CENSUS OF INDIA 1981
SERIES 18
RAJASTHAN
PARTS XIII-A & B DISTRICT €ENSUS HANDBOOK (Village & Town Directory Village and Townwise Primary Census Abstract)
AJMER DISTRICT
T. C. SRIVASTAVA of the Indian Administrative ScCt?;ce Director of Census Operations, Rajasthau
FOREWORD
Population Census provides data-base for economic and social planning to plaullers and administrators at all levels. The village and town-wise Census data compiled and processed by the Directorate of Census Operations are being published in the form of District Census Handbook for each district, which, I am sure, will be found quite useful, informative and interesting by planners, administrators as well as academicians and research scholars.
Each Distrjct Census Handbook comprises two parts: Part-A containing information on the amenities available in each village/town and Part-B population totals and other demographic data. Some additional information regarding amenities added, in the past ten years, in each village/town has also been provided in these volumes.
Shri I. C. Srivastava, Director of Census' -Operations, Rajasthan and his colleagues who have endeavoured for several months to complete these comprehensive and useful volumes deserve to be congratulated for accuracy and their timely completion.
M.M.K. WALl .tAIPUR Chief Secretary January 26, 19S3 Government of Rajasthan
PREFACE
The District Census Handbook (DCH), compiled by the Census OrganisatlOn on behalf of the State Government, is one of the most valuable products of the Census. The DCH is constantly referred to by planners. administrators, academicians and researchers. It is inter alia used for delimitation of constituencies, formulation of local level and regional plans and as an aid to district administration. The District Census Handbook is the only pUblication which provides Primary Census Abstract (PCA) data upto village level for the rural areas and wardwise for each city or town. It also provides data on infrastructure and amenities in villages and towns etc.
The District Census Handbook series was initiated during the 1951 Census. It contained important census tables and PCA for each village and town of the district. During 1961 Census the scope of the DCR was enlarged and it contained a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory. including PCA. The 1971 DCH series was planned in three parts. Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to villag~ and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. However, in some states it was confined to district census tables and in a few cases altogether given up due to delay in compilation and printing.
While designing the format of 1981 DCH series some new features alongwith the restructuring of the formats of village and town directory have been attempted. At the same time, comparability with the 1971 data has also been kept in view. All the amenities except power supply in the village have been brought together in the village directory with the instruction that in case an amenity is not available in the referrent village the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place where the amenity is available may be given. The restructuring of the format of the village directory and incorporating more exhaustive data on infrastructure aspect particularly in relation to amenities and land-use pattern is expected to further meet the need of micro level planning for rural areas. It is expected to help not only III local area planning but regulating the provision of goods and services as well so as to mmimisc the regional imbalances in the prol,;css of development. A few new items of information have also bt:en lIltroduced to meet some of the requirements of the Revised Minimum Needs Programme. Such new items of information as adult literacy centres, primary health sub~centres, and community health workers III the village have been introduced in the village directory with this objective in mind. The new item on approach to the village is to have an idea about the villages in the district which are inaccessible. A new column, "total population and number of households" has been introduced to examine the correlation of the amenities with the population and number of households they serve. Addition of two more appendices listing the villages where no amenities are available and according to the proportion of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population to the total population has also been made with this view in mind.
The formats of the town directory have also been modified to meet the requirements of the Minimum Needs Programme by providing information on a few new items. A new statement on civic and other amenities in slums in Class-I and Class-II towns (Statement rV-A) has been introduced with this objective in mind. It is expected that this will help the planners to chalk out programmes on provi sion of civic amenities for the improvement of slums. The columns on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population in Statement IV relating to civic and other amenities and adult literacy classes/centre'> under educational facilities in Statement V are also added inter alia with this view. A significant addition is class of town in all the seven statements of the town directory. The infrastructure of ( vi ) amenities in urban areas of the country can be b.:st analysed by taking the class of towns into considera tion. The addition of the columns on civic administration status and population in a few statements also serves this purpose.
The format of the Primary Census Abstract for the villages and towns has been formulated in the light of changes in the economic and other questions canvassed through the Individual Slip of 1981 Census.
In order to avoid delay in publication of 1981 DCH series it has been so designed that Part-A of the volume contains village and town directo.:y and Part-B, the peA of villages and towns including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PCA upto TehsiljTown levels. At the beginning of the DCH a detailed analytical note supported by a number of inset tables based on PCA and non-census data in relation to the infrastructure has been introduced to enhance its value. The district and tehsil/police stationjC D Block etc., level maps depicting the boundaries and other important features have been inserted at appropriate places, to further enhance the value of the publication.
This publication is a joint venture of the State Government and the Census Organisation. The data have been collected and compiled in the State under the direction of Shri I. C. Srivastava. the Director of Census Operations, Rajasthan on behalf of the State Government which has borne the cost uf printing. The task of planning, designing and coordination of this publication was carried out by Shri N. G. Nag, Deputy Registrar General (Social Studies) of my office. Dr. B. K. Roy, Deputy Registrar General (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of the maps. Data received from Census Directorates have been scrutinised in the Social Studies Division at the headquarters under the guidance of Shri M. M. Dua, Senior Research Officer. I am thankful to all who have contributed in this project.
