for a total, including subspecies, of 168 taxa; the updated known distribution is reported for all species and for many of them photos or drawings of the habitus and aedeagi are shown. A list of the Bembidiina from Italy and Corsica with all synonyms is also provided. Bembidion (Bebidionetolitzkya) sclanoi (Magrini, 1996) and B. (B.) cassolai (Bonavita & Vigna Taglianti, 1993) are raised to good species. Key words: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Bembidiini, Bembidiina, identification keys. 1 - Introduzione I Coleotteri Carabidi sono una famiglia di predatori terrestri di aspetto piuttosto omogeneo, di dimensioni variabili (da meno di 1 mm a circa 8 cm), con colorazioni generalmente scure, attualmente rappresentata nel mondo da circa 40.000 specie, di cui oltre 1300 in Italia. Hanno l’aspetto di insetti agili e con zampe allungate, con una grossa testa e mandibole ben sviluppate, un ampio pronoto ed elitre più o meno striate. I Carabidi sono un componente essenziale della pedofauna, spesso altamente fedeli al substrato ed all’habitat, e molte specie, ad esempio dei generi Carabus Linné, 1758 e Cychrus Fabricius, 1794, presentano una nicchia trofica specializzata (CASALE et al., 1982), nonostante non manchino specie generaliste. Grazie alla 1 buona conoscenza tassonomica ed alle loro caratteristiche ecologiche, vengono spesso utilizzati come indicatori ambientali (PIZZOLOTTO & B RANDMAYR , 1998). Essi sono anche uno dei gruppi elettivi nello studio della faunistica e della biogeografia, e molti taxa sono stati ampiamente utilizzati nello studio del popolamento e nella ricostruzione paleogeografica e paleoclimatica (CASALE & VIGNA TAGLIANTI , 1983; CASALE , 1988; VIGNA TAGLIANTI , 1982: solo per citare alcuni lavori riguardanti la nostra penisola). La sottotribù Bembidiina fa parte della sottofamiglia Trechinae e, nonostante sia uno dei taxa più numerosi della famiglia, le conoscenze tassonomiche e filogenetiche sono ancora molto lacunose, e addirittura quasi assenti sono le conoscenze dal punto di vista biogeografico. Il nome Bembidion, introdotto da Latreille nel 1802, proviene probabilmente da una parola greca (βεµβιξ, pron. bembix) che ha un significato simile al nostro “trottola” (TOLEDANO , 1999); seguito dalla desinenza diminutiva ha il significato finale di “piccola trottola”, riferendosi probabilmente all’aspetto dell’ultimo articolo dei palpi. Bembidiina I Bembidiina rispettano la tipica “facies” caraboide e possono essere riconosciuti per le dimensioni medio-piccole (2-9 mm), l’ultimo articolo dei palpi mascellari e labiali notevolmente ridotto, i primi due articoli dei protarsi generalmente dilatati nei maschi, i tegumenti generalmente glabri (pubescenti solo in Asaphidion Gozis, 1886), la colorazione molto spesso metallica, uniforme o con 2-4 o più macchie, le ali spesso sviluppate ed atte al volo, il lobo mediano dell’edeago con un caratteristico “pacchetto squamigero”, consistente in un’area sclerificata più o meno complessa. L’ultimo articolo dei palpi ridotto è una caratteristica, nei Carabidi, oltre che della tribù Bembidiini, anche di Perileptus Schaum, 1860, anch’esso appartenente alla sottofamiglia Trechinae, e dei generi Gehringia Darlington, 1933 e Helenaea Schatzmayr & Koch, 1934 (fam. Gehringiidae), presenti in N-America (con una singola specie) e nel medio oriente (con tre specie). I rappresentanti della sottotribù Bembidiina formano un gruppo ben caratterizzato di Carabidae Trechinae, ampiamente distribuito nel mondo, con oltre 1300 specie descritte (LORENZ , 2005), ma con un numero probabilmente vicino alle 2000, diffuse soprattutto nelle zone temperate della regione oloartica e del S-America. Note ecologiche I Bembidiina sono genericamente mesofili, fortemente igrofili e vivono di solito al bordo delle acque, sia lentiche che lotiche, sebbene non manchino specie nivali, igropetriche e delle coste marine. Gran parte delle specie, macrottere, buone volatrici e con alta densità di popolazione, sono in grado di colonizzare rapidamente nuovi habitat. La maggior parte di essi fa parte di quella comunità animale, generalmente chiamata ripicola, propria e caratteristica della zona ecotonale tra il dominio terrestre e quello acquatico, che in centro e sud Europa risulta rappresentata