DOCSLIB.ORG

Social and Developmental Biology of the Myxobacteria LAWRENCE J

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social and Developmental Biology of the Myxobacteria LAWRENCE J MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Dec. 1990, p. 473-501 Vol. 54, No. 4 0146-0749/90/040473-29$02.00/0 Copyright © 1990, American Society for Microbiology Social and Developmental Biology of the Myxobacteria LAWRENCE J. SHIMKETS Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 INTRODUCTION ............................................... 473 TAXONOMY AND LIFE CYCLE ................................................ 473 SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BEHAVIORS ............................................... 475 Two Multigene Systems Govern Gliding-Cell Behavior ............................................... 476 Adventurous motility ............................................... 478 Social motility ................................................ 478 Other loci controlling gliding-cell behavior ............................................... 480 Cooperative Growth ............................................... 480 Rippling, a Periodic Behavior ............................................... 481 Fruiting-Body Morphogenesis ............................................... 482 M. xanthus ............................................... 483 S. aurantiaca ............................................... 485 Sporulation ............................................... 485 Cell-cell interactions during sporulation ............................................... 487 Involvement of the phase variation............................................... 489 NUTRITIONAL CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT............................................... 489 ORGANIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL PATHWAY ............................................... 489 ANALYSIS OF THE GENOME............................................... 490 Multicopy Single-Stranded DNA................................................ 491 Genome Size ............................................... 491 Cell Cycle............................................... 494 EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS ................................................ 494 CONCLUSIONS ............................................... 494 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 494 LITERATURE CITED............................................... 494 INTRODUCTION bution. Although myxobacteria are a common and perhaps even significant component of many aerated soil ecosys- The myxobacteria are distinguished from other bacteria by tems, it has been difficult to determine their actual numbers their remarkable social behaviors, most notably the forma- because of their slow growth, the lack of a selective medium, tion ofmulticellular fruiting bodies containing dormant myxo- and the propensity of the cells to stick to one another. spores. Many of these behaviors were recorded 25 years ago Neutral or slightly alkaline soils can contain as many as in a series of films by Reichenbach and colleagues that have 450,000 cells per g (157, 238), and decomposing compost inspired much of the research described in this article (198, contains more than 500,000 cells per g (238). Despite the 202, 204-207). Continued research in this area will undoubt- prevalence of myxobacteria in soil systems, virtually nothing edly provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of these is known of their contribution to soil ecology. Myxobacteria behaviors. Most studies on the biology of social behavior are microbial predators, and it is likely that they play a role have been limited to one species, Myxococcus xanthus, in controlling the population size of certain soil microorgan- which has an excellent genetic system and is amenable to a isms. variety of experimental approaches. Several studies on Myxobacteria contain a vast reservoir of antibiotics with Stigmatella aurantiaca suggest that it is a complementary unusual chemical structures (203, 217). Between 60 and 80% system worthy of continued investigation. This article will of more than 800 wild isolates produce antibiotics with focus on the social and developmental biology of the myxo- chemical structures that have not been described before bacteria, primarily these two species. Information concern- (203) (Fig. 1). Several of these antibiotics may prove to be ing aspects of myxobacterial research not covered in this clinically useful. Sorangicin inhibits transcription initiation article may be found in a book (215) and in several review in eubacteria and shows some promise as a broad-spectrum articles (47, 50, 110, 111, 158, 199, 201, 229, 