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Diplomová Práce Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav světových dějin Diplomová práce Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945). Portrét 32. prezidenta Spojených států amerických . Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945). Portrait of the 32 nd President of the United States of America Praha 2010 Vedoucí: prof. PhDr. Vladimír Nálevka, CSc. Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně a výhradně s použitím citovaných pramenů, literatury a dalších odborných zdrojů. V Praze dne 15. července 2010 Tomáš Bělohlávek Obsah: I. část Úvod 4 Předci Franklina Delana Roosevelta 8 Dětství a jinošství 20 Léta přípravná: Groton 25 Vysokoškolská studia 32 Eleanora 38 Svatební cesta a intermezzo 1907-1910 43 II. část Senátor za stát New York 1911-1913 48 Asistent sekretáře námořnictva 62 Roosevelt a I. světová válka 70 Inspekční cesta do Evropy 1918, účast na Pařížské mírové konferenci 1919 76 Léta 1920-1928 83 Guvernérství 91 III. část Vítězství v prezidentských volbách 100 Fenomén jménem „Sto dní“ a „New Deal“ 106 Závěr 132 Seznam pramenů a literatury 135 I. část Úvod Předkládaná diplomová práce s názvem Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945). Portrét 32. prezidenta USA, která byla sepsána v Semináři nejnovějších dějin Ústavu světových dějin na Filozofické fakultě UK, je nutné chápat jako příspěvek k bádání o třech životních etapách Franklina Delana Roosevelta. Nejedná se tedy o klasickou biografii; vzhledem k omezenému přístupu k primárním pramenům je to jen obtížně možné, navíc by to výrazně přesahovalo zadání mého diplomového úkolu, jež bylo omezeno na tři časová údobí. První zahrnuje léta 1882-1910, druhá 1910-1932 a třetí léta nástupu do prezidentského úřadu a „fenoménu Nového údělu“. Při psaní diplomové práce jsem využil dokumenty z fondů dvou archivů. Po několikaměsíčním vyjednávání s americkou stranou jsem získal primární zdroje z „Mekky rooseveltovského bádání“, tj. prezidentského archivu Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library (FDRL) v Hyde Parku ve státě New York, jenž byl otevřen pro veřejnost v roce 1940 jako vůbec první prezidentská knihovna a archiv ve Spojených státech. Z tohoto pracoviště byly použity prameny ze třech fondů: Roosevelt Family, Business, and Personal Papers: Harvard College: Notes and Papers: the Roosevelt Family, dále dokumenty z fondu Roosevelt, Franklin D. Papers as New York State Senator 1910- 1913 a také primární zdroje z fondu Franklin D. Roosevelt Copies of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Material. Další prameny byly získány z Archivu Ministerstva zahraničních věcí České republiky (AMZV), konkrétně jde o písemnosti z fondu Periodické zprávy, Washington 1932-1939, které můžeme charakterizovat jako vnitropolitické studie československých vyslanců, popřípadě chargé d’affaires ve Washingtonu, jež byly posílány do Prahy diplomatickou cestou a jež nás zpravují o aktuálních problémech a událostech ve Spojených státech. Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval pracovníkům výše zmíněného prezidentského archivu, jmenovitě především odbornému archiváři Matthew C. Hansonovi za jeho rady a pomoc při výběru a zaslání dokumentů do České republiky. Pokud se týče seznamu archivních dokumentů, publikovaných pramenů, tedy edic, odborných článků a sekundární literatury, tento soupis jsem připojil na konec této práce. Ještě na vysvětlenou uvádím, že kdykoliv se v textu objeví zkratka FDR či jména Franklin D. Roosevelt, Franklin Roosevelt či prosté Franklin, jedná se vždy o jednu a tu samou osobu. V první části práce, věnované údobí let 1882-1910, jsem se zaměřil na čtyři záležitosti. Úvodní kapitola je věnována otázce předků FDR, významu a původu rodiny tzv. „hydeparských“ Rooseveltů a dále klanu Delano, ze kterého pocházela Franklinova matka. Tato kapitola je založena jednak na seminární práci, kterou sepsal sám FDR v době prvního ročníku svého studia na Harvardu pod názvem The Roosevelt Family in New Amsterodam Before the Revolution, dále na genealogických almanaších a sekundární literatuře. Zde bych rád vyzdvihl zejména dvě práce jednak Geoffrey C. Warda, Before the Trumpet, Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882-1905, New York 1985, která je obecně považována za jeden z nejkvalitnějších životopisů zabývajících se dětstvím a mládím FDR, jednak pečlivě připravenou biografii z pera Kennetha S. Davise, FDR The Beckoning of Destiny 1882-1928 A History, New York 1972. Další tři kapitoly této první části předkládané diplomové práce nás seznamují jednak s předškolním obdobím, tedy časově léty 1882-1896, jednak s formálním vzděláváním na prestižním massachusettském gymnáziu Groton v letech 1896-1900 a konečně se studiem na Harvardově a Kolumbijské univerzitě. Tyto tři kapitoly jsou založeny především na prvním svazku edice Franklinovy osobní korespondence, která vyšla pod názvem