NEW DELHI P. PADMANABHA January 26, 1983 Registrar General, India ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are deeply indebted to the State Government for their prompt help to us at all stages of CC'nsus Operations. We are beholden to Shri M. M. K. Wali, Chief Secretary, Rajasthan for his unstinted support and continued encouragement to us at all stages of work as also for having consented to write the Foreword for the series. The former Chief Secretary, Shri G. K. Bhanot who inaugurated the two State-level Census conferences had infused a sense of urgency and seriousness in the minds of Collectors and other officers engaged in Census work at the district level, which went a long way in geanng up the entire administrative machinery and we are extremely grateful to him. Several departments of the State Gvvernm~nt among which General Administration, Education, Community Development, Economics and Statistics, Public Relations, Printing and the Department of Personnel deserve special mention, extended utmost cooperatIOn and help in both the phases of Census Operations. The District Collectors played a pivotal role in successfully conducting and supervising Census Operations despite their multifarious responsibilities. They were assisted w:.:ll by ADMsjSDOs, Tehsildars and Municipal Officers and other Charge Officers. The Supervisors and Enumerators, the basic census functionaries worked ceaselessly in the entire period of field-work to make 1981 Census Operations smooth and successful. We are deeply grateful to Shri P. Padmdndbha, Registrar General and C~nsus Commissioner India for his sustained support and spontaneous, unfailing guidance throughout our endeavours. Our grateful thanks are due to Shri V. P. Pandey, Joint Registrar General and Shri N. G. Nag, Shri K. K. Chakravorty and Dr. B. K. Roy, the three Deputy Registrar Generals and their colleagues at the headquarters for their ever-willing, helping hand and thoughtful suggestions for putting together and shaping the volumes in their present form. Shrimati Meenakshi Hooja and Shri S. C. Varma, the former Deputy Directors incharge of District Handbooks who were ably assisted by Shri Shamsher Singh, Assistant Director and Shri Wali Haider, Investigator and their team of workers deserve all praise for their p.:rseverance and dedication b work. The management of funds, budgeting and reimbursement of expenditure etc. for these publications were ably handled by Shri R. C. Chandnani, Assistant Director (Adm.). Shri R. S. Mina, Assistant Director has taken pains in drafting the analytical notes for Ajmer District Census Handbook. Finally, the entire manuscript was thoroughly scrutinised and made press worthy by the specially constituted co-ordination cell headed by Shri R. C. Bhargava, Assistant Director, who was very well assisted by Shri G. D. Agrawal, Assistant Director, Sarvashri R. A. Gupta and R. N. Verma, Senior Supervisors and whose efforts deserve special mention. The Primary Census Abstract, the population profile for all the administrativ.: units of district was first prepared in Regional Tabulation Office, Ajmer headed by Shri N. K. Bhargava, Deputy Director, who put in his 'Labour of Love' to ensure its timely preparation. In this task he was assisted by Shri B. L. Verma, Investigator. Shri S. R. Luhadia, Deputy Director who had earlier prepared the work-design and supervised the training programme for compilation and tabulation of primary data in the Regional Census Offices, engendered the necessary team spirit among staff for completing various components of work before proceeding for training al London School of Economics. He has ably edited some of the drafts of analytical notes included in these publications for which he deserves my sincere thanks. The PCA and various other tables were scrutinised and finalised for publication under the close supervision and guidance of Shri R. C. Bhargava, Assistant Director by his team of zealous workers headed by Shri R. N. Verma, Senior Supervisor. Their precision and promptitude in delivering goods deserve special mention. The members of the staff in the Art Section did a commendable job, first, under the guidance of Shri M. L. Kumawat. Sr. Geographel, a highly experienced census hand and later under Shri .T. C. Srivastava, Research Officer. The work pertaming to the preparation of maps of the district was supervised by Shri R. D. Aggarwal. Deputy Director (Technical). Shri M. M. Goyal, Investigator and official incharge of printing personally looked to various aspects of printing work alongwith his associates, which has ensured the timely release of volumes and all credit goes to him for getting them through the press. We are also highly thankful to Shri K. C. Ajrnera of Mahavir Printing Press, M. 1. Road, Jaipur for making special arrangements for printing and supervising personally all processes thereof. lAIPUR I. C. SRIVASTAVA Republic Day, 1983 MEMBERS OF THE STAFF ASSOCIATED WITH THIS PUBLICATION
Village and Town Directory: 1. Shri Pratap Singh Statistical Assistant 2. Shri Narain Singh Khejroli Statistical Assistant 3. Smt. Usha Sharma Statistical Assistant 4. Smt. Santosh Malakar Statistical Assistant 5. Km. Nishi Saxena Computor 6. Km. Kusurn Lata Yadav Computor 7. Shri Bhagwan Sahai SankhJa Computor 8. Shri Arun Kumar Jain Computor 9. Shri Shyam Narain Bheda Computor 10. Shri Kailash Narain Sharma Computor Primary Census Abstract : 1. Shri N. K. Baj Investigator 2. Shri Abdul Waheed Investigator 3. Shri T. C. Basandani Investigator 4. Shri K. B. Sharma Statistical Assistant 5. Shri Gope Raja Statistical Assistant 6. Shri M. L. Sindhi Statistical Assistant 7. Shri V. D. Chandwani Statistical Assistant 8. Smt. Charu Mathur Statistical Assistant 9. Shri Beechittar Singh Computor 10. Shri O. P. Badaya Computor 11. Shri N. K. Gupta Computor 12. Shri Mukesh Bhargava Computor Maps: 1. Shri Autar Singh Sr. Geographer 2. Shri N. R. Sisodia Geographer 3. Shri Mukut Guria Geographer 4. Shri D. L. Verma Sr. Artist 5. Sbri Hem Siugh Sr. Draftsman 6. Shri Sardul Singh Artist 7. Shri M. S. Panwar Artist 8. Shri P. K. Sharma Artist 9. Sbri L. L. Padiyar Draftsman 10. Shri Indra Narain Draftsman Typing; 1. Shri S. C. Saini Comput~r 2. Shri S. K. Ajmera Computor 3. Shri P. K. Avasthi Operator 4. Shri Gyarsi Lal Gupta Operator Printing: 1. Shri Hassan Mohammad Printing Inspector 2. Shri Kanhaiya Lal Computor 3. Shri R. K. Sharma Proof Reader 4. Shri Simon Paul Proof Reader RAJASmAN
POPULATION PROFILE (CENSUS 1981)
Percentage to total Decennial ~~~Area Rank population Growth Literacy Sex State/District (in sq.km) Population of Rate Rate Ratio Rajasthan 1971-81 1981