230, 270, 284; antibacterial compound (102). Ambruticin is an antifungal D. R. Zusman, in M. Inouye, J. Campisi, D. Cunningham, antibiotic (211) that is effective in the treatment of systemic and M. Riley, ed., Gene Expression and Regulation of Cell mycoses (137). Growth and Development, in press; D. R. Zusman, M. J. McBride, W. R. McCleary, and K. A. O'Connor, Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., in press; B. C. Lampson, S. Inouye, TAXONOMY AND LIFE CYCLE and M. Inouye, submitted for publication). All myxobacterial species appear to be related on the basis The resistance of myxospores to desiccation and freezing of their DNA base composition, which is 67 to 71 mol% enables myxobacteria to survive seasonally harsh environ- G+C (145, 159), and 16S rRNA oligonucleotide cataloging ments such as arid deserts and arctic tundra and may have (140). Comparison of the 16S rRNA molecules from a variety been the major factor contributing to their worldwide distri- of myxobacteria indicate that they are a distinct taxonomic 473 474 SHIMKETS MICROBIOL. REV. ow (A) - ; (B) 0N (L) HO~~~~~- ON M OH 02N OH 33A 7 o (C) 0 Cl 0 4 s (N) ~0 HO' - 2 46 27 6 COOH H _ ~~~~~~~~~CH2Om 523R 45 44 HO H 18 23 NN 0 ~~~~~~~~~~H (E) (G) N H CO NH2 HN MeO 0 0 OMe OMe 123 OMe OH 0 H OH MeO 0 OH '"OH 610 CH (F) CH30 N 13- CH3 0 NH R OCH3 (K) 231 OMe 0 CH3 N ANH2 0 ,I, <U%,NX(NY%N)H& 0N j IH- (J) (P) FIG. 1. Antibiotics isolated from the myxobacteria (203). (A) Angiolam A; (B) myxalamid; (C) sorangicin A; (D) aurachin C; (E) stigmatellin A; (F) myxovirescin; (G) myxothiazol A; (H) corallopyronin A; (J) myxovalargin; (K) saframycin Mxl; (L) 3-formylindole; (M) 5-nitroresorcinol; (N) pyrrolnitrin (previously identified in Pseudomonas spp.); (0) althiomycin (previously identified in Streptomyces spp.); (P) ambruticin. group that is more closely related to the bdellovibrios and There is considerable disagreement about the nomencla- the sulfur- and sulfate-reducing bacteria than to other groups ture used in the taxonomy of the myxobacteria. Assigning of gliding bacteria (60, 187, 276). On the basis of the 16S phylogenetic relationships is complicated by the fact that rRNA data it has been suggested that the myxobacteria and type materials are sometimes represented by herbarium bdellovibrios are aerobic descendents of an ancestral sulfur- specimens of fruiting bodies, which provide little informa- metabolizing bacterium (276). tion about the overall phenotype and genotype of the cell. VOL. 54, 1990 SOCIAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF MYXOBACTERIA 475 TABLE 1. Taxonomy of the myxobacteria by transverse binary fission. Fruiting-body morphogenesis is initiated by nutrient deprivation, and tens of thousands of Taxonomy in Taxonomy in The Prokaryotes (201) Bergey's Manual (158) cells direct their movement toward a discrete aggregation focus where they pile atop one another to form a raised Order Myxobacterales Order Myxococcales mound. Within this mound the rod-shaped cells begin to Suborder Cystobacterineae Family I. Myxococcaceae shorten and assume a spherical shape (Fig. 2). The myxo- Family I. Myxococcaceae Genus Myxococcus spores are dormant, refractile, and resistant to a variety of Genus Myxococcus Family II. Archangiaceae Genus Corallococcus Genus Archangium environmental insults, such as heat, desiccation, and freez- Genus Angiococcus Family III. Cystobacteraceae ing, that would kill vegetative cells (248). Myxospores ger- Family II. Archangiaceae Genus I. Cystobacter minate when a nutrient source becomes available; they do Genus Archangium Genus II. Melittangium this by shedding the spore coat and elongating into a Family III. Cystobacteraceae Genus III. Stigmatella rod-shaped cell. Some of the developmental events associ- Genus Cystobacter Family IV. Polyangiaceae ated with aggregation and fruiting-body formation can be Genus Melittangium Genus I. Polyangium bypassed with chemical inducers or mutations that stimulate Genus Stigmatella Genus II. Nannocystis cells to convert directly to myxospores. Secondary alcohols Suborder Sorangineae Genus III. Chondromyces such as induce formation in about 90 Family Sorangiaceae glycerol myxospore Genus Sorangium min, compared with 48 h during fruiting-body morphogen- Genus Polyangium esis (49). A dominant mutation known as csp-SOO has been Genus Haploangium described that results in sporulation upon temperature shift Genus Chondromyces down to 15°C and bypasses early developmental steps (209). Genus Nannocystis The primary difference in the life cycle of S. aurantiaca is the morphological complexity of the fruiting body. Follow- ing aggregation of cells into a raised mound, an elaborate The establishment of a collection of type strains that can be treelike structure is formed. The myxospores are contained subjected to rigorous molecular analysis will undoubtedly in saclike structures, referred to as sporangioles (158) or help resolve the taxonomy of these organisms (64). sporangia (201), that are borne on top of a large stalk. The two most recent versions of myxobacterial taxonomy Sporulation can be induced in the absence of fruiting-body are summarized
