S. Dariaus Ir S. Girėno Kultas: Raida Ir Išraiškos

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S. Dariaus Ir S. Girėno Kultas: Raida Ir Išraiškos 1 ŠIAULI Ų UNIVERSITETAS HUMANITARINIS FAKULTETAS ISTORIJOS KATEDRA LAURA GRICI ŪTĖ Istorijos specialyb ės IV kurso student ė S. DARIAUS IR S. GIR ĖNO KULTAS: RAIDA IR IŠRAIŠKOS Bakalauro darbas Mokslinis vadovas dr. Salvijus Kulevi čius Darbas originalus – Laura Grici ūtė (..................) Šiauliai, 2011 2 TURINYS ĮVADAS .............................................................................................................................................. 3 1. TEORIN ĖS ĮŽVALGOS IR ISTORIN Ė PERSPEKTYVA ........................................................... 9 1.1. Heroj ų kultas nacionalizmo teorijose ....................................................................................... 9 1.2. S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno biografijos: pagrindiniai faktai.......................................................... 10 1.3. S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno skrydis per Atlant ą: id ėja ir jos raiška............................................... 12 1.4. Tikroji žygdarbio vert ė aviacijos istorijoje............................................................................. 13 2. S.DARIAUS IR S. GIR ĖNO KULTO RAIDA............................................................................. 15 2.1. Ištakos..................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Pirmosios Lietuvos Respublikos laikotarpis .......................................................................... 16 2.3. Sovietmetis ............................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.1. Oficialusis poži ūris.......................................................................................................... 20 2.3.2. Žygdarbio ir asmenybi ų memorializacija........................................................................ 21 2.4. Antrosios Lietuvos Respublikos laikotarpis........................................................................... 25 2.4.1. Paminklai S. Dariui ir S. Gir ėnui..................................................................................... 25 2.4.2. Periodika ir knygos.......................................................................................................... 27 2.4.3. Skrydžio min ėjimai ......................................................................................................... 28 2.4.4. Kitos kulto išraiškos ........................................................................................................ 29 2.5. Kultas užsienyje...................................................................................................................... 32 2.5.1. Memorialiniai objektai ir vietos ...................................................................................... 32 2.5.2. S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno bei „Lituanicos“ vard ų suteikimas ............................................. 34 2.5.3. Kitos kulto išraiškos ........................................................................................................ 36 3. SEMIOTIN Ė KULTO IŠRAIŠK Ų ANALIZ Ė ............................................................................. 37 3.1. Dainos..................................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.1. Tarpukariu ....................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.2. Sovietme čiu ..................................................................................................................... 38 3.1.3. Liaudies dainos................................................................................................................ 40 3. 2. Grožin ė literat ūra................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1. Poezija ............................................................................................................................. 42 3.2.2. Proza................................................................................................................................ 45 3.3. Paminkl ų analiz ė .................................................................................................................... 49 4. KULTO MATERIALINI Ų IŠRAIŠK Ų ANALIZ Ė PAVELDOSAUGINIU ASPEKTU............ 52 IŠVADOS.......................................................................................................................................... 54 ŠALTINIAI IR LITERAT ŪRA ........................................................................................................ 56 SANTRAUKA .................................................................................................................................. 