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RAJASTHAN 342,239 34,261,862 100.00 +32.97 24.38 919 30.48
1. Ganganagar 20,634 2,029,968 3 5.93 +45.62 26.03 874 29.48
2. Bikaner 27,244 848,749 20 2.48 +48.09 28.20 891 29.31
3. Churu 16,830 1,179,466 16 3.44 +34.88 21.86 954 29.50
4. JhunjhuDuD 5,928 1,211,583 15 3.54 +30.39 28.61 956 25.04
5. Alwar 8,380 1,771,173 5 5.17 +26.17 26.53 892 26.73
6. Bharatpur 8,100 1,884,132 4 5.50 +26.43 26.05 831 27.27
7. Sawai Madhopur 10,527 1,535,870 9 4.48 +28.68 23.23 867 28.86
8. Jaipur 14,068 3,420,574 1 9.98 +38.50 31.40 894 29.37
9. Sikar 7,732 1,377,245 11 4.02 +32.09 25.43 963 24.62
10. Ajmer 8,481 1,440,366 10 4.20 +25.50 35.30 922 35.83
11. Tonk 7,194 783,635 22 2.29 +25.22 20.56 928 33.87
12. Jaisalmer 38,401 243,082 26 0.71 +44.84 15.80 811 32.09
13. Jodhpur 22,850 1,667,791 6 4.87 +44.82 26.64 909 30.59
14. Nagaur 17,718 1,628,669 7 4.75 +29.04 19.38 958 33.11
15. Pali 12,387 1,274,504 13 3.72 +31.39 21.87 946 32.07
16. Barmer 28,387 1,118,892 17 3.27 +44.41 12.29 904 31.85
17. Jalor 10,640 903,073 18 2.64 +35.20 13.70 942 29.41
18. Sirohi 5.136 542,049 25 1.58 +27.90 20.07 963 29.46
19. Bhilwara 10,455 1,310,379 12 3.82 +24.22 19.79 942 38.50
20. Udaipur 17,279 2,356,959 2 6.88 +30.69 22.01 977 30.13
21. Chittaurgarh 10,856 1,232,494 14 3.60 +30.41 21.94 951 37.81
22. Dungarpur 3,770 682,845 23 1.99 +28.78 18.52 1,045 27.19
23. Banswara 5,037 886,600 19 2.59 +35.44 16.85 984 27.97
24. Bundi 5,550 586,982 24 1.71 +30.72 20.14 887 33.93
25. Kota 12,436 1,559,784 8 4.5S +36.57 32.53 888 30.40
26. Jhalawar 6,219 784,998 21 2.29 +25.85 22.11 926 35.96 FActs FROM FIGURES
RAJASTHAN AJMER STATE DISTRICT
POPULATION TOTAL Persons 34,261.862 1.440.366 Males 17.854,154 749,362 Females 16,407.708 691,004
RURAL Persons 27,051,354 823,960 Males 14,013,454 422,904 Females 13,037,900 401,056
URBAN Persons 7,210,508 616,406 Males 3,840,700 326,458 Females 3,369,808 289,948
DECENNIAL POPULATION GROWTH RATE 1971-81 +32.97 +25.50
ARBA (Sq. Km) 342,239 8,481
DENSITY OF POPULATION (Per Sq. Km) 100 170
SEX-RATIO (Number of Females per 1,000 Males) 919 922
LITERACY RATE Persons 24.38 35.30 Males 36.30 47.65 Females 11.42 21.92
PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION 21.05 42.80
PERCENTAGE TO TOTAL POPULATION:
( i ) Main Workers Persons 30.48 35.83 Males 49.92 51.54 Females 9.32 18.79
(ii) Marginal Workers Persons 6.13 2.95 Males 0.98 0.56 Females 11.74 5.55
(iii) Non-workers Persons 63.39 61.22 Males 49.10 47.90 Females 78.94 75.66
BREAK-UP OF MAIN WORKERS
PERCENTAGE AMONG MAIN WORKERS:
( j ) Cultivators PClSom, 61.59 4b.l)j Male. 60.70 41.63 Females 66.75 62.68
( ii) Agricultural Labourers Persons 7.32 7.16 Males 5.89 4.90 Femalet 15.67 13.83 , xi )
FACTS FROM FIGURES
RAJASTHAN AJMER STATE DISTRICT
(iii) Household Industry Persons 3.26 3.47 Males 3.33 3.58 Females 2.82 3.15
(iv) Other Workers PersoDs 27.83 42.44 Males 30.08 49.89 Females 14.76 20.29
PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULED CASTES Persons 17.04 18.38 POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION Males 17.10 18.'29 Females 16.98 18.49
PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULED TRIBES Persons 12.21 2.23 POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION Males 12.05 2.25 Females 12.39 2.22
NUMBER OF OCCUPIED RESIDENTIAL HOUSES 5.726,680 252,046
Sub-Divisions 83 4
Tehsils 197 5
Panchayat Samities 236 8
Number of Villages Total 37.124 939 Inhabited 34,968 923 Uninhabited 2,156 16
Number of Towns 201 8
Net area sown (in hectares) (1979-80) 14,206.683 358.742
Net irrigated area (in hectares) (1979-80) 3,308,273 117,631
Colleges (No.) (1979-80) 269 27
Secondary/Higher Secondary Schools (No.) (1979-80) 2,168 130
Middle Schools (No.) (1979-80) 5.175 220
Primary & Pre-primary Schools (No.) (1979-80) 21.313 870
Roads (Km) (1979-80) 40,399 1.676
TowDsjVillages electrified (As on 31.3.80) 13,831 501
Wellll electrified (upto 1979-80) 183,238 7.069 1981 CENSUS - PUBLICATION PLAN
The Rajllsthan 1981 Census Publications, Series-18 in All India Series, will be published in the following parts :
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS
Part I-A Administration Report-Enumeration (In Press) ) ~ For official use only Part I-B Administration Report--Tabulation J Part II-A General PopUlation Tables (In Press) Part II-B Primary Census Abstract (In Press) Part III General Economic Tables Part IV Social and Cultural Tables Part V Migration Tables Part VI Fertility Tables Part VII Tables on Houses and Disabled Population (In Press) Part VIII Household Tables
Part IX Special Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribe~ Part X-A Town Directory Part X-B Survey Reports on selected Towns Part X-C Survey Reports on selected Villages Part XI Ethnographic Notes and special studies on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Part XU Census Atlas
GOVERNMENT OF RAJASTHAN PUBLICATIONS
Part XII-A Administrative Atlas Part XIII-A & B District Census Handbook (Village and Town Directory and Primary Census Abtract) •
~, . ·. r.• 1 ,.. r o I ~ : : ~ I' •, 0 • • if ·I :. @@ DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK AJMER DISTRICT
CONTENTS PAGBS
FOREWORD (iii) PREFACE (v) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (vii) AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE (xvii) AJMER DISTRICT-A PROFILE (xix) HISTORY OF DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK (xxxii) SCOPE OF VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY AND PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (xxxiii) CENSUS CONCEPTS (xxxix) ANALYTICAL NOTE-PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (xlv) CENSUS HOUSES AND DISABLED PERSONS (lxi) ANALYTICAL NOTE-VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY (lxiii)
PART A-VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY SECTION I-VILLAGE DIRECTORY
Codes used for various amenities in Village Directory 5
VILLAGE DIRECTORY (with Map of Tehsil alld Alplnb~tical List of Villages) : 1. Ajmer Tehsil 7 2. Kishangarh Tehsil 2'/ 3. Beawar Tehsil 47 4. Sarwar Tehsil t;3 5. Kekri Tehsil 95
APPENDICES
Appendix I Tchsilwise abstract of educational, medical and other amenities Ill)
Appendix II Land utilisation data in respect of non-municipal towns (Census Towns) 122 Appendix III List of inhabited villages where no educational, medical, drinking water, post and telegraph, day or days of market/hat, communication and power supply facilities are available 123 Appendix IV - List of villages according to the proportion of Schcduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges 124