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evolution and Design Governing Signal Precision and Amplification
    Evolution and Design Governing Signal Precision and Amplification in a Bacterial Chemosensory Pathway Mathilde Guzzo, Rym Agrebi, Leon Espinosa, Gregory Baronian, Virginie Molle, Emilia M. F. Mauriello, Céline Brochier-Armanet, Tam Mignot To cite this version: Mathilde Guzzo, Rym Agrebi, Leon Espinosa, Gregory Baronian, Virginie Molle, et al.. Evolution and Design Governing Signal Precision and Amplification in a Bacterial Chemosensory Pathway. PLoS Genetics, Public Library of Science, 2015, 11 (8), pp.e1005460. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005460. hal- 01452074 HAL Id: hal-01452074 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01452074 Submitted on 27 Sep 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License RESEARCH ARTICLE Evolution and Design Governing Signal Precision and Amplification in a Bacterial Chemosensory Pathway Mathilde Guzzo1☯, Rym Agrebi1☯¤, Leon Espinosa1, Grégory Baronian2, Virginie Molle2, Emilia M. F. Mauriello1, Céline Brochier-Armanet3, Tâm Mignot1* 1 Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS Aix-Marseille University UMR 7283, Marseille, France, 2 Laboratoire de Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques, CNRS Universités de Montpellier II et I, UMR 5235, case 107, Montpellier, France, 3 Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, France ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Myxobacteria As a Potential Source of Natural Products and Description of Inter-Species Nature of C-Signal
    Novel myxobacteria as a potential source of natural products and description of inter-species nature of C-signal Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät III Chemie, Pharmazie, Bio- und Werkstoffwissenschaften der Universität des Saarlandes von Ram Prasad Awal (M. Sc. in Medical Microbiology) Saarbrücken 2016 Tag des Kolloquiums: ......19.12.2016....................................... Dekan: ......Prof. Dr. Guido Kickelbick.............. Berichterstatter: ......Prof. Dr. Rolf Müller...................... ......Prof. Dr. Manfred J. Schmitt........... ............................................................... Vositz: ......Prof. Dr. Uli Kazmaier..................... Akad. Mitarbeiter: ......Dr. Jessica Stolzenberger.................. iii Diese Arbeit entstand unter der Anleitung von Prof. Dr. Rolf Müller in der Fachrichtung 8.2, Pharmazeutische Biotechnologie der Naturwissenschaftlich-Technischen Fakultät III der Universität des Saarlandes von Oktober 2012 bis September 2016. iv Acknowledgement Above all, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my advisor Professor Dr. Rolf Müller. It has been an honor to be his Ph.D. student and work in his esteemed laboratory. I appreciate for his supervision, inspiration and for allowing me to grow as a research scientist. Your guidance on both research as well as on my career have been invaluable. I would also like to thank Professor Dr. Manfred J. Schmitt for his scientific support and suggestions to my research work. I am thankful for my funding sources that made my Ph.D. work possible. I was funded by Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) for 3 and half years and later on by Helmholtz-Institute. Many thanks to my co-advisors: Dr. Carsten Volz, who supported and guided me through the challenging research and Dr. Ronald Garcia for introducing me to the wonderful world of myxobacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyamine Distribution Profiles Among Some Members Within Delta-And Epsilon-Subclasses of Proteobacteria
