INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF COMMERCE, ARTS AND SCIENCE ISSN 2319 – 9202
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CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202
Application of central place model in the Kishangarh city of Ajmer district of Rajasthan
Gulzar Bin Rehman Research Scholar, Centre for the study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Abstract:
From the study of basic parameters of the application of central place theory in Kishangarh, the results have shown any interesting picture. One thing has been cleared that central place is not fully applicable in the study area.Though at India level it is applicable in terms of seven administrative hierarchy of settlement. However, in case of Kishangarh, it rarely follows this pattern. Higher and lower order settlements are there, but the spacing between them is contradictory. Kishangarh is first order settlements in the study area and Tibba falls in the Second order hierarchy while, Dadwindi, Nasirpur, Dalla, Depewal, Jabbowal, Shahwala idresa, Kabirpur, Suja kalia, Saidjour, Kalubhatia are in the third order of the central place hierarchy and all others are in Fouth & Fifth order of the hierarchy of central places. The analysis shows that the central places forming are not equally distributed in the study area. The first order settlements are very close to each other & are located in the central part of the area while in other areas there is no presence of first order. However, the basic assumptions of Christaller like homogeneous place or isotropic plain is absent there due to rugged topography and consumer don’t have the same income, and they are not rational. Somewhere this model is applicable like First order settlement have a central location, all the settlement are not spaced in hierarchy & not equally distributed.
Introduction:
Kishangarh is a city and a municipality in Ajmer district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It lies 18 miles north-west of Ajmer. It is well connected via Indian Railways and National Highway-8. It is the birthplace of the Kishangarh style of painting, which is known for the beautiful depiction of a courtesan known as Bani Thani. In recent years, Kishangarh has come to be known as the marble city of India. It is purported to be the only place in the world with a temple of nine planets.
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CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202
The Central place is a settlement which serves as a focal point for a number of other settlements which are dependent on it. Central place theory was developed and published by Walter. Christaller in his book “central place of western Germany” in 1933 which deals with the allocation of market mechanism or distribution of goods and services to the surrounding hinterland. Central place theory is envisaged to see the hierarchical structure of the settlement size and location. He explains 3 cornerstone –
1. There is a functional interdependence between a town and its surrounding hinterland. 2. Town or central place must be located in the central part of the region so that the services, functions, and market can be provided to the hinterland location. 3. Although the C.P. with goods and services is the focal point of the model, it acknowledges there must exist other nodes and settlements which don’t have these functions. He assumed certain premises- 1. There should be an Isotropic surface with homogenous in resource distribution and climate, soil fertility and topography. 2. Income variation should not be there. 3. Equal and ubiquitous distribution of resources. 4. Transport cost of the region will be uniform and proportionate to distance. 5. All people will be rational in income generation
According to the model, the needs for settlement goes to change in the hierarchical order of the settlement. Lower order functions settlement would be distributed in many areas. Once we move from lower order functions to higher order functions would decrease with a particular proportion, and that is k system. Which he divided into 3 k-system
1. Marketing principle =3 (6*1/3+1) 2. Transport principle, and =4 (6*1/2+1) 3. Administrative principle. =7
The fundamental concepts on which the central place theory is based on are:
1. The principle of centrality, and 2. The principle of hierarchy
Objectives:
The prime object of this case study is to find out a central place in Kishangarh Panchayat Samiti. First, take all the variables and create the map of the composite index. Through this map try to find out the hierarchy of the settlement.
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Try to find out interconnection between all the nodes or settlement and finally reach a conclusion.
Database:
The codes and Panchayat Samiti map for the digitization has been taken from the ‘administrative atlas of Rajasthan, 2001.” Village and town directory,2001
Methodology:
Gravity model –J.Q.Stewart,1957 interaction between two nodes in terms of migration, Consumer flow will be directly proportional to the mass of the two nodes and inversely related to the square of the distance between them.
Interaction between “I” and “j”
Iij =PiPJ/D^2ij
The beta index (B) :- measures the connectivity relating the number of edges to the number of nodes. It is given as: Beta Index= Edges/Vertices or nodes where E = number of edges (links), V = number of vertices (nodes).The greater the value of B, the greater the connectivity The Koenig number :- (or associated number) is the number of edges from any node in a network to the furthest node from it. This is a topological measure of distance, in edges rather than in Kilometers. A low associated number indicates a high degree of connectivity; the lower the Konig number, the greater the Centrality of that node. ARC MAP 9.3 :- Using graduated symbols and different cartographic techniques in the maps, using a buffer to demarcate zone of influence and finally a lot of over-lapping to know the central place in the given Panchayat Samiti. Literature Review: Ray Bromley and Rosemary D. F. Bromley in (1979) reveal that this paper presents a case study of the analysis of bus services, using data for the Republic of Ecuador in 1975 and employing a number of modifications and additions to the body of analytical techniques used by earlier authors. The analysis of bus services was particularly relevant to the study of Western European central place systems in the 1930s and 1940s when a high proportion of used to travel was by bus. Techniques presented for the analysis of bus services are adaptable to a considerable range of circumstances and can be used not only to analyze the structure of central place systems but also to compare different central place systems and to analyze changes in the structure of
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CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202 particular systems through time. Though it is not applicable forever, it was relevant at the time of this article was being written.