SECTION II-TOWN DIRECTORY
Codes used for various amcnities in Town Directory 142 ( xvi )
PAGES TOWN DIRECTORY Statement I Status and Growth History 144 Statement II Physical aspects and Location of Towns, 1979 146 Statement III Municipal Finance, 1978-79 148 Statement IV Civic and other Amenities, 1979 150 Statement IVA- Civic and other Amenities in Notified Slums, 1979 152 Statement V Medical, Educational, Recreational and Cultural facilities, 1979 154 Statement VI - Trade, Commerce, Industry and Banking, 1979 158 APPENDIX Towns showing their out-growth with population 162
PART B-PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT
DISTRICT PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT 164 VILLAGE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT 1. Ajmer Tehsil 168 2. Kishangarh Tehsil 178 3. Bea war Tehsil 186 4. Sarwar Tehsil 208 S. Kekri Tehsil 214
URBAN PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT I Pushkar Town 224 11 Ajmer City Town 224 III Nasirabad Town 228 IV Kishangarh Town 228 V Beawar Town 230 VI Vijaynagar Town 232 VII Sarwar Town 232 VHl Kekri Town 232
APPENDICES Appendix I Total Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Population-Urban Blockwise 239 Appendix II Villages classified by popUlation sizes 263
SPECIAL PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT FOR SCHEDULED CASTES & TRIBES List of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes-Rajasthan 279 Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Castes 280 Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Tribes 282
SPECIAL ANNEXURES PANCHAYAT SAMITlWISE ABSTRACT OF VILLAGE DIRECTORY AND PRIMAR Y CENSUS ABSTRACT Note 287 Special Annexnre I-Panchayat Samitiwise List of Villages 288 Special Annexure II-Panchayat Samitiwise Abstract of Village Directory 302 Special Annexure III-Panchayat Samitiwise Abstract of Primary Census AbstJact 306 AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The series of District Census Handbooks has been prepared after compi lation and tabulation of data collected through Individual Slip and Household Schedule on full count basis for which nearly 1,500 workers were engaged for a period extending to more than 12 months. For the first time, an attempt has been made in the series to bring out demographic and other data in diglot, Hindi and English, for a more beneficial use by data users of all categories. Hindi being the official language of the State, a Hindi version of the analytical notes has also been added with a view to cater to the needs of all sections of readers.
As a necessary corollary to the Handbooks, Panchayat Samities, the basic administrative units of development administration and planning have been listed out separately in relation to those districts only wherein they are not co tenninous with their tehsils and information relating to their popUlation figures as well as amenities available in each village located in their jurisdiction will be presented in a separate volume under the title Supplement to District Census Handbook (Panchayat Samiti). However, for reference, in the main District Census Handbook, a list of villages forming part of each non-coterminous Panchayat Samiti has been provided alongwith the abstracts of population and amenities for such Panchayat Samities as a whole in the form of Special Annexures.
Another new feature of the present series is the depiction of villages falling in various population ranges by their total popUlation figures for 1981 Census.
In addition to new items like uses of electricity and nearest communication points, information for which was not collected in 1971 Census, a specific note on each district covering general information regarding its history, topography. physiography, administrative set-up and places of tourist and historic importances etc., has also been included with a view to provide comprehensive and more purposeful information about the district as a whole. Population figures of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes constituting the core of 'weaker-section' have been presented at district/tehsil/town level so as to facilitate planning for their w~lfar~ b.:>th at micro aId ml.cro levels.
It is earnestly hoped that the District Census Handbook will serve its purpose for planners, administrators of welfare schemes and other data users in general.
AJMER DISTRICT - A PROFILE
Historical Backdrop of the District 5. After defeating Prithviraj Chauhan this district was made a part of the Islamic conquests of Delhi sul Geologically the hills around Pushkar and Ajmer tans in India. Qutub-ud-din Aibak inherited the Indian City are one of the oldest in India. Recent finds of conquests of Ghori in 1206 A.D. After the death of microliths at Khera and Kaderi indicate that human Balban in 1287 A.D. most of the area of Ajmer district beings inhabited the area ever since the dawn of civi was regained by Hammir Dev Chauhan of Rantham lization. Links of Mohanjodaro culture with Rajas bhor. In 1301 AD. i. e.. after Hammir's defeat and than have been detected and it is possible that the lead death. the district again became a part of the Sultanate. found in the shape of small dishes, plumb-bobs and In the last decade of the 15th century, it was in the ingots waS brought from Ajmer and the black and hands of Mallu Khan. In 16th century, Akbar made white schists used for weights were obtained from other Ajmer the capital of an important suba of the Mughal parts of the Aravalli hills. empire. Upto 1712 A.D. the district was under the Mughals and after that it came under the Rathores and the Marathas. In 1801 A.D. it came under the British :. Fragments of painted gray ware, non-megalithic rule, and Mons. Perron became the first subedar of black and red ware and northern black polished ware AjmcL and appointed Mr. Low its administrator. have been found at Chosla (Kekri tehsil) and only non With the passage of the Government of India Act of megalithic black and red Vrare at Sameliya (Sarwar 1935 A.D. Ajmer-Merwara was put under the adminis tehsil). One of the eariiest Brahmi inscriptions of pre trative control of the Home Department on April Asokan period has been found in the Bhilot Mata 1,1937. On 26th January, 1950 the district was mer temple in village BadJi tKtkri tehsil). These finds sub ged with the Union of Madhya Bharat. With the f>tantiate the traditional stories connected with Pushkar passage of Part 'C' States Bill in 1951, the region was and the part played by this area in the proto-historic included in the Part 'C' State of Ajmer and a legislature period. was set up.
