Women's Perceptions of High Risk Drinking: Understanding Binge Drinking in a Gender Biased Setting
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W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2008 Women's perceptions of high risk drinking: Understanding binge drinking in a gender biased setting Jill Lynne Russett William & Mary - School of Education Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Student Counseling and Personnel Services Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Russett, Jill Lynne, "Women's perceptions of high risk drinking: Understanding binge drinking in a gender biased setting" (2008). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1550154159. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25774/w4-aygt-cb32 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS OF HIGH RISK DRINKING: UNDERSTANDING BINGE DRINKING IN A GENDER BIASED SETTING A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education By Jill Lynne Russett April2008 I COLLEGE WOMEN'S PERCEPTIONS OF HIGH RISK DRINKING: UNDERSTANDING BINGE DRINKING IN A GENDER BIASED SETTING By Jill Lynne Russett Approved April 2008 by Charles F. Gressard, Ph.D. Chairperson of Doctoral Committee Kelly Whalon, Ph.D. Mary Crozier, Ed. D 11 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my husband, my partner, and my best friend, Jeff. From before the day I sent in my application to William and Mary until now as I finish this chapter, you have been my number one fan, providing me with endless support, encouragement, and motivation. Through the many late nights, the juggling of schedules, traveling, driving me to school, and endless hours of talking on the back porch, you have been with me every step of the way. I don't know how to thank you for giving me one of the greatest gifts in life; an opportunity to pursue my dreams. You are the only one who can truly understand the tremendous sacrifices we have made to follow this path as well as sharing in the tremendous feeling of pride and joy in such an accomplishment. You have always said I don't need to say "thank you" for loving me, so instead I will show you my gratitude as we embark upon the next road in our life. You have always been my number one and I love you with all my heart. This dissertation is also dedicated to the other boys in my life, my three sons Alex, Nathan, and Jared. You were so little when I started this process that you haven't known Mommy as anything other than a student. Alex, you are so inquisitive and insightful. Your thirst for learning and drive for knowledge remind me of why I started this journey. I was so proud as you entered kindergarten and began your own education this year. Nathan, your lightheartedness, laughter, and insistence on my being present for you have always reminded me of what is most important in life. You have also grown so much and I can see your love of learning blossoming. You are like a sponge, absorbing everything around you. And Jared, you truly started this journey with me. Just a few weeks into the program you arrived in my life and completed our family. 11 Having a newborn to care for encouraged me to stay focused and gave me a light to reach for beyond this program. In some ways the time has gone by too fast and it's hard to believe you are now a little boy. Your warm and loving spirit, your energy, and mischievous ways have always brought a smile to my face. To my beautiful boys, my wonderful children, who for the past four years have endeared unknowingly, I love you with all of my heart. My journey was not traveled alone. I could not have reached this juncture in my life without what each of you has given me to make me whole. I am filled with gratitude every day for my incredible family, your selfless sacrifice, the strength that you give me, and most of all for your love. For Alex, Nathan, and Jared, I hope that through this process I can instill a foundation for you to learn, challenge, and explore your dreams that have no known boundaries. I will support you in all of your endeavors. To Jeff, I give you my endless devotion, support, and love as we enter into the next phase of this journey. Your dreams have waited long enough. