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Lithuanian Jews and the Holocaust
Ezra’s Archives | 77 Strategies of Survival: Lithuanian Jews and the Holocaust Taly Matiteyahu On the eve of World War II, Lithuanian Jewry numbered approximately 220,000. In June 1941, the war between Germany and the Soviet Union began. Within days, Germany had occupied the entirety of Lithuania. By the end of 1941, only about 43,500 Lithuanian Jews (19.7 percent of the prewar population) remained alive, the majority of whom were kept in four ghettos (Vilnius, Kaunas, Siauliai, Svencionys). Of these 43,500 Jews, approximately 13,000 survived the war. Ultimately, it is estimated that 94 percent of Lithuanian Jewry died during the Holocaust, a percentage higher than in any other occupied Eastern European country.1 Stories of Lithuanian towns and the manner in which Lithuanian Jews responded to the genocide have been overlooked as the perpetrator- focused version of history examines only the consequences of the Holocaust. Through a study utilizing both historical analysis and testimonial information, I seek to reconstruct the histories of Lithuanian Jewish communities of smaller towns to further understand the survival strategies of their inhabitants. I examined a variety of sources, ranging from scholarly studies to government-issued pamphlets, written testimonies and video testimonials. My project centers on a collection of 1 Population estimates for Lithuanian Jews range from 200,000 to 250,000, percentages of those killed during Nazi occupation range from 90 percent to 95 percent, and approximations of the number of survivors range from 8,000 to 20,000. Here I use estimates provided by Dov Levin, a prominent international scholar of Eastern European Jewish history, in the Introduction to Preserving Our Litvak Heritage: A History of 31 Jewish Communities in Lithuania. -
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Centralized National Risk Assessment for Lithuania FSC-CNRA-LT V1-0 EN FSC-CNRA-LT V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LITHUANIA 2017 – 1 of 81 – Title: Centralized National Risk Assessment for Lithuania Document reference FSC-CNRA-LT V1-0 EN code: Approval body: FSC International Center: Policy and Standards Unit Date of approval: 13 April 2017 Contact for comments: FSC International Center - Policy and Standards Unit - Charles-de-Gaulle-Str. 5 53113 Bonn, Germany +49-(0)228-36766-0 +49-(0)228-36766-30 [email protected] © 2017 Forest Stewardship Council, A.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the publisher’s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. Printed copies of this document are for reference only. Please refer to the electronic copy on the FSC website (ic.fsc.org) to ensure you are referring to the latest version. The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) is an independent, not for profit, non- government organization established to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC’s vision is that the world’s forests meet the social, ecological, and economic rights and needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations. FSC-CNRA-LT V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LITHUANIA 2017 – 2 of 81 – Contents Risk assessments that have been finalized for Lithuania ........................................... 4 Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Lithuania ................................... -
Forest for All Forever
Centralized National Risk Assessment for Lithuania FSC-CNRA-LTU V1-0 EN FSC-CNRA-LTU V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LITHUANIA 2015 – 1 of 69 – Title: Centralized National Risk Assessment for Lithuania Document reference FSC-CNRA-LTU V1-0 EN code: Approval body: FSC International Center: Policy and Standards Unit Date of approval: 17 December 2015 Contact for comments: FSC International Center - Policy and Standards Unit - Charles-de-Gaulle-Str. 5 53113 Bonn, Germany +49-(0)228-36766-0 +49-(0)228-36766-30 [email protected] © 2015 Forest Stewardship Council, A.C. All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the publisher’s copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, recording taping, or information retrieval systems) without the written permission of the publisher. Printed copies of this document are for reference only. Please refer to the electronic copy on the FSC website (ic.fsc.org) to ensure you are referring to the latest version. The Forest Stewardship Council® (FSC) is an independent, not for profit, non- government organization established to support environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial, and economically viable management of the world’s forests. FSC’s vision is that the world’s forests meet the social, ecological, and economic rights and needs of the present generation without compromising those of future generations. FSC-CNRA-LTU V1-0 CENTRALIZED NATIONAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LITHUANIA 2015 – 2 of 69 – Contents Risk assessments that have been finalized for Lithuania ........................................... 4 Risk designations in finalized risk assessments for Lithuania ................................... -
