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Art and Architecture College of Engineering Department of Architecture History of Architecture 4th year – 1st Semester M.S.C. Madyan Rashan Academic Year 2018-2019 Lecture Information Course name History of Architecture Lecture’s title LE Corbosier, Frank L. Wright, De stjil . Lecturer Madyan Rashan Lecturer’s Information [email protected] [email protected] +9647703315409 The objective This lecture explains the main principles of Corbousier Architecture. Previous Lecture Russian Constructivism Bauhaus Walter Gropius Mies van der Rohe LE CORBUSIER Charles-Édouard Jeanneret was born on oct 6 1887, in La Chaux-de- Fonds in Switzerland. Published the book Après le cubisme (After Cubism), an anti-cubism manifesto, and established a new artistic movement called purism. Purism, referring to the arts, was a movement that took place between 1918 and 1925 that influenced French painting and architecture. Purism was led by Amédée Ozenfant and Charles Edouard Jeanneret (Le Corbusier). Ozenfant and Le Corbusier created a variation of the Cubist movement and called it Purism: where objects are represented as elementary forms devoid of detail. The main concepts were presented in their book Après le Cubisme (After Cubism) published in 1918 LE CORBUSIER LE CORBUSIER In 1923, published another book, Vers une Architecture (Toward a New Architecture) in which he declared ,“a house is a machine for living in”. In this book he elucidated his vision for architecture inspired by the emerging modern era, applying the principles of cars, planes, and ships to buildings. It was here that he proclaimed the house as a “machine for living in,” summarizing his early approach to design and defining the fundamental attitude of Modernist architecture. Pilotis – Replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic. LE CORBUSIER Corbuser points of architecture: Pilotis – Replacement of supporting walls by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural load is the basis of the new aesthetic. The free designing of the ground plan—the absence of supporting walls—means the house is unrestrained in its internal use. The free design of the façade—separating the exterior of the building from its structural function—sets the façade free from structural constraints. The horizontal window, which cuts the façade along its entire length, lights rooms equally. Roof gardens on a flat roof can serve a domestic purpose while providing essential protection to the concrete roof. LE CORBUSIER VILLA SAVOYE It was Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye (1929–1931) that most succinctly summed up his five points of architecture that he had elucidated in the journal L'Esprit Nouveau The villa was to be constructed according to the emblematic ‘Five Points’ Le Corbusier had developed as guiding principles for his modernist architectural style: LE CORBUSIER LE CORBUSIER LE CORBUSIER LE CORBUSIER LE CORBUSIER PILOTIS PILOTIS Means Columns IT HELPED TO REDEFINE THE HOUSE AS A MATTER OF FORM AND FUNCTION REINFORCED CONCRETE GAVE US THE PILOTIS IT RAISED THE BUILDING IN THE AIR, FAR FROM THE SOIL, WITH GARDENS STRETCHING BENEATH THE BUILDING LE CORBUSIER frank lloyd wright An American architect, Interior designer, writer and educator He designed more than 1000 structures and completed 500 works. He believed In designing structures which are harmony with humanity and its environment , a philosophy called organic architecture. Basic Principles of Wright Designs: Organic Colors Simple Geometric Shapes Integration of Building with Natural Surroundings Strong Horizontal Lines Hidden Entries frank lloyd wright Prairie houses were characterized by low, horizontal lines that were meant to blend with the flat landscape around them. Typically, these structures were built around a central chimney, consisted of broad open spaces instead of strictly defined rooms, and deliberately blurred the distinction between interior space and the surrounding terrain. frank lloyd wright Wright acclaimed "the new reality that is space instead of matter" and, about architectural interiors, said that the "reality of a building is not the container but the space within." frank lloyd wright The site chosen was a natural landscape area for the weak end home with a water stream with it. It was thought that the building would have a view of stream but FL wright made it over the stream. Spaces are designed to bring nature inside the four walls Cluster organisation around central core frank lloyd wright Wright used only 4 materials to build Falling water: sandstone, reinforced concrete, steel and glass. Horizoantal element – concrete. planes differentiated and accentuate by changes in colour, texture, and material . vertical element – native stone. gives a sclupture quality highlighting the horizontal Interiors are simply through vibrant because of use of triadic colours for furnitures and monochromatic brown colour for walls, ceiling , floor frank lloyd wright Wright used a lot of clear glass to allow the outside to flow freely into the inside. At certain times of day, the glass becomes very reflective and reminds some people of the mirror-like surfaces of a calm pool of water. At night, the glass seems to disappear. frank lloyd wright The Robie House of 1910 is generally considered to be Wright’s “best” Prairie style work. This style is characterized by a dominating horizontal axis, banded windows, and a spacious and open interior plan. The exterior is dominated by a low hipped roof, simple building materials (mainly brick, wood, and stucco) frank lloyd wright The projecting cantilevered roof eaves, continuous bands of art-glass windows, and the use of Roman brick emphasize the horizontal, which had rich associations for Wright. To further emphasize the horizontal of the bricks, the horizontal joints were filled with a cream colored mortar and the small vertical joints were filled with brick-colored mortar. From a distance, this complex and expensive tuck pointing creates an impression of continuous lines of horizontal color and minimizes the appearance of individual bricks. frank lloyd wright Unitarian Universalist Church (Unity Temple),Oak Park, IL, 1906 De Stijl De Stijl, or in English, “The style”, was one of the modern movements in art and architecture. It started in 1917,and continued for several years after it. The word De Stijl is Dutch, and that is where the style was found. It is also called the Neoplasticism or the new plastic art, and the term neoplasticism was invented by Mondrian in an article he wrote. The main names in the style are Piet Mondrian and Gerrit Rietveld. De Stijl Examples: Theo van Doesburg, Composition VII (the Piet Mondrian, Composition en three graces) 1917. couleur A, 1917. De Stijl The style depends basically on the abstraction of shapes and colors, and encourages simplicity. In this style only the primary colors are used, red, blue and yellow. In terms of shape, only the squares and rectangles can be used. In terms of lines only straight horizontal and vertical lines. It neglects the details of the physical appearances, and draws the pure lines only. It emphasizes the geometric relationships and promotes asymmetry. De Stijl Examples: Red and Blue Chair, designed by Gerrit Rietveld. De Stijl Examples: The Schröder House, designed by Gerrit Rietveld. Rietveld The best known De Stijl work was produced by Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), whose Schröder House in Utrecht (1924) is the most complete realization of the movement’s ideas. It is a rectilinear block made up of complex, interpenetrating planes of wall, roof, and projecting decks, with voids filled by glass in metal sash De Stijl Examples: The style didn’t continue for too long, and was later developed by other architects into much richer styles, especially by the hands of Mies van der Rohe. Gallery house designed by Jacobus Oud. Theo van Doesburg, Café l’Aubette, Strasbourg, France In this entertainment center, with bars, ballrooms, and a cinema, van Doesburg used De Stijl abstract geometric forms to generate a strikingly modern interior. Van Doesburg worked with Jean Arp and his wife, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, on the abstract designs, which were disliked by the public when the complex first opened. .
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