Guatemala 24 De Octubre De 2003
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Pines in the Arboretum
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MtJ ARBORETUM REVIEW No. 32-198 PETER C. MOE Pines in the Arboretum Pines are probably the best known of the conifers native to The genus Pinus is divided into hard and soft pines based on the northern hemisphere. They occur naturally from the up the hardness of wood, fundamental leaf anatomy, and other lands in the tropics to the limits of tree growth near the Arctic characteristics. The soft or white pines usually have needles in Circle and are widely grown throughout the world for timber clusters of five with one vascular bundle visible in cross sec and as ornamentals. In Minnesota we are limited by our cli tions. Most hard pines have needles in clusters of two or three mate to the more cold hardy species. This review will be with two vascular bundles visible in cross sections. For the limited to these hardy species, their cultivars, and a few hy discussion here, however, this natural division will be ignored brids that are being evaluated at the Arboretum. and an alphabetical listing of species will be used. Where neces Pines are readily distinguished from other common conifers sary for clarity, reference will be made to the proper groups by their needle-like leaves borne in clusters of two to five, of particular species. spirally arranged on the stem. Spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies), Of the more than 90 species of pine, the following 31 are or for example, bear single leaves spirally arranged. Larch (Larix) have been grown at the Arboretum. It should be noted that and true cedar (Cedrus) bear their leaves in a dense cluster of many of the following comments and recommendations are indefinite number, whereas juniper (Juniperus) and arborvitae based primarily on observations made at the University of (Thuja) and their related genera usually bear scalelikie or nee Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, and plant performance dlelike leaves that are opposite or borne in groups of three. -
Species Trials at the Waiakea Arboretum, Hilo, Hawaii. Berkeley, Calif., Pacific SW
Species Trials at the Waiakea Arboretum Hilo, Hawaii George B. Richmond U. S. FOREST SERVICE RESEARCH PAPER PSW- 4 1963 Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station - Berkeley, California Forest Service - U. S. Department of Agriculture Acknowledgments This report was prepared in cooperation with the Forestry Division, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. The author wishes to acknowledge with gratitude the assistance of those who helped collect data upon which this report is based and those who reviewed the report and offered suggestions for its improvement. G. D. Pickford, forest ecolo- gist, Hawaii Forestry Division, assisted in preliminary planning and gath- ering field data and offered valuable suggestions in the planning of the report. Review and criticism were offered by M. F. Landgraf, district forester for the island of Hawaii, and by L. W. Bryan, retired district forester for the island of Hawaii — both of the Hawaii Forestry Division. Mr. Bryan planned and supervised the planting of the Waiakea Arboretum. A special tribute is due these and other farsighted members of the State Forester's office whose vision and energy have made this arboretum a reality. Richmond, George B. 1963. Species Trials at the Waiakea Arboretum, Hilo, Hawaii. Berkeley, Calif., Pacific SW. Forest & Range Exp. Sta. 21 pp., illus. (U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper PSW- 4 ) Survival counts were made of 84 exotic tree species planted during 1956-1960 in a cleared rain-forest area near Hilo, Hawaii. Growth measurements were recorded for 5- and 6-year-old plant- ings. Most species had good survival, but some failed entirely. -
Disturbances Influence Trait Evolution in Pinus
Master's Thesis Diversify or specialize: Disturbances influence trait evolution in Pinus Supervision by: Prof. Dr. Elena Conti & Dr. Niklaus E. Zimmermann University of Zurich, Institute of Systematic Botany & Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Landscape Dynamics Bianca Saladin October 2013 Front page: Forest of Pinus taeda, northern Florida, 1/2013 Table of content 1 STRONG PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL IN PINE TRAITS 5 1.1 ABSTRACT 5 1.2 INTRODUCTION 5 1.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 8 1.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 8 1.3.2 TRAIT DATA 9 1.3.3 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 9 1.4 RESULTS 11 1.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 11 1.4.