Samrat Bose in his article “Road Density, Resource Intensity and economic efficiency in India: 1958-1997” deals with the role of national highways and state roads in the development of a region and how it helps in providing services and functions. It helps in several ways like By directly contributing to output and By enhancing amenities and influencing location decision of private industry. States that have high a national high-way density generally also have prominent positions in the socio-economic rankings.This is clearly the case for Delhi, Punjab, Kerala and West Bengal. Assam is the only exception, and Haryana is intermediate in highway development. The Same scenario we can see in case of Kishangarh where NH-8 provides services and functions to its higher order settlement and its around ones too.
Gwyn Rowley (1971) in his article “Central Places in Rural Wales” deals with the A realistic method of market area definition is based upon consumer behavior data collected in rural Wales. The more complex market centers are classified on the basis of these data. Overlapping areas and the relationships between market area characteristics and the central place hierarchy are considered. The functionally more complex centers possess the more complex market areas within which the behavior of individuals must be the key to comprehension
Sudhir Wanmali and Yassir Islam in his article “Rural Services, Rural Infrastructure and Regional Development in India” The economic and spatial features of the distribution systems for Rural services need to be studied. Services are often available in only a few settlements but are used by a larger number of settlements resulting in economic transactions across a greater geographical area. There has been a tremendous improvement in the capacity of larger villages and small towns to provide these services. Studies in this article show how to approach the planning of rural service provision and they provide the basis for conducting similar exercises elsewhere at the sub-state level in India.
Analysis and Results:
Figure :- 1 Educational facility map given below show graduated symbols higher values are coming in those areas where transport networks are highly connected and links each and every higher order settlement. These areas are as Kishangarh town, singara, sursura,Salemabad, karkeri, Bander sinderi, kathoda, nohariya and dhani purohitan etc.
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CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202
Figure 1: Hierarchy of Educational Institutions in P.S Kishangarh 2001
There is no such town or class in Kishangarh which possess higher order settlement pattern and can dominate the whole hierarchy level. The all over district analysis unveils the hierarchy order of higher order nodes which is acquired by Ajmer district and these patterns are coming as:-
Table: Composite value of settlements in Kishangarh as per their access to facilities
Order of the Composite No. of Name settlement value Towns/settlement
1 1000 + 1 Ajmer
2 100-1000 6 (kishangarh,kekri)
3 50-100 12 Not a single town
4 10-50 50 Tilonia,Roopangarh,kucheel
5 5-10 66 (Sursura,Salemabad,silora)
6 1-5 339 kanker,kathoda,Tikawara
7 Less than 1 679 (gopalpuraTodamal etc)
Source: Census of India 2001.
Ajmer which is the main town of Ajmer district too but after this giant city no other settlement has the potential to compete with Ajmer. This is the whole study of the Ajmer district while the main study area of this term paper is Panchayat Samiti Kishangarh which comes in the second category ranges from 100-1000 composite value with one more town Kekri. The most interesting
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CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202 phenomena are that P.S. Kishangarh doesn't have town ranges in between 50-100. Tilonia is famous for barefoot college, Tourism and its handicraft, etc. which provide much lower services and facility to the nearby settlement. Most of the nodes lie in the series of composite index value less than 1, and these are highly dependent on other settlement.
Figure 2: Hierarchy of Hospital Facility in P.S Kishangarh 2001
Figure :-2 Hospital facilities are generally following the pattern of the transport network and are found in a healthy manner where the linkages are good enough. We can see clearly in this map where lower order settlement people are totally dependent on higher-order health services. People daily commute from villages and go back to their home. Kishangarh and Singara are the only places where health services are sufficed.
Figure :- 3 This map is of banking facility and other means of services which accelerate the flow of money in the market, and hence the flow of other services and function get generated. National and state level bank is located in town and mainly Tehsils areas. Villages are endowed with the co-operative bank, but these are too limited. Villages bank are there, but they are based on population threshold. In this area of study, the bank is opened on the basis of demand or if any particular area is having required threshold for the proper functioning of the bank.
Figure 3: Hierarchy of Bank facility in P.S Kishangarh 2001
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CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202
Figure :-4 This map is based on communication of settlement in between two nodes like facility of telephone, Fax, etc but in today’s world telephone density is not a measure of centrality where due to (LPG) liberalization, Privatization and Globalisation even in villages people have mobile phones just because in India every multi-national wants to establish its market from the base. Hence it is not feasible to talk about telephone density Christaller talked about in 1931 because it was a different place as compared to India and temporal changes have created some anomalies. The Same pattern is also followed by this map where there is no such statistical outlier.