3. The references to Pushkar in Ramayana, Maha 6. The district derives its name from the head-quar bharat and the Puranas as well as the coins of the ter town of Ajmer. Before Independence, Ajmer period suggest that the local chiefs played a significant Merwara was an isolated province of British India in part in dealings with the invading Kushans, Sakas, etc., Rajputana. The town, Ajmer takes its name from in the first five centuries of the Christian era i. e., till Raja Aja or Ajaya, a Chauhan prince of the 12th cen· the rise of the Chauhans. tury A.D., but according to some scholars, from another Chauhan prince, Jayapala, of the early 7th century 4. Though the origin of the Chauhans in the 6th A.D. Ajmer remained under the Central Government century A.D. is variously given by eminent scholars as a Part 'C' (Centrally administered) State till 31st like Col. Tod, Dr. D. R. Bhandarkar. Dr. R. C. Majum October 1956, when it was merged with Rajasthan dar, Dr. Dasharatha Sharma, G. H. Ojha and others, according to the recommendations of the State Reorga the result of the exercise of giving a connected account nization Commission and became a separate district. of the ruling house for the next five centuries is pretty confused; and what we finally know for certain is the 7. At the time of 1951 Census, the district compri names of kings like Vasudev, Samant Raj. Durlabh sed of three tehsils viz., Ajmer. Beawar and Kekri. Raj.I, Simha Raj, Vigraha Raj, Prithvi Raj. Ajaya Raj, As for urban areas there was one city alongwith six etc. etc., who ruled upto the 12th century. It is (mly towns namely Beawar, Nasirabad, Kekri, Pushkar, Bijai when we come to year 1192 A.D. and find Mohammad nagar and Deoli. During 1951~61 inter-censal period, Ghori attacking Ajmer and defeating him that the clear four entire tehsils-Kishangarh, Arain, Sarwar and Rup ficture of hi~torical_ n.arration be~ins. na~ar were transferred fro~ Jairur d~~t{j(!t and oue (xx ) village, Mankhand, from Todaraisingh tehsil of Tonk district, on the east by Jaipur and Tonk districts and district. During the period under review, the district on the west by Pali district. lost in the territory by getting transferred one village, three hamlets and one town, Deoli, to Deoli tehsil of PhYSiography Tonk district. During 1961-71 though no inter-district 12. The district is triangular in shape. It is gene transfer took place in the district, however, as inter rally a level plain interspersed with low hills, which run tehsil transfers, former entire tehsils of Rupnagar and in the north-westerly direction in the upper part of Arain were merged in Kishangarh tehsiJ; and 34 villages Ajmer Sub-division. The Beawar Sub·division is an were transferred from Kekri tehsil to Sarwar tehsi!. irregular terrain lying in the south-west of the district During 1971-81 however, no inter-distrkt or inter-tehsil and is composed of two detached blocks. 1his track transfets took place in the district. is generally hilly. The Kekri Sub-division forms the south-eastern portion of the district. It is a compact 8. At present the district is composed of four sub area composed of two blocks separated by the terri.ory divisions and five tehsils as under : of Kishangarh Sub· division. This tract is a level plain. The Kishangarh Sub-division forms the eastern Name of Sub-division Aame of Tahsil portion of the district and is sandy except for a few I. Ajmer Ajmer small isolated patches. 2. Beawar Beawar 13. Aravalli range which divides the plains of Mar. 3. Kekri Kekri war from the high tableland of Mewar passes through 4. Kishangarh Kishangarh the district. The range comes into prominence near Sarwar Ajmer City, where it appears in a parallel succession of 9, As in other districts, the Collector is the admini hills. The highest point is about 870 metres above the :.trativc head of the district and is also the District Magi sea level near Ajmer City on which Taragarh fort is strate. Each Sub-division is under the charge of a situated. The 'Nagpahar' at a distance of about 5 km., Sub-Divisional Officer while each tehsil is under the west of Ajmer City, attains a scarcely inferior elevation. charge and supervision of a Tehsildar, who is also The range of hills between Ajmer and Nasirabad marks vested with the powers of Executive Magistrate. Besides the dividing watershed of the continent of India. The the Collector, Sub-divisional Officers and Tehsildars rain which falls on the southern Nasirabad side, finds who exercise criminal powers, there are courts of Dist its way through the Chambal into the Bay of Bengal: rict and Sessions Judge, District and Additional Sessions that which falls on the other side is discharged by the Judge, Civil Judge-cum-Chief Judicial Magistrate and Luni into the Gulf of Kutch. The range of hills (on Additional Civil Judge-cum-Judicial Magistrate at which Taragarh fort stands) passing through the district Ajmer. Besides, Munsif-cum-Judicial Magistrate courts merges into the Vindhyan system near Abu. There are function; four for Ajmer City and one for Ajmer Dist four well·known passes in Beawar tehsil viz. Barr, Pakheria, Sheopura Ghata and the Sura Ghata pass. rict in addition to two each at Beawar and Kekri and one each at Nasirabad and Kishangarh. Courts of 14. There are five rivers which flow through the Judicial Magistrates also run, seven at Ajmer and one district viz., Banas, Khari, Sagarmati, Saraswati and at Beawar. Rupnagar. All rivers are mere rivulets in hot weather but become torrents in the rains. The river Banas 10. With the advent of democratic decentralisation which rises in the Aravalli hills enters this district near in 1959 in Rajastllan. eight Panchayat Samities were village Jeetapura in Kekri tehsil. The Khari river rises formed in Ajmer district. These Samities are guided in the hills near the village Birjal and after forming the by the Zila Parishad under the Chairmanship of the boundary between Udaipur and Ajmer districts for a ZiJa Pramukh and supervised by the Collector of the short distance falls into Banas. The river Sagarmati district, who is also an ex-officio District Development rises near the Bisala tank in Ajmer and meets river Officer. The ultimate aim of the Government is to Saraswati at the extreme north of village Govindgarh make the Panchayat Samities, the sole agency of aU (Ajmer tehsil). Another river Rupnagar flows in the developmental activities at the Block level. major part of Kishangarh tehsil. 11. The district is located in the centre of the State 15. There are natural lakes viz., Pushkar and Budha between 25° 38' and 26° 58' north latitudes and 73° 54' Pushkar near Ajmer City and Sargaon and Karantia and 75° 22' eas.t longitudes. It is bounded on the near Beawar town. Among the important tanks in the north by Nagaur district, on the south by Bhilwara district are Foy Sagar, Phool Sagar, Bisala, Ramsar, ( xxi )
Dilwar, Kalinjar, Jawaja, Makreda etc. Besides, (ii) Beryl/ Emerald - Beryl is found in pegmatites near several small reservoirs are also found in the district. Lohagarh and Makreda. Emerald of the gem variety, is quarried from Rajgarh and Bubani Climate Mahmi mines where it occurs within the ultra basic rocks. 16. The district has a hot dry summer and cold bracing winter. The winter extends from December to (iii) Fe/spar - It occurs in the pegmatite at Kadea February while the summer season extends from March (Kekri tebsil), Baburgarb, Taragarh bills (Beawar to the end of June. The rainy season is comparatively tehsil), Jeewan mines near Rajgarh, Makreda short in this region and lasts only till mid-September. near Ajmer and Lohagarh. It is used in the The maximum temperature was 44.0°C and the minimum China-ware and glass industries. was recorded 1.0°C at Ajmer centre during 1980. During this period the mean temperature remained (iv) Garnel - Lilac to pink coloured garnet is found 22.5°C. The normal annual rainfall was recorded 52.73 within the mica schist near Sarwar. It is used em., while the actual rainfall was 41.53 cm in 1980. mostly as an abrasive and partly as a gem The rainfall generally increases from the north-west to stone. the south-east. Kekri gets more rain tban other parts of the district. About 90 percent of the annual rain (v) Mica - Muscovite mica associated in the pegma fall is received during the period June to September, tite veins is mined near Dadiya (Kishangarh July and August being the rainiest months. The varia~ tehsil) Basundni (Kekri tehsil) mines near Sarwar tion in annual rainfall from year to year is very large. and Arain. On an average there are 26 rainy days in a year. During the south-west monsoon season the relative (vi) Vermiculite - The mineral occurs near Gudas humidity is generally over 60 per cent and during the within the ultrabasic rocks. Since it swells up rest of the year, the air is dry. to 10 times on heating it finds use where extreme lightness and low heat conductivity are requi Geolo~y and Minera)s red.