    Microbiol. Cult. Coll. June. 2004. p. 3 ― 8 Vol. 20, No. 1 Polyamine Distribution Profiles among Some Members within Delta-and Epsilon-Subclasses of Proteobacteria Koei Hamana1）＊, Tomoko Saito1）, Mami Okada1）, and Masaru Niitsu2） 1）Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University, 39- 15 Showa-machi 3-chome, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8514, Japan 2）Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Keyakidai 1-chome-1, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan Cellular polyamines of 18 species（13 genera）belonging to the delta and epsilon subclasses of the class Proteobacteria were analyzed by HPLC and GC. In the delta subclass, the four marine myxobacteria（the order Myxococcales）, Enhygromyxa salina, Haliangium ochroceum, Haliangium tepidum and Plesiocystis pacifica contained spermidine. Fe（III）-reducing two Geobacter species and two Pelobacter species belonging to the order Desulfuromonadales con- tained spermidine. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus was absent in cellular polyamines. Bacteriovorax starrii contained putrescine and spermidine. Bacteriovorax stolpii contained spermidine and homo- spermidine. Spermidine was the major polyamine in the sulfate-reducing delta proteobacteria belonging to the genera Desulfovibrio, Desulfacinum, Desulfobulbus, Desulfococcus and Desulfurella, and some species of them contained cadaverine. Within the epsilon subclass, three Sulfurospirillum species ubiquitously contained spermidine and one of the three contained sper- midine and cadaverine. Thiomicrospora denitrificans contained cadaverine and spermidine as the major polyamine. These data show that cellular polyamine profiles can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker within delta and epsilon subclasses. Key words: polyamine, spermidine, homospermidine, Proteobacteria The class Proteobacteria is a major taxon of the 18, 26）. Fe（Ⅲ）-reducing members belonging to the gen- domain Bacteria and is phylogenetically divided into the era Pelobacter, Geobacter, Desulfuromonas and alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon subclasses.
    [Show full text]
  • Niranjan Parajuli Et Al Paper
    Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 24(2), 7-16 (2019) ISSN: 2469-9062 (print), 2467-9240 (e) © IOST, Tribhuvan University Doi: http://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v24i2.27246 Research Article ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL MYXOBACTERIA FROM NEPAL Nabin Rana1, Saraswoti Khadka1, Bishnu Prasad Marasini1, Bishnu Joshi1, Pramod Poudel2, Santosh Khanal1, Niranjan Parajuli3 1Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Research Division, University Grant Commission (UGC-Nepal), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal 3Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *Corresponding author: [email protected] (Received: May 22, 2019; Revised: October 26, 2019; Accepted: November 1, 2019) ABSTRACT Realizing myxobacteria as a potential source of antimicrobial metabolites, we pursued research to isolate myxobacteria showing antimicrobial properties. We have successfully isolated three strains (NR-1, NR-2, NR-3) using the Escherichia coli baiting technique. These isolates showed typical myxobacterial growth characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the strains (NR-1, NR-2, NR-3) belong to the family Archangiaceae, suborder Cystobacterineae, and order Myxococcales. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity searched through BLAST revealed that strain NR-1 showed the closest similarity (91.8 %) to the type strain Vitiosangium cumulatum (NR-156939), NR-2 showed (98.8 %) to the type of Cystobacter badius (NR-043940), and NR-3 showed the closest similarity (83.5 %) to the type of strain Cystobacter fuscus (KP-306730). All isolates showed better growth in 0.5-1 % NaCl and pH around 7.0, whereas no growth was observed at pH 9.0 and below 5.0. All strains showed better growth at 32° C and hydrolyzed starch, whereas casein was efficiently hydrolyzed by NR-1 and NR-2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Recent Evolutionary Origin of a Bacterial Small RNA That Controls
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 73 (2014) 1–9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A recent evolutionary origin of a bacterial small RNA that controls multicellular fruiting body development q ⇑ I-Chen Kimberly Chen a,b, , Brad Griesenauer a, Yuen-Tsu Nicco Yu b, Gregory J. Velicer a,b a Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA b Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland article info abstract Article history: In animals and plants, non-coding small RNAs regulate the expression of many genes at the post-tran- Received 26 August 2013 scriptional level. Recently, many non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) have also been found to regulate a vari- Revised 30 December 2013 ety of important biological processes in bacteria, including social traits, but little is known about the Accepted 2 January 2014 phylogenetic or mechanistic origins of such bacterial sRNAs. Here we propose a phylogenetic origin of Available online 10 January 2014 the myxobacterial sRNA Pxr, which negatively regulates the initiation of fruiting body development in Myxococcus xanthus as a function of nutrient level, and also examine its diversification within the Keywords: Myxococcocales order. Homologs of pxr were found throughout the Cystobacterineae suborder (with a Bacterial development few possible losses) but not outside this clade, suggesting a single origin of the Pxr regulatory system Multicellularity Myxobacteria in the basal Cystobacterineae lineage. Rates of pxr sequence evolution varied greatly across Cystobacte- Non-coding small RNAs rineae sub-clades in a manner not predicted by overall genome divergence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Existence and Diversity of Myxobacteria in Lake Mud A