Elliott Roosevelt (ed.), F.D.R., His Personal Letters, Early Years, New York 1947. Tuto první část pak uzavírají kapitoly věnované manželce FDR, jejich svatební cestě, jejíž průběh byl sestaven jako itinerář podle 36 dopisů publikovaných v II. svazku edice Rooseveltovy osobní korespondence, a údobí do roku 1910, kdy FDR přijal práci advokátního koncipienta. Druhý oddíl práce je rozdělen na čtyři kapitoly. První je věnován letům 1910-1913, kdy Franklin D. Roosevelt působil v legislatuře státu New York jako senátor. Tato kapitola je z části sestavena, u nás vůbec poprvé, na základě primárních pramenů, především na korespondenci, pocházející z prezidentova archivu v Hyde Parku. Následuje období 1913-1920, kdy nalézáme FDR za pracovním stolem v departmentu námořnictva, kde Franklin Roosevelt vykonával funkci tajemníka sekretáře námořnictva. Tato kapitola je opět dílem sestavena z několika dossierů dopisů a dalších dokumentů, pocházejících taktéž z prezidentského archivu v Hyde Parku ve státě New York. Kapitola věnovaná I. světové válce a inspekční cestě do Evropy vychází především z osobní korespondence a také z obsáhlého deníku, jenž si FDR vedl během své cesty a který byl publikován kompletně v II. svazku edice Elliott Roosevelt-James N. Rosenau (ed.), The Roosevelt Letters. Being the Personal Correspondence of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Vol. II 1905-1928, Londýn 1950. Následuje pak období let 1920-1928, které můžeme charakterizovat jako předěl v jeho životě. FDR tehdy nevykonával žádnou vysloveně politickou funkci a musel se naopak vnitřně vyrovnat se svým závažným tělesným postižením a podrobit se celkové dlouhodobé rekonvalescenci. Není bez zajímavosti, že útěchu hledal mimo jiné v oné pověstné múze Klio, takže se pokusil neúspěšně sepsat dějiny Spojených států a také se angažoval jako místní historik a vydal několik pramenů k dějinám města Hyde Park. Konečně čtvrtou kapitolu této části jsem zaměřil na roky 1929-1932, kdy byl zvolen na místo guvernéra za stát New York. Pro toto období jsem použil především publikované projevy a poselství z edice The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume One The Genesis of The New Deal 1928-1932, New York 1938 a nápomocný mi byl dále i druhý svazek edice jeho osobní korespondence Elliott Roosevelt-James N. Rosenau (ed.), The Roosevelt Letters. Being the Personal Correspondence of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Vol. II 1905- 1928, Londýn 1950 a sekundární literatura. Třetí a závěrečný úsek mé práce je zaměřen, ostatně přesně v souladu s propozicemi k zadání diplomové práce, na nástup FDR do prezidentského úřadu a onomu fenoménu „Nového údělu“, který se měl stát prostředkem boje proti „vybřednutí“ Spojených států z velké hospodářské krize. Tato poslední část je podložena především prameny z archivu Ministerstva zahraničních věcí České republiky, konkrétně jde o výše zmíněné periodické a běžné zprávy československých vyslanců, popřípadě chargé d´affaires ve Washingtonu z let 1932- 1939, kterých bylo celkově použito v tomto posledním oddílu na tři desítky. Pokud jde o odbornou literaturu, zahraniční literatura je v této práci zcela pochopitelně výběrová. Na prvním místě je třeba zmínit, že všechny zahraniční publikace především z anglosaského prostředí, týkající se osoby Franklina Delana Roosevelta, nelze v současné době, alespoň dle mého soudu, při studiu na diplomové práci zvládnout. Pouze k tématu o „Novém údělu“ vzniklo do roku 1987 1300 knih, 2500 vědeckých článků a 800 disertací.[1] Proto zde stačí říci následující. Soustavným výzkumem a pozůstalosti osoby FDR se zabývá již výše zmíněný prezidentský archiv s rozsáhlou knihovnou a muzeem Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library, který také dbá o aktualizaci a vypracování bibliografie. V Evropě můžeme uvést pracoviště s kvalitně vybavenou knihovnou Roosevelt Study Center v Middelburgu v Nizozemském království, i když záběr tohoto výzkumného centra a knihovny je spíš zaměřen na moderní americké dějiny 20. století a nizozemsko-americké vztahy, než přímo na osobu Franklina Delana Roosevelta. Pokud se týče vlastní zahraniční literatury, tak postačí, když uvedu následující. Za vůbec první životopis k osobě FDR je považovaná kniha z pera Ernesta K. Lindleyho, Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Career in Progresive Democracy, Indianapolis 1931. Od té doby, zejména pak po II. světové válce, jsme svědky doslova ohromného množství více či méně kvalitních biografií k jeho osobě. Za všechny uveďme alespoň ty nejdůležitější autory, jejichž díla jsem ve své práci použil a kteří přispěli k poznání jeho osoby často mnohasvazkovými díly. Dlouhodobě mají vysokou vážnost především tito historici. James MacGregor Burns, dále Frank Freidel, Arthura M. Schlesingera, jr., Joseph P. Lash, Kenneth S. Davis a Geoffrey C. Ward. Nejčastěji byly a jsou reflektovány zejména
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