] 7. The geology of the district is that of the Aravalli 19. Besides these, calcite, china clay, kyanite, lime range which extends throughout the district except for stone, soapstone and building stone are also produced the north-western part, which is flat and plain and on a minor scale and occurrences of lead-zinc-copper mostly cc\'(rcd by sand dunes. The oldest rocb expo are reported from Lohakhan. Taragarh and Sarwar sed in the district are the pre-Aravalli Banded Gneissic (Kekri tehsil). Complex over 2,501 million years old. These comprise schist, genisses and amphibolite. These are the rocks Forest, Flora and Fauna of Delhi Super Group comprising of quartzite, conglo merate, amphibolite and mica schist (Alwar Group) 20. Around 4.17 per cent of the total area available and calc-schists, dolomitic marble, calc-gneisses, amphi for land utilization is covered under forests. Owing to bolite and phyllite (Ajabgarh Group). The post-Delhi its geographical position and limited rainfall, the flora intrusives, granites and alkaline rocks, i. e. nepheline of the district is not rich. The forest crop is mainly syenites and its a!.sociated rocks are seen near Kishan: xerophytic species common to the more arid tracts of garh. India. The district is completely outside the timber line i. e. Teak, Sal and Sisso Zone of the tropical and 18. The district is endowed with a large number of !.ub-tropical India. The main species found in the dis non-metallic minerals which add several lakhs of rupees trict are Dhokra (Anogeissus pendula), Kumpta (Acacia to the State's Treasury The main minerals found in rupestris). Salar (Boswellia serrata), Khejri (Prosopis the district are as under: spicigera), Khair (Acacia catechu), Ber (Zizyphus 0) Asbest;)s - Chrysolite asbestos is found at Kan jujuba), Jinja (Bauhinia racemosa), Koulassi (Dichros walai (Ajmer tehsil) and Nai Khurd (Beawar tachys cineria), Aranja (Acacia leucophoea), Gol tehsil) whereas the amphibole variety oceurs near (Lannea grand is), Tambolia (Ehretia laevis), Sainjora Kotta (Beawar tebsil), Arjunpura (Ajmer tehsil) (Moringa concanensis), Thor (Euphorbia nivulia). and Kotri (Sarwar tehsil). It is chiefly used in Grangan (Grewia populifolia), Jharbor (Zizyphus the manufacture of heat and fire resistant nummularia), Dassen (Rhus mysorensis), Firangan -..taials. .__ _ (Grewia pHlosa), Sa[epan (Securinega Obovata), Ami ( xxii )
(Clerodcndron phlornoides), Neem (Azadirachta indica), 1 2 3 Sernal (Salmalia Malabaricuffi), Pipal (Ficus religiosa), Golia dhau (Anogerissus latifolia), Lambana (Bridelia 5. Culturable waste IlJ6,134 12.74 rctusa), Timbru (Diospyros melanoxylon), Umbia (Saccopetalum tomentosum), Ghatolan (Randia dume 6. Fallow land 107,242 12.88 torum), Kalia (Albizzia onoratissima), Kar (Sterculia 7. Net area sown 358,742 43.08 urens), Khirni (Wrightia tomentosa), Kankaran (Fla courtia sapida), Bahera (Terminalia bellerica), Amaltas Total 832,810 100.00 (Cassia fistula) and Bijasar (Scymida febrifuga) etc. Crop Pattern The most common grasses found in the district are cenchrus cijiaris, Schima marvosus, Dichanthiurn annu 23. The crop pattern has remained largely unchan latum, Chloris b<:.rbata, Chrysopason montanus and ged over the years. As in other districts of the state, Eremonopogon fovcalatus etc. The forests play a there are two major crop-seasons in this district. The very important part in the ecollorny of the district. major Kharif crops sown during the months of Juue They meet the requiremellt~ of villagers in re~pcct of July and harvested in September-October are bajra, agricultural impicments and timber for their hutments jowar. pulses, maize and groundnut. Main Rabi crops and provide grazings. The wood is used as fuel in for which sowing operations start during October towns and villages, November, and harvested in March-April include wheat, barley, pulses, gram and oilseeds. 21. Among the wild animals black buck (antelope bezortica), reviu",: deer, (gazeIJa benllettii) .ftt\d nilgai 24. llIis district does not grow enough grain to (portax pictus) are commonly found while tigers are feed the increasing population and therefore the occasionally seen in the forests of Beawar. Leopards emphasis must be maintained overwhelmingly on food and hyenas are found in the hills of Nagpahar. Besides, crops. The crops like cotton. tobacco. spices, fruits wild pig and sambhar (rura aristoteli) are also found. and vegetables require more irrigation which is not Among small games geese, duck and snipe are found available in sufficient measures in the district. As around the tanks in cold weather. Hares and grey regards the introduction of new crops, seeds of better partridges are seen in every season. Small sand grouse varieties of wheat, barley, maize, cotton, groundnut and is found in abundance while Indian bustard is occasio sugarcane are being distributed among the farmers. nally seen. BeSides, fertilizers are also made available to the farmers. Land Use 25. During 1979-80, the important crops in order 22. The geographical area of the district is reported of production in the district were wheat, barley, maize as 850,4 J 0 hectares while the area recorded for the land and cotton. During this period the district stood third utilisation purposes was 832,810 hectares in 1979-80. amongst the districts of the state in cotton, fourth in The area classified under land use pattern during the chillies, fifth in groundnut, seventh in barley and eighth 'Year was as under: in jowar. The final figures relating to area and princi pal crops in the district during the period were as under: Clossijicati(on of the Land use Area Percentau (in hectares) to total area Name o/Crop Area Production (in tannes) 2 3 (in hectares)
'~--'--- l. Forests 34,738 4.17 2 3 Cereals 2. Land put to non-agricultu- tural use 40,676 4.88 Bajra 35,52l) 6,777
3 Barren and uncultivated Jowar 98,670 2,269 land 107,826 12.95 Wheat 68,965 91,172 4. Other uncultivated land excluding fallow land 77,452 9.30 ..Maize . .. 5.4,701 -wee21,60J ___ '.- - ~-.. ( ixiii )
27. There are following classes of tenants; 1 2 3 (a) Khatedar tenants,
Barley 31,870 31,328 (b) Maliks, (c) Tenants of Khudkasht, and Rice 267 144 (d) Ghair-Khatedar tenants. Poises 28. A Khatedar tenant is entitled to all the rights Gram 26,683 12,648 conferred and is subject to all the liabilities imposed on Khatedar tenant by the Rajasthan Tenancy Act. On the Tur 16 2 date of coming into force of Rajasthan Tenancy Act, a Other pulses 12,020 478 Zamindar or a Biswedar holding Khudkasht was treated as a Khatedar tenant irrespective of whether he was or Commercial Crops not in occupation on the date of vesting.