Figure 4: Hierarchy of communication facility in P.S Kishangarh, 2001
Figure :- 5 Next map is of recreational activities where one anomaly is there which is of Kishangarh town because it should be higher, but in case of recreational activities it very low behaves like a small village. There may be some reason for that like other nearby town attracts more people which are not shown in this map, but the positive point is that both the good indicator of the recreational facility lies on the national highway – 8.
Figure 5: Hierarchy of Recreation facility in P.S Kishangarh, 2001
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CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202
Figure :- 5 Transport network is often taken as accessibility. More the nodes are touched by any kind of networks it is called highly accessible point and vice versa. For the analysis of accessibility Konig number, the Beta index has been used that show that Kishangarh is having a high degree of accessibility of Konig number around 7. Lesser the Koing number higher would be the connectivity or can say centrality, and it is proved if we look at the map of Kishangarh panchayat Samiti.
Figure : -6 Threshold is a population that is required to sustain any economy or activity in a particular area. Map of population density threshold possesses vital importance in terms of central place and no economic activity generated without required population. The first and foremost criteria for surviving any activity is its Threshold. The first rank acquired by Kishangarh and three other towns have 2nd rank while other comes in 3rd rank order settlement.Population potential is also of Kishangarh.
Figure 6: Population Density in P.S Kishangarh, 2001
Conclusion:
From the study of basic parameters of the application of central place theory in Kishangarh, the results have shown any interesting picture. One thing has been cleared that central place is not fully applicable in the study area.Though at India level it is applicable in terms of seven administrative hierarchy of settlement. However, in case of Kishangarh, it rarely follows this pattern. Higher and lower order settlements are there, but the spacing between them is contradictory. Kishangarh is first order settlements in the study area and Tibba falls in the Second order hierarchy while, Dadwindi, Nasirpur, Dalla, Depewal, Jabbowal, Shahwala idresa, Kabirpur, Suja kalia, Saidjour, Kalubhatia are in the third order of the central place hierarchy and all others are in Fouth & Fifth order of the hierarchy of central places. The analysis shows that the central places forming are not equally distributed in the study area. The first order settlements are very close to each other & are located in the central part of the area while in other areas there International Research Journal of Commerce Arts and Science http://www.casirj.com Page 265
CASIRJ Volume 6 Issue 3 [Year - 2015] ISSN 2319 – 9202 is no presence of first order. However, the basic assumptions of Christaller like homogeneous place or isotropic plain is absent there due to rugged topography and consumer don’t have the same income, and they are not rational. Somewhere this model is applicable like First order settlement have a central location, all the settlement are not spaced in hierarchy & not equally distributed.
The study of central place theory in context to Kishangarh gives an indication that the developmental work in the study area is not equally distributed. The study of central places in Kishangarh will be helpful to the policy makers and planners so that they will formulate plans for the overall development of the region. The service sector has been isolated & other parts are lagging in this sector. There is a lot of disparity in social, economic,cultural aspects in the tehsil. The tehsil should be equally developed in every aspect so that growing disparities will be reduced to a great level. There is a need for constructive policies and programmes for the development of the region.
References:
I. Jagdish Singh,(1979).Central place hierarchy in a backward economy : Gorakhpur Region, economic and social geography II. Berry, B. J. L. 1967 Geography of Market Centers and Retail Distribution. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall III. Majid Hussain,(2008).Models in geography. Tata Magro hills publications. IV. R.Ramachandran, (2004),Urbanization and Urban Systems in India, Oxford University Press, USA V. Gwyn Rowley, (Sep. 1971),”Central Places in Rural Wales,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 61, No. 3 pp.537-550. VI. Thomas L. Bell, Stanley R. Lieber, Gerard Rushton, (Jun. 1974), “Clustering of Services in Central Places” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 64, No. 2 pp.214-225. VII. Sudhir Wanmali and Yassir Islam, (Jul. 1995), “Rural Services, Rural Infrastructure and Regional Development in India.” The Geographical Journal, Vol. 161, No. 2 pp. 149-166. VIII. Gordon F. Mulligan “Central Place Populations: Some Implications of Consumer Shopping Behavior.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 74, No. 1 (Mar. 1984), pp 44-66 IX. Ray Bromley and Rosemary D. F. Bromley. (Nov. 1979), “Defining Central Place Systems Through the Analysis of Bus Services- The Case of Ecuador” The Geographical Journal, Vol. 145, No. 3 pp. 416-436. X. Craig,J.1995, Population potential and some related measures,area,19(2):141-146.
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