Lietuvos Muziejų Rinkiniai. Nr. 16. Fotografija Lietuvos Muziejuose
2017 Nr. 16 LIETUVOS MUZIEJŲ RINKINIAI XX mokslinė konferencija FOTOGRAFIJA LIETUVOS MUZIEJUOSE Fotografijos MUZIEJUS LIETUVOS MUZIEJŲ ASOCIACIJA RINKINIŲ MOKSLINIO TYRIMO SEKCIJA ASSOCIATION OF LITHUANIAN MUSEUMS SECTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH OF COLLECTIONS LIETUVOS MUZIEJŲ RINKINIAI XX mokslinė konferencija FOTOGRAFIJA LIETUVOS MUZIEJUOSE * * * COLLECTIONS OF LITHUANIAN MUSEUMS The 20th Scientific Conference PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE MUSEUMS OF LITHUANIA FOTOGRAFIJOS MUZIEJUS, 2017 M. BALANDŽIO 20–21 D. PHOTOGRAPHY MUSEUM, APRIL 20–21, 2017 ISSN 1822-0657 Konferencijos organizacinis komitetas, leidinio redakcinė kolegija: Dalius Avižinis, Nacionalinis muziejus Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmai Dainius Elertas, Lietuvos jūrų muziejus dr. Zita Pikelytė, Panevežio kraštotyros muziejus Virginija Šiukščienė, Šiaulių „Aušros“ muziejus Dalia Tarandaitė, Lietuvos dailės muziejus Sudarytojas Dalius Avižinis Recenzentė dr. Jolanta Skurdaukienė Konferencijos ir leidinio rėmėjai: Viršeliuose: pirmajame ‒ Fotografijos muziejaus nuotrauka. Fot. Edvardas Tamošiūnas; ketvirtajame ‒ autoportretas su seserimi Teofile, apie 1920. Fot. Boniventūras Motuzas. © Lietuvos muziejų asociacija, 2017 Turinys / CONTENTS PRATARMĖ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 PREFACE MOKSLINĖS KONFERENCIJOS „FOTOGRAFIJA LIETUVOS MUZIEJUOSE“ STRAIPSNIAI. ARTICLES OF THE SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE „PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE MUSEUMS OF LITHUANIA“ Dr. Margarita Matulytė. -
Agricultural Situation and Prospects in the Central and Eastern European
Agricultural Situation European Union and Prospects Agriculture and rural development ( Lithuania European Commission Directorate for Agriculture (DG VI) Agricultural Situation and Prospects in the Central and Eastern European Countries This report has been prepared by DG VI in close collaboration with N. Kazlauskiene in Lithuania. Assistance was given by DG II, DGIA, EUROSTAT, TAIEX, and by Prof A. Segre' of the University of Bologna. The manuscript has been prepared by Marina Mas trostefano. The author accepts full responsibility for any errors, which could still remain in the text. The closing date for data collection was April 1998. The revision of the English text was carried out by Eithne Me Carthy A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1998 ISBN 92-828-3698-3 © European Communities, 1998 Reproduction is authorized, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium Table of contents Introduction .........................................................................................................5 About the data•••..................................................... _ ........................................... 6 Executive Summary ...........................................................................................7 1. General economic situation .................................................................... -
Lithuanian Paths to Modernity
Lithuanian Paths to Modernity VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY EGIDIJUS ALEKSANDRAVIČIUS Lithuanian Paths to Modernity UDK 94 Al-79 ISBN 978-609-467-236-1 (Online) © Egidijus Aleksandravičius, 2016 ISBN 978-9955-34-637-1 (Online) © Vytautas Magnus University, 2016 ISBN 978-609-467-237-8 (Print) © “Versus aureus” Publishers, 2016 ISBN 978-9955-34-638-8 (Print) To Leonidas Donskis 7 Table of Contents Preface / Krzysztof Czyżewski. MODERNITY AND HISTORIAN’S LITHUANIA / 9 Acknowledgements / 21 Part I: Before Down A Lost Vision: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Political Imagination of the 19th Century / 25 Hebrew studies at Vilnius University and Lithuanian Ethnopolitical tendencies in the First part of the 19th century / 39 The double Fate of the Lithuanian gentry / 57 Political goals of Lithuanians, 1863–1918 / 69 Associational Culture and Civil Society in Lithuania under Tsarist Rule / 87 The Union’s Shadow, or Federalism in the Lithuanian Political Imagination of the late 19th and early 20th centuries / 105 Part II: The Turns of Historiography The Challenge of the Past: a survey of Lithuanian historiography / 137 Jews in Lithuanian Historiography / 155 Lost in Freedom: Competing historical grand narratives in post-Soviet Lithuania / 167 8 LITHUANIAN PATHS TO MODERNITY Part III: The Fall, Sovietization and After Lithuanian collaboration with the Nazis and the Soviets / 195 Conspiracy theories in traumatized societies: The Lithuanian case / 227 Lithuanian routes, stories, and memories / 237 Post-Communist Transition: The Case of Two Lithuanian Capital Cities / 249 Emigration and the goals of Lithuania’s foreign policy / 267 Guilt as Europe’s Borderline / 281 9 Preface Krzysztof Czyżewski MODERNITY AND HISTORIAN’S LITHUANIA I worry about ‘progressive’ history teaching… The task of the historian is to supply the dimension of knowledge and narrative without which we cannot be a civic whole.. -