Seasamum 7,520 90 29. Malik is a Zamindar or Biswedar who has become Malik of Khudkasht land held by him on Rape and Mustard 432 194 abolition of Zamindari and Biswedari in 1959. The word 'Malik' was also added to Section 14 of the Linseed 1,856 393 Rajasthan Tenancy Act to classify it as a class of tenants. Section Groundnut 31,770 5,401 13 of the Act provides that a Malik is entitled to all the rights conferred and is subject to all the Cotton· 16,632 18,458 liabilities imposed on Khatedar tenant and in substance, this class of tenancy is nothing but a Khatedar tenant. Sugarcane 241 8,265 30. Zamindars and Biswedars holding Khudkasht Chillies 3,173 J,119 were treated as Khatedar tenants. A tenant of khud kasht is essentially a sub-tenant in view of the fact that Potatoes 8 6 a sub-tenant is also eligible for protection of his cultiva tory rights even against Khatedar tenants. Every tenant Sanhemp· 17 5 of land other than a Khatedar tenant, a tenant of Khud kasht or a sub·tenant is a Ghair-Khatedar tenant. Tobacco 9 10 . 31. A trespasser is a person who takes or retains possession of land without authority or who prevents
• Production is in bales of 170~. each. another person from occupying land duly let out to him by the State. After regularisation the trespasser TeDaDCY becomes an allottee. An allottee is treated as a Ghair Khatedar tenant on whom Sub-Divisional Officer shall 26. Tenancy in the State is governed by the Rajas suo moto confer khatedari rights after ten years of allot than Tenancy Act, 1955. It is one of the most impor ment provided that the allottee fulfils all the terms and tant and progressive laws relating to agrarian reforms. conditions of allotment during this period. Similar is The provisions of the Act apply in respect of land held the case of other allottees who were otherwise allotted by tenants as if the State - Government were the land land by the State Government. holder acting through the Tehsildar in relation to the - land held by him. Every person is either a tenant or a Agricultural implements and Machinery sUb-tenant, an allottee or a trespasser. A tenant is one who is required to pay some rent on account of use and 32. Most of the agricultural implements in the occupation of land let out to him for agricultural or district are of old type but attempts are being made to allied purposes. Grantee with a favourable rate of rent, introduce improved types of implements. The main ijardar, thekedar or trespasser is not considered a implements are ploughs, harrows, levellers, clod-cru ~t. sher&. __ seeg_,:_d.rill~_ .l!nd ~oes. 1h~~e _\!ere _about 69.8 ( Xliv ) thousand ploughs, 4().4 thousand carts, 2,801 electric 1 2 3 pumps, 1,216 011 engines, 536 'Ghanies', 315 tractors and 66 sugarcane crushers in the district according to Donkeys and ,mules 5,~O9 0.32 the Livestock Census, 1977. Horses and ponies 883 0.05 Irrigation Camels,-; 4,694 0.1-9 33. The farmers of the district mainly depend on Pigs rainfall for their agricultural operations as thIS dIstrict 7,994 0.49 is not nch in Irngatlon facIlIties as compared to many other districts of the state and the wells are the slOgle Total 1,644,265 100.00 most Important source of Irrjgation. Out of the net irrigated area during 1979-80, 80.57 per cent was irriga 36. The total poultry in the district was about 2.60 ted by wells and tubewells, lY.24 per cent by tanks and lakhs in 1977. In 1979-80 there were sixteen veterinary the remaining U.19 per cent by other sources. Dunng hospitals, twelve verterinary dispensaries, seven sheep thIS period the gross irrigated area by crops was as extension centres, three sheep artificial insemination under: centres and a mobile veterinary unit in the district. In 19~0-81, about 82 thousand eggs were sent for sale Area irrigated fercentage to within the state and about 2.62 crore eggs out of the Name of Crop tin hecrares) toNi Irrigated - r " state. The most common breed 6f cattle, found almost area in every part of the district, is the 'Gir' which has been (i) Food crops (other given a local name of 'Renda' or 'Ajmera'. In some than sugarcane) .l20,497 7'J.93 portion of Kekri tehsil the Haryana breed is also found while Nagori breed is available mainly in Rupnagar (iI) Sugarcane 26 0.02 tehsil. At the end of January 1981, the Sheep and (iii) Cotton 15,154 10.05 Wool Department made available loans through the banks' and opened 650 units for Sheep and Wool deve (lY) Others 15,074 10.{)0 lop~ent. Total 150,751 100.00 37. Under the fisheries development project, good 34. The medium irrigation projects already comple varieties of fish are being developed in Bir, Foy ted in the district are Narain Sagar ana Lasadiya on Sagar and the Cantonment tanks at Nasirabad. Three which Rs. 174.l>3 lakhs were spent. Durfug' 1'979-80, lakh fishes were distributed by the Fish Breeders Deve 4.8 thou'sand hectares of land was'brought under irriga lopment Agency, Ajmer during 1980-81. The Agency tion by these projects. Besides, the work was started has organised five fisheries cooperative societies in the on six small irrigation projects during lS80-81 of which district with a total of 103 mej11p~s, four projects were compieted and over ~s: 2l hikhs spent on them. During 1979,218 tanks were repaired Power and Electricity under famine relief programme. -" " 38. As there is no big river, there is no possibility Animal Husbandry of hydro-electric power ~ithin the district. There are eight power houses 'In the'dlstrict, the eadiest of these 35. In 1977, the district had a Lives~ock population having "~en set-up in 1924 by the r~ilway authorities. as shown in the following table: ' -' ", Out of' these eight, two are owned' by the Western Railway, one by the Ministry of Defence (Military Anim.J1 Number Percentage /0 lotol Engineering Services), three by the Rajasthan State 2 3 ' . E~ectri~it¥ l30ard a~d t~o by private co~p~pi~s:' Of , the ~W9 railway po~er ~ou~~s t~e one at Nagra (AJmer) Cattle 546,742 33.25 was 'in \_vhUe the otlie'r was at " e'stapn~hed X9~3 star~ed Buffaloes 178,350 10.85 ~udIia 'Push,kar iIi 't~e ye'ar 1?59. 'The~pO:wer' 'house Sheep 531,592 32.33 owned by'the m\litary"auinorities is located at ~~sira. - ' 9a~: The powe~"liou~~s at Kl'sha,ng~rh, Kekri and Goats 368,70l 22.42 B'ijainagar are ow-nid b>'the RaJasthan'state 'Electricity " -_ .- ,...... (, ~xv )