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 12 1.5 DISCUSSION 14 1.5.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 14 1.5.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 16 1.6 CONCLUSION 17 1.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 1.8 REFERENCES 19 2 THE ROLE OF FIRE IN TRIGGERING DIVERSIFICATION RATES IN PINE SPECIES 21 2.1 ABSTRACT 21 2.2 INTRODUCTION 21 2.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 24 2.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 24 2.3.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 24 2.4 RESULTS 25 2.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 25 2.4.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 25 2.5 DISCUSSION 29 2.5.1 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO FIRE ADAPTATIONS 29 2.5.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE, STRESS AND PLEIOTROPIC COSTS 30 2.5.3 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANALYSIS PATHWAY 33 2.5.4 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 34 2.6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 34 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 2.8 REFERENCES 36 3 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 39 3.1 S1 - ACCESSION NUMBERS OF GENE SEQUENCES 40 3.2 S2 - TRAIT DATABASE 44 3.3 S3 - SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS 58 3.4 S4 - DISTRIBUTION OF TRAITS OVER PHYLOGENY 81 3.5 S5 - PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL OF 19 BIOCLIM VARIABLES 84 3.6 S6 – COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES 85 2 Introduction to the Master's thesis The aim of my master's thesis was to assess trait and niche evolution in pines within a phylogenetic comparative framework. -
Macedonian Pine (Pinus Peuce)
Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use Macedonian pine Pinus peuce Pinus peuce Pinus peuce Pinus Alexander H. Alexandrov1 and Vlatko Andonovski2 1 Forest Research Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria 2 Faculty of Forestry, Skopje, FYR Macedonia These Technical Guidelines are intended to assist those who cherish the valuable Macedonian pine gene pool and its inheritance, through conserving valuable seed sources or use in practical forestry. The focus is on conserving the genetic diversity of the species at the European scale. The recommendations provided in this module should be regarded as a commonly agreed basis to be complemented and further developed for local, national or regional conditions. The Guidelines are based on the available knowledge of the species and on widely accepted methods for the conservation of forest genetic resources. Biology and ecology brown afterward. The branch- es are relatively thick, greenish while still young and later they Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce become grey. The brachyblasts Grisb.) is a tree reaching up to contain five fine needles each. 30-35 m in height and up to These needles are grayish-green, 50-60 cm in diameter, 50-70 mm long and 1 mm wide. but certain individu- The male reproductive or- als may reach a gans are aments of a cylindrical height of 42 m and shape, on average 13 mm long a diameter of 1.20 and up to 3.5 mm wide, and yel- m. The tree height low in colour. They are situated of this species di- in groups of 10-15 at the bases minishes strongly of growing shoots. -
Abundance, Distribution, Population Structure, and Substrate Use of Ambystoma Altamirani Along the Arroyo Los Axolotes, State of Mexico, Mexico
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 15(1):188–197. Submitted: 16 August 2019; Accepted: 23 February 2020; Published: 30 April 2020. ABUNDANCE, DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION STRUCTURE, AND SUBSTRATE USE OF AMBYSTOMA ALTAMIRANI ALONG THE ARROYO LOS AXOLOTES, STATE OF MEXICO, MEXICO VIRIDIANA VILLARREAL HERNÁNDEZ1, GEOFFREY R. SMITH2, RAYMUNDO MONTOYA AYALA3, AND JULIO A. LEMOS-ESPINAL1,4 1Laboratorio de Ecología - Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Avendina Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, México 2Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, Ohio 43023, USA 3Laboratorio de Cómputo - Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Avenida Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, 54090, México 4Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—Ambystomatid salamanders in central Mexico are confronted by anthropogenic threats that can limit their distribution and abundance. Ambystoma altamirani (Mountain Stream Siredon) is listed as Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and as Threatened by the Mexican government. We report on the distribution, abundance, occupancy, population structure, and substrate use of A. altamirani, a stream dwelling salamander, along the Arroyo los Axolotes, Sierra de las Cruces, Mexico. We observed A. altamirani at least once during repeated surveys between February 2018 to December 2018 in 24 of 25 permanent 5-m long reaches separated by 40 m. The best model for occupancy had constant occupancy, detection, extinction, and colonization probabilities. Sites that dried at some time during the study had fewer observed individuals than those that did not dry. Size structure was relatively constant throughout the year, except for the appearance of small larvae in May, June, and July. -