In the Foo Tsteps of V Ic Tories
Aukštaičių g. 39 12 km 33 6 km 10 9 5 km 4 km 43 11 31 32 19 51 THE CITY OF Jonavos g. 3 km 3 km 5 km Aukštaičių g. CHAMPIONS Žalioji g. Aušros g. Savanorių pr. 18 Žemaičių g. Jonavos g. V. Putvinskio g. K. Petrausko g. 44 A. Mackevičiaus g. 5 Radastų g. Kauko al. Benediktinių g. Šv. Gertrūdos g. A. Jakšto g. Maironio g. 46 K. Donelaičio g. A. Mickevičiaus g. A. Mackevičiaus g. 25 Savanorių pr. 8 Šv. Gertrūdos g. Gedimino g. Papilio g. 24 17 Kumelių g. E. Ožeškienės g. 4 Parodos g. M. Valančiaus g. A. Mapu g. Laisvės al. 22 15 16 Laisvės al. 7 45 Laisvės al. 13 Vilniaus g. J. Gruodžio g. 47 3 Vilniaus g. Rotušės a. 45 Nemuno g. 6 2 45 49 26 48 53 Santakos g. 14 20 D. Poškos g. Kęstučio g. Birštono g. Maironio g. M. Daukšos g. 52 Kęstučio g. Muitinės g. Kurpių g. Smalininkų g. 54 DaukantoS. g. Muziejaus g. T. Daugirdo g. Nemuno g. A. Mickevičiaus g. Gedimino g. Aleksoto g. Karaliaus Mindaugo pr. L. Zamenhofo g. I. Kanto g. Karaliaus Mindaugo pr. Druskininkų g. 21 50 42 16 km Karaliaus Mindaugo pr. Miško g. 38 1 ŽALGIRIO ARENA 7 ARVYDAS SABONIS’ HOME Perkūno al. Karaliaus Mindaugo pr. 50 Vytauto pr. Vytauto The largest multifunctional arena in the Baltic While it might be difficult to be the second-coming of Arvydas Sabonis, there’s still an opportunity to live in g. Trakų states and the home of the legendary Žalgiris 23 Vaižganto g. -
Report for the Study on the Development of Pulp And
No. JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) MINISTRY OF ECONOMY, THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA REPORT FOR THE STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY IN THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA NOVEMBER 2000 UNICO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION MPI JR 00-184 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study report compiles the results of research and study conducted for the proposed pulp mill project, which was carried out between February and October 2000, including three field surveys. The final report consists of the main text, the executive summary and the Investment Guide (in English). The Investment Guide is designed to provide information on the pulp mill project for potential foreign investors. The main text consists of 12 chapters, covering the analysis of the pulp and paper markets, raw materials, candidate mill sites, environmental assessment, mill design, construction and operation plans, estimation of required capital investment and financing plan, project’s financial analysis and evaluation, investment environment study and the current state of the existing paper product industries. The study team consists of consultants representing UNICO International Corporation and other consulting firms of Japan, and consulting engineers of Sweden’s Jaakko Pöyry Consulting AB, led by Mr. Masaaki Shiraishi of UNICO. The Lithuanian counterpart is the Industrial Strategy Bureau of the Ministry of Economy and a steering committee was established to confer upon important agenda, organized by representatives of the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Environment and the LDA and chaired by Mr. Osavaldas iuksys, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Economy. In addition, a working group organized by staff of related ministries was appointed to lead collaborative efforts in the actual research and study process. -
The Rise of the Lithuanian National Monuments: Cultivation, Expression
THE RISE OF THE LITHUANIAN NATIONAL MONUMENTS: CULTIVATION, EXPRESSION AND RESURRECTION By Silvija Aurylaitė Submitted to Central European University History Department In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Balázs Trencsényi Second Reader: Professor Karl Hall Budapest, Hungary CEU eTD Collection 2013 Statement of Copyright Copyright in the text of this thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either in full or part, may be made only in accordance with the instructions given by the Author and lodged in the Central European Library. Details may be obtained from the librarian. This page must form a part of any such copies made. Further copies made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the written permission of the Author. CEU eTD Collection i Abstract The thesis is about the cluster of interwar Lithuanian national monuments – the Vytautas Magnus War and Culture museum and the Church of Resurrection – which arose in the 1930s in Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania. It draws the origins of the monuments from the prewar idea of the Lithuanian “National House” rather than the dominant historicist discourse of the authoritarian regime, propagating the memory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the lost historical center Vilnius. The dynamic experience of the interwar Lithuanian national monument is revealed instead through the developement of the three national projects questing for national cultivation, expression and resurrection. CEU eTD Collection -