quasi esclusivamente da Coleotteri e Araneidi, e che nell’allegato I della Direttiva 2 Habitat 92-43-CEE risulta inclusa nel capitolo 3, riguardante gli Habitat d’acqua dolce. Diversamente dalla maggior parte delle altre, questa comunità presenta una chiara ed ampia dominanza di specie a regime carnivoro (predatrici), ed in queste rientrano pienamente tutti i Bembidiina, che rappresentano oltre il 20 % della fauna degli habitat ripicoli (BOUMEZZOUGH & MUSSO , 1983). Il loro habitat preferito presenta un microclima fresco e umido, ove le temperature a livello del suolo si mostrano in media inferiori di almeno 3-4 gradi rispetto a quelle dell’aria a 1 m dal suolo, con l’umidità vicino alla saturazione. Ciò si rispecchia anche nel tipo di popolamento, permettendo la presenza di specie alpino-orofile a quote decisamente più basse rispetto a quelle loro consuete. Essi occupano e predano nell’area strettamente confinante l’acqua, generalmente a non più di un metro di distanza da questa, ovvero nella zona di risalita (frangia) capillare. Gran parte delle specie presenta attività diurna e sono presenti tutto l’anno; durante la brutta stagione gli adulti si rifugiano nel suolo, al di sotto dei primi 5 cm, spesso nell’area di brusco rialzo della scarpata (dell’argine), al di sopra del livello di una possibile piena invernale. Il massimo di attività viene raggiunto nei mesi di Giugno-Luglio, sebbene essi siano generalmente presenti in ambiente superficiale da Marzo a Dicembre; le larve hanno attività primaverile- estiva, e la nuova generazione può essere presente sin da Maggio-Giugno. I Bembidiina presentano vari adattamenti morfologici e fisiologici al passaggio delle piene e all’innalzamento del livello dell’acqua: corpo slanciato e zampe lunghe che permettono di allontanarsi rapidamente in caso di pericolo (innalzamento dell’acqua od anche predatori), utilizzo efficace del nuoto per raggiungere rapidamente la riva, estrema resistenza all’immersione, con probabile utilizzo di piccole bolle d’aria aderenti sulla faccia inferiore delle pietre presenti sul fondo acquatico. Ad esempio Bembidion callosum Küster, 1847 e B. genei Küster, 1847 possono sopportare da 3 a 14 ore d’immersione, mentre Sinechostictus ruficornis Sturm, 1825 da ½ a 2 ore (BOUMEZZOUGH & MUSSO , 1983). Alimentazione e nicchia trofica I Bembidiina possono essere definiti predatori generalisti, potendo cibarsi di prede appartenenti a differenti gruppi ed in percentuali diverse a seconda delle loro densità. Essi si cibano in larga misura di larve ed adulti di vari ordini di insetti, soprattutto ditteri, ma anche plecotteri e tricotteri, la maggior parte dei quali fanno parte del “drift” acquatico (HERING & PLA C HTER , 1997), ovvero dell’insieme degli organismi trasportati passivamente dalla corrente. Anche alcuni invertebrati terrestri, come i collemboli ed alcune specie di ragni di area ripariale, vengono inclusi nella loro dieta. Molte specie sono attive di notte e in genere la ricerca della preda avviene semplicemente attraverso il movimento fino all’incontro con essa; le specie del genere Asaphidion, diurne, sono invece predatori specializzati, in particolare di collemboli. Diversità e tassonomia Secondo il recente catalogo di LORENZ (2005) risultano descritte attualmente 1333 specie e 259 sottospecie di Bembidiina di tutte le regioni del mondo, Antartide 3 esclusa; negli ultimi tempi però ne sono state descritte molte altre per cui attualmente le specie descritte assommano a più di 1400. La maggior diversità si rileva nella regione Paleartica, con circa 750 specie, ed in quella Neartica (oltre 280 specie), ma un buon numero di specie è presente anche nella regione Neotropicale (circa 170), mentre nelle regioni Orientale, Australiana e Afrotropicale ne troviamo soltanto poco più di un centinaio. Del territorio italo-corso sono attualmente conosciute 154 specie, 9 delle quali presenti con la forma tipica più una sottospecie, una con la forma tipica più due sottospecie, 6 con una sottospecie senza forma tipica e 3 con due sottospecie senza forma tipica, per un totale di 168 taxa. Principali caratteri diagnostici Colorazione Capo 1. solchi frontali, in alcune specie raddoppiati e/o prolungati sul clipeo
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