    bs_bs_banner Environmental Microbiology Reports (2012) doi:10.1111/j.1758-2229.2012.00373.x The existence and diversity of myxobacteria in lake mud – a previously unexplored myxobacteria habitat Shu-guang Li,† Xiu-wen Zhou,† Peng-fei Li, Kui Han, et al., 2003). Using fruiting body-dependent techniques, Wei Li, Zhi-feng Li, Zhi-hong Wu and Yue-zhong Li* myxobacteria have been isolated from various soil-related State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of samples, including soil, rotting wood, bark from dead or Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, living trees and dung of herbivorous mammals, but rarely China. from aquatic environments (Reichenbach, 1999; Dawid, 2000). Accordingly, myxobacteria are widely recognized as typical soil bacteria (Reichenbach, 1999). Recently, Summary halophilic (Iizuka et al., 1998; 2003; Fudou et al., 2002) Myxobacteria are widely distributed in soil and and halotolerant (Li et al., 2002) myxobacterial strains oceanic sediment with a phylogeographic separation have been isolated from coastal areas. They have been at high levels of classification. However, it is unclear shown to exhibit certain characteristics that differ from whether freshwater environments, from which there their soil-dwelling relatives (Zhang et al., 2005; Wang has been no isolation report of myxobacteria since et al., 2007a). Molecular surveys have indicated that 1981, are habitats for myxobacteria. In this study, we myxobacteria-related 16S rRNA gene sequences are also investigated the presence of myxobacteria in lake widely distributed in marine sediments at different depths mud using a two-step strategy. First, we constructed and sites, but they are distantly related to those of soil two universal bacterial libraries from the V3–V4 (V34) myxobacteria (Jiang et al., 2010; Brinkhoff et al., 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Developmental Gene Regulation in the Myxobacteria
    EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL GENE REGULATION IN THE MYXOBACTERIA I-Chen Chen Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology, Indiana University July 2015 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee Gregory J. Velicer, Ph.D. Patricia L. Foster, Ph.D. Jeffrey D. Palmer, Ph.D. Rudolf A. Raff, Ph.D. Michael J. Wade, Ph.D. Yuen-Tsu Nicco Yu, Ph.D. June 10th, 2015 ii Copyright © 2015 I-Chen Chen All Rights Reserved iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my two advisors Greg Velicer and Nicco Yu for their support and relentless encouragement during every stage in my PhD. I will be forever grateful for their guidance and the synergy they provided. In addition, I would like to thank Nicco for helping me with my transitions to Bloomington and Zürich and turning me into a cat person. I would also like to thank my committee members, Jeff Palmer and Mike Wade, for their guidance, encouragement and critique on my research through my PhD, and Pat Foster and Rudy Raff for kindly joining the committee later on. I am indebted to many graduate students, postdocs and faculty in the Biology Department at Indiana University, and in the Theoretical Biology, Experimental Ecology, Molecular Microbial Ecology groups at ETH Zürich for the supportive and stimulating research environments they provided. It was a lot of fun working on the myxobacteria in the Velicer lab.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlating Chemical Diversity with Taxonomic Distance for Discovery of Natural Products in Myxobacteria