Estado Del Arte De Las Plantas Parásitas En México
MMS ESTADO DEL ARTE DE PLANTAS PARÁSITAS EN MÉXICO CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA RED TEMÁTICA DE SALUD FORESTAL COMISIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA CHAPINGO COLEGIO DE POSTGRADUADOS ESTADO DEL ARTE DE LAS PLANTAS PARÁSITAS EN MÉXICO Líder de la Línea de Investigación: Dr. Dionicio Alvarado Rosales. Postgrado en Fitosanidad-Fitopatología Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo, Edo. de México. DICIEMBRE, 2016 Ilustraciones: Mauricio Méndez S. Portada: Psittacanthus angustifolius Contenido: fruto de Cladocolea cupulata (Tomadas de: Geils et al., 2002). Página 2 ESTADO DEL ARTE DE PLANTAS PARÁSITAS EN MÉXICO CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCIÓN 4 ANTECEDENTES 5 RELATORÍA DEL FORO 6 1. 1. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ESPECIES 13 2. 2. ESPECIFICIDAD 18 3. 3. BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR 18 4. 4. IMPACTO (PATOGÉNICO, ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL) 19 5. 5. ESTUDIOS HISTOPATOLÓGICOS 23 6. 6. DIAGNÓSTICO E INCIDENCIA 24 7. 7. CONTRIBUCIÓN A LOS CICLOS BIOLÓGICOS 26 8. 8. ESTUDIOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS 28 9. 9. ESTRATEGIAS DE CONTROL Y MANEJO 29 10. NORMATIVIDAD 35 LITERATURA CITADA 41 ANEXOS 50 Página 3 MMS ESTADO DEL ARTE DE PLANTAS PARÁSITAS EN MÉXICO INTRODUCCIÓN Por cientos de años, las plantas parásitas han ocupado el interés público (religioso y mítico), y desde el siglo pasado los científicos investigan y estudian sus efectos en especies forestales de importancia económica en diversas partes del mundo. A pesar de que poseen pigmentos fotosensibles, estas plantas tienen hábitos parasitarios, por lo que dependen parcial o completamente de su hospedante para satisfacer sus demandas nutrimentales. Sus raíces modificadas (haustorios) les brindan soporte (fijación), y el vínculo que les permite extraer de su hospedante los suficientes recursos (carbohidratos, agua y sales minerales) para completar sus complejos ciclos biológicos. -
Anatomía De La Madera De Tres Especies De Mimosa
doi:10.21829/myb.2017.2311518 Madera y Bosques vol. 23, núm. 1: 39-51 Primavera 2017 Composición y diversidad de especies forestales en bosques templados de Puebla, México Composition and diversity of forest species in forests temperate of Puebla, Mexico Juan Antonio López-Hernández1, Óscar A. Aguirre-Calderón1, Eduardo Alanís-Rodríguez1*, José Carlos Monarrez-Gonzalez2, Marco A. González-Tagle1 y Javier Jiménez-Pérez1 1 Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Facultad de 2 Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el De- * Autor de correspondencia. eduardo.alanisrd@uanl. Ciencias Forestales. Linares, Nuevo León, México. sarrollo Integral Regional, Unidad Durango. Durango, edu.mx Dgo., México. RESUMEN La presente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar la composición y la diversidad de las especies forestales en bosques tem- plados en la zona este del estado de Puebla (centro de México). La base de datos se obtuvo de 45 sitios permanentes de investigación silvícola (SPIS), ubicados en la región forestal Centro y Pico de Orizaba pertenecientes a la Unidad de Manejo Forestal, Umafor 2105. Se registró información dasométrica de altura total (m), diámetro a la altura del pecho (cm) y cobertura de copa de ejemplares con un diámetro a la altura del pecho mayor o igual a 7.5 cm. Para cada una de las especies se cuantificó su dominancia a través del área basal, su abundancia de acuerdo con el número de árboles y su frecuencia en las parcelas de muestreo. Se generó un valor ponderado para cada especie, denominado índice valor de importancia (IVI). La diversidad y la riqueza de especies se estimaron utilizando el índice de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H´) y el índice de Margalef (DMg). -
APPENDIX 1.—PLANT SPECIES COMMON and SCIENTIFIC NAMES Life Form Common Name Latin Name Alternate Name Tree/Shrub Acacia Acacia Mill