61 SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................................... 62 PRIEDAI ........................................................................................................................................... 63 3 ĮVADAS Temos aptarimas. Steponas Darius ir Stasys Gir ėnas Lietuvoje yra priskiriami heroj ų kategorijai. Pagrindu tam tapo vienas j ų gyvenimo faktas – 1933 m. jie s ėkmingai perskrido Atlanto vandenyn ą, ta čiau nepasiek ę Lietuvos tragiškai žuvo tuometin ėje Vokietijos teritorijoje. Nuo tada buvo stengiamasi kuo akivaizdžiau įprasminti lak ūnų pasiaukojim ą Lietuvai. Šis siekis tapo labai akivaizdus, o didžiulis noras išaukštinti bei parodyti pagarb ą S. Dariui ir S. Gir ėnui tapo kultu. Taigi bakalauro darbo tyrimo objektas – S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno kultas. Darbe siekiama identifikuoti min ėtųjų lak ūnų asmenines savybes, kurios buvo ir yra vertinamos visuomen ėje (tapo pagrindu kultui), išanalizuoti j ų kulto susiformavim ą ir raid ą, pateikti faktus, kurie kiek įmanoma geriau j į iliustruot ų. Ši užduotis, kaip pasirod ė n ėra tokia paprasta, nes iš tokios pozicijos į S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno žygdarb į dar niekas n ėra paži ūrėję. Puikus to įrodymas – visi šiems asmenims dedikuoti veikalai ar k ūriniai pagr įsti tuo, kad išaukštint ų ir pagerbt ų S. Dari ų ir S. Gir ėną, o ne kritiškai įvertint ų šiuos asmenis ir j ų žygdarb į. Istoriografija ir kita literat ūra. Pradedant istoriografijos ir šaltini ų aptarim ą b ūtina įvardinti, kad d ėl tyrimo specifikos kai kurie tie patys veikalai darbe naudoti ir kaip literat ūra, ir kaip šaltiniai. Pavyzdžiui, daugelis Nijol ės Dari ūtės-Maštarien ės parengt ų knyg ų ar parašyt ų straipsni ų tampa tyrimo šaltiniu – juose labai akivaizdžiai atsiskleidžia kultas. Kita vertus, šie veikalai yra (nors ir labai s ąlyginai) istoriografiniai: juose nagrin ėjama S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno istorija. Daugeliui darbe naudotos medžiagos b ūdingas toks dvilypumas. Pirmiausia buvo nagrin ėjami nacionalizmo tyr ėjų ir teoretik ų darbai. Juose buvo siekiama rasti atsakymus apie kulto reikšm ę nacionalin ėse valstyb ėse. Tam pagelb ėjo Benedicto Andersono darbas „ Įsivaizduojamos bendruomen ės“, kuriame autorius rašo apie nacionalizmo kilm ę ir plitim ą. Pastarosios knygos autorius bando antsakyti į klausim ą – kod ėl žmonės myli ir ž ūsta už savo taut ą? Kaip suvokia tautiškumo id ėją? Kitas nacionalizmo teoretikas Ernestas Gellneris savo knygoje „Tautos ir nacionalizmas“ gilinasi į savokas, aprašo visuomenes iki per ėjimo į nacionalizmo amži ų. Ta čiau, žinoma, daugiausia d ėmesio skiria nacionalizmo aiškinimui. Darbe nebuvo įmanoma apsieiti be Anthonio D. Smitho nacionalizmo sampratos, kuri ą jis išd ėst ė knygoje „Nacionalizmas XX amžiuje“. Autorius nacionalizm ą aiškina kaip ideologin į jud ėjim ą, tod ėl ši knyga buvo vertingiausia mano tyrin ėjamai temai. A. D. Smithas savo darbe rašo apie tautin į ideal ą, taip pat apie tautin į tapatum ą, kurie yra svarb ūs norint išsiaiškinti kulto reikšm ę nacionalin ėse valstyb ėse. Tautiškum ą ir nacionalizm ą tyrin ėja ir vienas pirm ųjų Lietuvoje teis ės sociolog ų, profesorius Petras Leonas. Jis taip pat pripaž įsta tautinio identito reikšm ę nacionalin ėse valstyb ėse. 4 Irena Šutinien ė savo straipsniuose 1 analizuoja tautos istorijos mitus ir simbolius Lietuvos gyventoj ų s ąmon ėje, nagrin ėja j ų kait ą ir priežastis. Autor ė savo tyrimams pagr įsti remiasi kit ų sociolog ų mintimis. Šiame darbe buvo labai naudingas tyrimas apie tautos heroj ų įvaizdžius. Kaip jau buvo užsiminta, S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno kultas iki šiol nėra tyrin ėtas, tad šia tema nesama ir jokios literat ūros. Darbe kaip literat ūra naudoti tie veikalai, kuriuose pristatoma ar analizuojama S. Dariaus ir S. Gir ėno kaip asmen ų ir vadinamojo j ų žygdarbio istorija. Pagerbti S. Dariui ir S. Gir ėnui buvo išleista ir vis dar leidžiama nemažai knygų. Ta čiau tenka pasteb ėti, jog daugelis jų negali b ūti priskirtos istoriografijos „žanrui“, nes parašytos ne istorik ų ir nesilaikant istorin ės metodologijos, o kit ų profesij ų, sri čių atstov ų. Pirmasis dar 1935 m. Čikagoje išsami ą knyg ą apie lak ūnus paraš ė j ų amžininkas, publicistas Petras Jurg ėla. Ji pavadinta „Sparnuoti lietuviai Darius ir Gir ėnas“. Ir nors knyga parašyta pra ėjus dviems metams po lak ūnų ž ūties, tam laikotarpiui ji buvo pakankamai objektyvi. Autorius nepasidav ė emocijoms ir „neperlenkė lazdos“. P. Jurg ėlos pateikta informacija naudojosi daugelis v ėliau apie S. Dari ų ir S. Gir ėną rašiusi ų žmoni ų. Šioje knygoje išsamiai aprašyti pirmieji lak ūnų atminimo įamžinimo reiškiniai, kurie labai svarb ūs kulto formavimuisi ir šio darbo tyrimui.
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