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03184-1 OPEN Correlating chemical diversity with taxonomic distance for discovery of natural products in myxobacteria Thomas Hoffmann1,2, Daniel Krug 1,2, Nisa Bozkurt1, Srikanth Duddela1, Rolf Jansen3, Ronald Garcia1,2, Klaus Gerth3, Heinrich Steinmetz3 & Rolf Müller 1,2 1234567890():,; Some bacterial clades are important sources of novel bioactive natural products. Estimating the magnitude of chemical diversity available from such a resource is complicated by issues including cultivability, isolation bias and limited analytical data sets. Here we perform a systematic metabolite survey of ~2300 bacterial strains of the order Myxococcales, a well- established source of natural products, using mass spectrometry. Our analysis encompasses both known and previously unidentified metabolites detected under laboratory cultivation conditions, thereby enabling large-scale comparison of production profiles in relation to myxobacterial taxonomy. We find a correlation between taxonomic distance and the pro- duction of distinct secondary metabolite families, further supporting the idea that the chances of discovering novel metabolites are greater by examining strains from new genera rather than additional representatives within the same genus. In addition, we report the discovery and structure elucidation of rowithocin, a myxobacterial secondary metabolite featuring an uncommon phosphorylated polyketide scaffold. 1 Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. 2 German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. 3 Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Microbial Drugs, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. Thomas Hoffmann and Daniel Krug contributed equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • A Conserved Stem of the Myxococcus Xanthus Srna Pxr Controls Srna
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A conserved stem of the Myxococcus xanthus sRNA Pxr controls sRNA accumulation and Received: 19 July 2017 Accepted: 26 October 2017 multicellular development Published: xx xx xxxx Yuen-Tsu N. Yu1,2, Elizabeth Cooper2 & Gregory J. Velicer1,2 The small RNA (sRNA) Pxr negatively controls multicellular fruiting body formation in the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus, inhibiting the transition from growth to development when nutrients are abundant. Like many other prokaryotic sRNAs, Pxr is predicted to fold into three stem loops (SL1-SL3). SL1 and SL2 are highly conserved across the myxobacteria, whereas SL3 is much more variable. SL1 is necessary for the regulatory function of Pxr but the importance of SL3 in this regard is unknown. To test for cis genetic elements required for Pxr function, we deleted the entire pxr gene from a developmentally defective strain that fails to remove Pxr-mediated blockage of development and reintroduced variably truncated fragments of the pxr region to test for their ability to block development. These truncations demonstrated that SL3 is necessary for Pxr function in the defective strain. We further show that a highly conserved eight-base-pair segment of SL3 is not only necessary for Pxr to block development in the defective strain under starvation conditions, but is also required for Pxr to prevent fruiting body development by a developmentally profcient wild-type strain under high-nutrient conditions. This conserved segment of SL3 is also necessary for detectable levels of Pxr to accumulate, suggesting that this segment either stabilizes Pxr against premature degradation during vegetative growth or positively regulates its transcription.
    [Show full text]
  • Both Soil Bacteria and Soil Chemical Property Affected The
    microorganisms Article Both Soil Bacteria and Soil Chemical Property Affected the Micropredator Myxobacterial Community: Evidence from Natural Forest Soil and Greenhouse Rhizosphere Soil Yang Zhou 1 , Xianjiao Zhang 1, Qing Yao 2,* and Honghui Zhu 1,* 1 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center (GDMCC), Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (X.Z.) 2 College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Litchi, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grass Science, Guangzhou 510642, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.Y.); [email protected] (H.Z.) Received: 1 September 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 10 September 2020 Abstract: Myxobacteria are abundant micropredators in soil, and are social bacteria with multicellular behavior and producers of versatile secondary metabolites. The interaction between predator and prey populations is an important component in the soil microbial food web, and this is expected to shape the composition and dynamics of microbial communities. Here we hypothesize the regulation of bacterial abundance and community composition on soil myxobacterial community. Field investigation indicated that the relative abundance of Myxococcales in subtropical and tropical forest soil from South China was 1.49 4.74% of all the 16S rRNA gene sequences, and myxobacterial community − composition differed between subtropical and tropical forest. The canonical correspondence analysis and variation partitioning analysis indicated that biotic factor (bacterial community composition) showed slightly stronger explanation for variation of myxobacteria than soil properties (soil pH and soil organic matter).