APPENDIX 1.—PLANT SPECIES COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES Life form Common name Latin name Alternate name Tree/shrub Acacia Acacia Mill. Shrub/subshrub//Forb/ Agave Agave L. herb Tree/shrub Alder Alnus Mill. Forb/herb Alpine chickweed Cerastium alpinum L. Graminoid Alpine fescue Festuca brachyphylla Schult. ex Schult. & Schult. f. Tree American chestnut Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Shrub American tarwort Flourensia cernua DC. Tarbrush Forb/herb Annual ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Shrub Antelope bitterbrush Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope brush; buckbrush Graminoid Arctic bluegrass Poa arctica R. Br. Lichen Arctic kidney Nephroma arcticum (L.) Torss. Subshrub/shrub Arctic willow Salix arctica Pall. Graminoid Arrow grass Triglochin L. Lichen Asahina’s cartilage lichend Ramalina asahinae (L.) Ach. Tree Ash Fraxinus L. Tree Balsam fi r Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Tree Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera L. Tree Basswood Tilia L. Shrub Bearberry Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. alpine bearberry Lichen Beard lichena Usnea Dill. ex Adans. Tree Beech Fagus L. Graminoid Big bluestem Andropogon gerardii Vitman Tree Big leaf maple Acer macrophyllum Pursh Tree/Shrub Big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Tree Bigtooth aspen Populus grandidentata Michx. Tree/shrub Black cherry Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Tree/shrub Black mangrove Avicennia germinans L. Tree Black oak Quercus velutina, Lam. Tree Black spruce Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. Graminoid Blue grama Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffi ths Tree Blue oak Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. Graminoid Bluestem Andropogon L. Tree Box elder Acer negundo L. Forb/herb Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens Tree Bristlecone pine Pinus aristata Engelm. Subshrub/Shrub Brittlebush Encelia Adans. -
El Niosouthern Oscillation Effect on a Fire Regime in Northeastern Mexico Has Changed Over Time
Ecology, 91(6), 2010, pp. 1660–1671 Ó 2010 by the Ecological Society of America El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation effect on a fire regime in northeastern Mexico has changed over time 1,6 1 2 3 3 LARISSA L. YOCOM, PETER Z. FULE´, PETER M. BROWN, JULIA´N CERANO, JOSE´VILLANUEVA-DI´AZ, 4 5 DONALD A. FALK, AND ELADIO CORNEJO-OVIEDO 1School of Forestry and Ecological Restoration Institute, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15018, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5018 USA 2Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, Incorporated, 2901 Moore Lane, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80526 USA 3Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrı´colas, y Pecuarias, Centro Nacional de Investigacio´n Disciplinaria en Relacio´n Agua, Suelo, Planta, Atmo´sfera, Gomez Palacio, Durango 35140 Mexico 4School of Natural Resources and Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Biological Sciences East, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 USA 5Departamento Forestal, Universidad Auto´noma Agraria ‘‘Antonio Narro,’’ Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico Abstract. The El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate-forcing mechanism that has been shown to affect precipitation and the occurrence of wildfires in many parts of the world. In the southern United States and northern Mexico, warm events (El Nin˜o) are associated with moist winter conditions and fewer fires, while cool events (La Nin˜a) tend to favor dry winters and more fires. We tested this relationship in a region of northeastern Mexico by characterizing the historical fire regime and climatic influences. Fire regimes were reconstructed from fire-scar samples collected from 100 trees in three high-elevation sites on Pen˜a Nevada in southern Nuevo Leo´n. -
5 Estudio Florístico En El Área De La Comunidad
Acta Botanica Mexicana (2000), 52: 5-41 ESTUDIO FLORÍSTICO EN EL ÁREA DE LA COMUNIDAD INDÍGENA DE NUEVO SAN JUAN PARANGARICUTIRO, MICHOACÁN, MÉXICO1,2 CONSUELO MEDINA GARCÍA, FERNANDO GUEVARA-FÉFER MARCO ANTONIO MARTÍNEZ RODRÍGUEZ, PATRICIA SILVA-SÁENZ, MA. ALMA CHÁVEZ-CARBAJAL Facultad de Biología Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo 58060 Morelia, Michoacán E IGNACIO GARCÍA RUIZ3 CIIDIR – IPN Michoacán Justo Sierra 28 59510 Jiquilpan, Michoacán RESUMEN El estudio florístico realizado en el área de la comunidad indígena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro registró la presencia de 108 familias, con 307 géneros, 716 especies y 16 taxa infraespecíficos, de los cuales, 52 son helechos y afines, 16 gimnospermas, 120 monocotiledóneas y 544 dicotiledóneas. Las familias mejor representadas son: Compositae (135), Leguminosae (58), Gramineae (57), Labiatae (26), Solanaceae (21) Orchidaceae (20) y Polypodiaceae (18). 