Lithuanian Basket - Ball – the Origins of “Gold Fever” by Alfred Erich Senn
Lithuanian Basket - ball – the Origins of “Gold Fever” by Alfred Erich Senn asketball has been called the would have appeared to have little second religion of Lithuania. prospect of developing. BSince the introduction of the But in that year of 1935 the sport into the Olympic Games in bacillus giving rise to “gold fever” 1936, Lithuanians have captained first infected the Lithuanian soul, three gold medal teams: Frank Lu - having been brought to the country Basketball instruction book authored by bin, USA, 1936; Modestas by American Lithuanians. The oc - Steponas Darius in 1926. Paulauskas, USSR, 1972; and Valde - casion was the basketball tourna - their elders that they were in fact maras Chomičius, USSR, 1988. A ment associated with the First World making a contribution to Lithuania. Lithuanian team has yet to win the Lithuanian Congress, organized by Ed “Moose” Krause, Edward Walter Olympic gold in its own name, but the Lithuanian government. There Kriaučiūnas, a legendary figure in in the latter days of Soviet rule, the was controversy in the attendance Notre Dame sports, led the team. passion for basketball was called of the basketball players as well as In the course of beating a Lat - “gold fever,” aukso karštligė , with of any other delegation from the vian-Lithuanian team 40-9 and a reference to the struggles of the Žal - United States because of émigré op - team of Kaunas All Stars 36-5, the giris-Kaunas club with Moscow’s position to the authoritarian regime American-Lithuanians easily domi - Central Army team (TsSKA) for the of Antanas Smetona, the sponsor nated the Congress’s basketball pro - gold medals as Soviet champions. -
History of Lithuanian Historiography
VYTAUTAS MAGNUS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF HUMANITIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Moreno Bonda History of Lithuanian Historiography DIDACTICAL GUIDELINES Kaunas, 2013 Reviewed by Prof. habil. dr. Egidijus Aleksandravičius Approved by the Department of History of the Faculty of Humanities at Vytautas Magnus University on 30 November 2012 (Protocol No. 3–2) Recommended for printing by the Council of the Faculty of Humanities of Vytau- tas Magnus University on 28 December 2012 (Protocol No. 8–6) Edited by UAB “Lingvobalt” Publication of the didactical guidelines is supported by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. Project title: “Renewal and Internationalization of Bachelor Degree Programmes in History, Ethnology, Philosophy and Political Science” (project No.: VP1-2.2-ŠMM-07-K-02-048) © Moreno Bonda, 2013 ISBN 978-9955-21-363-5 © Vytautas Magnus University, 2013 Table of Contents About Human Universals (as a Preface) . 5 I. Historiography and Hermeneutics: Definition of the Field . 10 Literature . 22 II. History as “Natural Histories” . 24 Nicolaus Hussovianus’ A Poem about the Size, Ferocity, and the Hunting of the Bison 28; Adam Schroeter’s About the Lithuanian River Nemunas 30; Sigismund von Herberstein’s Notes on Muscovite Affairs (as a conclusion) 31 Literature . 32 III. Proto-Historiography: Annals, Chronicles, State Official His to- riography and Letters . 34 III. 1. Annals and Chronicles . 36 Jan Długosz’s Annals or Chronologies of the Illustrious Kingdom of Poland 39; Peter of Dusburg’s Chronicles of the Prussian Lands 41; Wigand of Marburg’s New Prussian Chronicle 43; The Annals of Degučiai 44; Other Chronicles (for a History of the Historiography about Lithuania) 46 III. -
Lithuanian Collectors Coins
After the Atlanta Olympic Games a generation change took place in Lithuanian basketball. The relay was taken over by younger representatives of the Lithuanian basketball school. While they hardened and prepared for their greatest victories, a new page was written in the chronicle of victories by the Lithuanian national women’s team who won the European Women‘s Basketball Championship in Hungary in 1997. The Lithuanian basketball players also added to their arsenal of Olympic medals in the third consecutive games in Sydney in 2000. The young yet ambitious Lithuanian national team got Lithuanian on the podium again to take its bronze. Three years later our country’s basketball fans lived to see a still more impressive victory. In Collectors the European Basketball Championship in Sweden in 2003, Lithuania went all the way with success to claim gold for the third time in its basketball history. After an interval of 64 years Coins Lithuania was again the strongest team in the Old Continent! During that time the Lithuanian national team managed to write another two bronze pages in the country’s basketball history, winning the third place in the European Championship in Spain in 2007 and a set of bronze medals in the World Championship in Turkey in 2010 for the first time in its history. COINS DEDICATED TO BASKETBALL These victories not only confirmed that Lithuania deserves being called a basketball country; Denomination 50 litas they raised a hope that the 2011 World Championship would become a real basketball gala Gold Au 999.9 for all fans who love this game.