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Myxobacteria—We Only See the Tip of the Iceberg
    microorganisms Review Diversity of Myxobacteria—We Only See the Tip of the Iceberg Kathrin I. Mohr Microbial Drugs (MWIS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-531-6181-4251 Received: 6 June 2018; Accepted: 8 August 2018; Published: 11 August 2018 Abstract: The discovery of new antibiotics is mandatory with regard to the increasing number of resistant pathogens. One approach is the search for new antibiotic producers in nature. Among actinomycetes, Bacillus species, and fungi, myxobacteria have been a rich source for bioactive secondary metabolites for decades. To date, about 600 substances could be described, many of them with antibacterial, antifungal, or cytostatic activity. But, recent cultivation-independent studies on marine, terrestrial, or uncommon habitats unequivocally demonstrate that the number of uncultured myxobacteria is much higher than would be expected from the number of cultivated strains. Although several highly promising myxobacterial taxa have been identified recently, this so-called Great Plate Count Anomaly must be overcome to get broader access to new secondary metabolite producers. In the last years it turned out that especially new species, genera, and families of myxobacteria are promising sources for new bioactive metabolites. Therefore, the cultivation of the hitherto uncultivable ones is our biggest challenge. Keywords: myxobacteria; diversity; uncultured; secondary metabolites; new antibiotics 1. Introduction We know little about the real diversity of myxobacteria in the environment. How many myxobacteria are cultivable under standard laboratory conditions? How many resist these cultivation efforts and lie undiscovered in the ground? After an introduction to myxobacteria, the status of antibiotics, myxobacterial secondary metabolites, the Great Plate Count Anomaly phenomenon, and microbial biogeography, the diversity of cultivable and uncultivated myxobacteria in different habitats is presented.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Gkg Lichtarge Lab 2006
    Pages 1–5 2gkg Evolutionary trace report by report maker April 17, 2009 4.3.3 DSSP 5 4.3.4 HSSP 5 4.3.5 LaTex 5 4.3.6 Muscle 5 4.3.7 Pymol 5 4.4 Note about ET Viewer 5 4.5 Citing this work 5 4.6 About report maker 5 4.7 Attachments 5 1 INTRODUCTION From the original Protein Data Bank entry (PDB id 2gkg): Title: Receiver domain from myxococcus xanthus social motility protein frzs Compound: Mol id: 1; molecule: response regulator homolog; chain: a; fragment: receiver domain (residues 1-124); engineered: CONTENTS yes Organism, scientific name: Myxococcus Xanthus; 1 Introduction 1 2gkg contains a single unique chain 2gkgA (122 residues long). 2 Chain 2gkgA 1 2.1 O68522 overview 1 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 2gkgA 1 2.3 Residue ranking in 2gkgA 1 2.4 Top ranking residues in 2gkgA and their position on the structure 1 2 CHAIN 2GKGA 2.4.1 Clustering of residues at 25% coverage. 1 2.1 O68522 overview 2.4.2 Possible novel functional surfaces at 25% From SwissProt, id O68522, 100% identical to 2gkgA: coverage. 2 Description: Response regulator homolog. Organism, scientific name: Myxococcus xanthus. 3 Notes on using trace results 3 Taxonomy: Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Deltaproteobacteria; Myxo- 3.1 Coverage 3 coccales; Cystobacterineae; Myxococcaceae; Myxococcus. 3.2 Known substitutions 3 Subcellular location: Cytoplasmic (By similarity). 3.3 Surface 4 3.4 Number of contacts 4 3.5 Annotation 4 3.6 Mutation suggestions 4 2.2 Multiple sequence alignment for 2gkgA 4 Appendix 4 For the chain 2gkgA, the alignment 2gkgA.msf (attached) with 677 4.1 File formats 4 sequences was used.
    [Show full text]