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION m AKNOWLEDGMENTS xm LIST OF FIGURES XIV ABSTRACT XV CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 2 College Student Drinking 2 Statement of the Problem 3 Drinking and College Women 4 Trends in College Women's Drinking Patterns 6 A Snapshot of Perceptions Related to Alcohol use by Women 8 Prevention and Women's Drinking 9 Purpose of the Study 10 Nature of the Study 10 Research Questions 11 Procedures 11 Significance of the Study 12 Organizational Design of the Study 13 CHAPTER II: A SELECTED REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 14 Overview 14 Understanding High Risk Drinking Among College Students 14 Definitions 15 Measuring National College Drinking Rates 16 IV National College Drinking Patterns 18 College Student Groups at Risk 20 Greek Organizations 20 College Drinking Prevention Efforts and Theory 22 Education Approaches 24 Values Clarification 24 Social Norms 24 Cognitive Behavioral Theory 26 Motivational Enhancement Theory 27 Efficacy of Programming 28 Alcohol and Women 28 Consequences of Binge Drinking Related to Women 28 Contributing Factors to High Risk Drinking in College Women 30 Alcohol and Gender 31 Feminist Theory Applied to College Women Drinking 36 A Need for Change 39 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 43 Introduction 45 Research Questions 45 Qualitative Research Design 45 Qualitative Framework 45 Suitability of Qualitative Approach to the Study 46 Paradigm: Interpretivist 46 v Suitability of Paradigm to the Study 48 Perspective: The Lens of Feminist Theory 48 Suitability of Perspective to the Study 50 Research Strategy: Phenomenology 51 Relationship of Phenomenology to the Study 51 Research Methods 52 Setting 52 Participants 52 Site Access 54 Researcher's Role 55 Researcher as Instrument Statement 56 Reflective Journal 56 Data Collection 56 Interviews 57 Focus Groups 57 Individual Interviews 59 Interview Guide Development 60 Observations 60 Field Notes 61 Material Culture 62 Data Analysis 62 Immersion 63 Organization and Analysis Process 63 vi Interpretation 66 Trustworthiness and Authenticity 67 Ethical Issues and Considerations 68 Assumptions and Limitations 70 Assumptions of the Study 70 Limitations of the Study 71 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 72 Introduction 72 Description of Participants 74 Framework of Alcohol Use on Campus 74 Participants 75 Focus Group #1: Alpha Sorority 76 Focus Group #2: Beta Sorority 77 Focus Group #3: Gamma Sorority 78 Summary of Participants 78 Context of Drinking 79 It's All Greek To Me 79 Summary of Context 82 Theme One: Campus Drinking Culture 83 Drinking Is the Party 83 Drinking is Acceptable in College 85 Drinking Patterns 86 Summary of Theme One 90 Vll Theme Two: Binge Drinking 91 What is it'? 92 Summary of Theme Two: Understanding Binge Drinking 98 Perceptions of Binge Drinking 98 Gender Differences and Perceptions 100 Summary ofTheme Two: Perceptions ofBinge Drinking 105 Theme Three: Drinking in a Male Dominated Environment 106 A Closer Look 107 Getting in the Door 107 Drinking 108 The Party 11 0 The Next Day 113 Outskirts: The Marginalization of Women 114 Summary of Theme Three: Drinking in a Male Environment 117 Fitting into a Man's World of Drinking 118 Adaptation: Changing Behaviors 119 Pressure to Drink 121 Feelings 123 Traditional Gender Roles 125 Girl Power 129 Summary of Theme Four: Fitting into a Man's World 130 Summary of Findings and Analysis 130 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION 132 Vlll Introduction 132 Purpose of the Research Study: A Review and Summary 132 Experiences of College Aged Women with High Risk Drinking 134 Consistency with Prior Research 134 Drinking in a Man's World 13 7 Binge Drinking 141 Recommendations and Implications for Practitioners 143 Policy Change 143 Prevention Programming 144 A Proposed Framework for Prevention Programming for Women 148 Redefining High Risk Drinking 149 Summary of Recommendations 150 Implications and Directions for Future Research 150 Limitations of the Study 152 Conclusions 153 APPENDICES 156 Appendix A: Flyer: Request for Participation 157 Appendix B: Letter: Request for Participation 158 Appendix C: Informed Consent Focus Group 159 Appendix D: Informed Consent Individual 160 Appendix E: Interview Guide: Focus Group 161 Appendix F: hrterview Guide: Individual 162 Appendix G: Researcher as Instrument Statement 163 IX Appendix H: Reflexive Journal Excerpts 166 REFERENCES 167 VITA 176 X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS "The journey ofa thousand miles begins with one step. " Lao-Tse The path that life gives us cannot always be explained nor predicted. I don't believe it is by coincidence that upon moving to Williamsburg my first supervisor was Laurie Rokutani, a strong, intelligent woman who encouraged me to stand up for what I believe in and who allowed me to explore alternatives while gently guiding and supporting me along the way. It cannot be by chance that I would have the opportunity to be connected with the College of William and Mary and to have worked on so many collaborative projects with Dr. Rick Gressard and Dr. Mary Crozier who inspired my love of learning again and renewed my passion in the field of substance abuse.