60.7% de las especies corresponden a la forma de vida herbácea (perenne y anual), 19.1% son arbustos, 10.0% árboles, 4.2% trepadoras, 3.3% epífitas, 1.8% parásitas, “saprófitas” 0.5% y acuáticas 0.4%. ABSTRACT The inventory of the vascular flora in the area of comunidad indígena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro produced the following results: 108 families with 307 genera, 716 species and 16 infraespecific taxa. From this total 52 species belong to pteridophytes, 16 to gymnosperms, 120 to monocotyledons and 544 to dicotyledons. The best represented families, in terms of species number are: Compositae (135), Leguminosae (58), Gramineae (57), Labiatae (26), Solanaceae (21), Orchidaceae (20), and Polypodiaceae (18). 60.7% of the species are herbaceous (either perennial or annual plants); 19.1% are shrubs, 10.0% trees, 4.2% lianas, 3.3% are epiphytic plants, 1.8% are parasites, “saprophytes” amount to 0.5% and aquatics 0.4%. -
Introducción
UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PATRONES DE VARIACIÓN QUÍMICA DE POBLACIONES DEL COMPLEJO PINUS AYACAHUITE-PINUS STROBIFORMIS Por LETICIA MAYA ZEPEDA Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (ÁREA DE ECOLOGÍA) LAS AGUJAS, ZAPOPAN, JALISCO MAYO DEL 2006 PATRONES DE VARIACIÓN QUÍMICA DE POBLACIONES DEL COMPLEJO PINUS AYACAHUITE-PINUS STROBIFORMIS Por LETICIA MAYA ZEPEDA Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (ÁREA DE ECOLOGÍA) UNIVERSIDAD DE GUADALAJARA CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Y AGROPECUARIAS MAYO DE 2006 Aprobada por: ________________________________________________ _________________ Dra. Alma Rosa Villalobos Arámbula Fecha Asesor del Comité Particular __________________________________________________ _________________ M. en C. Antonio Rodríguez Rivas Fecha Asesor del Comité Particular __________________________________________________ _________________ Dr.a Anne Santerre-Lucas Fecha Sinodal del Comité Particular __________________________________________________ ________________ Dr. Jorge A. Pérez de la Rosa Fecha Sinodal del Comité Particular __________________________________________________ ________________ Dr. Fernando A. López Dellamary Fecha Presidente del Comité Particular Este trabajo se llevo a cabo en el Laboratorio de Cromatografía del Departamento de Madera Celulosa y Papel y en el Laboratorio de Bioprocesos -
Mistletoes of North American Conifers
United States Department of Agriculture Mistletoes of North Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station American Conifers General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-98 September 2002 Canadian Forest Service Department of Natural Resources Canada Sanidad Forestal SEMARNAT Mexico Abstract _________________________________________________________ Geils, Brian W.; Cibrián Tovar, Jose; Moody, Benjamin, tech. coords. 2002. Mistletoes of North American Conifers. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS–GTR–98. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 123 p. Mistletoes of the families Loranthaceae and Viscaceae are the most important vascular plant parasites of conifers in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Species of the genera Psittacanthus, Phoradendron, and Arceuthobium cause the greatest economic and ecological impacts. These shrubby, aerial parasites produce either showy or cryptic flowers; they are dispersed by birds or explosive fruits. Mistletoes are obligate parasites, dependent on their host for water, nutrients, and some or most of their carbohydrates. Pathogenic effects on the host include deformation of the infected stem, growth loss, increased susceptibility to other disease agents or insects, and reduced longevity. The presence of mistletoe plants, and the brooms and tree mortality caused by them, have significant ecological and economic effects in heavily infested forest stands and recreation areas. These effects may be either beneficial or detrimental depending on management objectives. Assessment concepts and procedures are available. Biological, chemical, and cultural control methods exist and are being developed to better manage mistletoe populations for resource protection and production. Keywords: leafy mistletoe, true mistletoe, dwarf mistletoe, forest pathology, life history, silviculture, forest management Technical Coordinators_______________________________ Brian W. Geils is a Research Plant Pathologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Flagstaff, AZ.