Board. Kishangarh power house was started in 1925. this establishment concentrates on repair work in The power house at Bijainagar was started in 1959 addition to manufacture of some spare parts. Regard while that at Kekri started functioning in 1960. ing cotton mills in the district, The Krishna Mills Ltd., is the first establishment located at Beawar which pro 39. The power house established at Ajmer in the vided employment to 1.174 persons in 1980. The two year 1930 is OWL.cd by Mis Amalgamated Elcctricity other large cotton mills at Beawar are The Edward Company Ltd" which has its headquarters at Bombay. Mills Ltd., and The Mahalaxmi Mills Ltd., established The power house at Beawar which is also run by a pri in 1906 and 1925 respectively. vate company was started in 1937. At present the district is receiving power from Chambal and Bhakta 42. The other registered factories in the dIstrict are projects also. By March 1981, there were :'41 electri concerned with cotton ginning, cleaning, spinning and fied villages and 8,156 wells in the district. weaving, weaving of cotton textile by power-looms, oil mills, sawing & planing of woods, printing & publish 40. The consumption of electricity during 1980-81 ing, wool cleaning, thread & thread ball-making, manu was as under: facturing of structural stone goods, stone crushing & dressing, manufacturing of Hume pipes and other Type of consumplion Consumption cement products. (in Million Kwh) ------43. The main small scale and cottage industries of Domestic: 1. the district are cotton ginning and bailing, wool and (i) Light & fan 15.726 cotton pressing, spinning and weaving, manufacturing Oi) Heat & power 1.821 of 'Bidi', 'Gota', shoe and toy making, dyeing and printing, pottery, lac bangle making, carpentry, black 2. Commercial (Non domestic) 10.907 smithy, gold-smithy, etc. Most of the wool cleaning 3. Industrial : factories are centralised at Beawar because it is an (i) Smail & Medium voltage 24.901 important 'mandl' for the wool trade. Cotton spinning (ii) High voltage 28.651 and weaving is an ancient handicraft of the district but it is now declining due to the competition of mill-made 4. Public lighting 1.825 cloth. Ki&hangarh is the other industrial centre in the 5. Irrigation 31.389 district. During the year 1979-80, the Rajasthan 6. Public Water Works 17.621 Financial Corporation had sanctioned 77 loans amount ing to Rs. 128.60 lakhs, out of which 61 loans of Rs. 9.515 7. Others 82.69 lakhs were disbursed. The Rajasthan State lndustrial and Mineral Development Corporation had Total 142.356 developed six Industrial Areas in 1979-80 in the district, viz., M. T. C. Ajmer, Kekri, Pratappura, Bijainagar, Indu~trjes and Labour Kishangarh and Beawar.
41. By the end of December 1980, there were 1,130 44. The district abounds in mineral wealth and registered factories which provided employment to more minerals including the radioactive ones are being 23,309 persons. Among the large scale industries at discovered. There is sufficient scope for more ind.ustries Ajmer City are Carriage and Wagon Workshop, Loco to be established in the district. The district has motive Central Workshop, Machine Tools Corporation efficient communications and is connected by rail and of India Ltd., Central Workshop of Rajasthan State road to most important centres of the country. Labour Roadways Transport Corporation, Electrical Repair is available in plenty. Workshop and Power House, Western Railway Ticket Printing Press which alone provided employment to 45. There is an employment exchange in the district 8,629 persons in the year 1980. Of these the first two located at Ajmer City. During the year 1980, 13,769 are railway establishments. The Central Loco Work applicants were registered in the employment exchange. shop was the first in the country for manufacturing During the period under review, 1,873 vacancies were metre-gauge locomotives but it has stopped the manu- notified by various Govt., Semi-Govt. and private __ _factJillp,&_ \Vor_k~l!_op of locomotives after coming into ins'tltutions, out of which 912 po~ts were filled up ~xistence of the Chitranlan Workshop since 1950. Now through the employmenc exchange. ( xxvi )
46. Since 1944 a Labour Officer has been posted at 52. The district had 81 branches of various Commer Ajmer to supervise the labour welfare activities orga cial Banks by the end of the year 1980. Besides, there nised through the Labour Department. There are were 1 2 branches of various Co-operative Banks. There labour welfare centres rUll by the Government at were 40 petrol pumps located at various places in the Ajmer, Beawar, Kekri, Bijainagar and Kishangarh. district in 1979. There were 15 Cinema houses with These centres run craft and adult education classes, 9,040 seats in the district in 1979-80, viz., seven at Ajmer, provide medical aid, distribute milk to children and one each at Kishangarh, Nasirabad, Bijaiuagar and organise cultural functions. Sarwar and two each at Kekri and Beawar. There were 122 shops of country liquor, 47 of hemp-drugs and 47. The railway establishment, which is the biggest four of Indian Made Foreign Liquor in the district industrial employer in the district, has opened canteens during 1979-80. The consumption of intoxicants in their workshops and has also provided halls for during the year was as follows; rest and lunch besides water taps in all the shops. There are clubs for employees recreatJOn. Trips to places of Name of IntOXicant Consumption ---~---- ~---- ~-----'-----'- -_ educational and tourist importance are organised for 1. Country Spirit 1,358,929 L.P. Litres the worker's children. 2. Opium 1,02\) Kilograms 3. Lanced poppy heads 63,656 1 rade and Commerce " 4. Bhang 8,401 " 177,140 Litres 48. In ancient times Ajmer was an entrepot for the 5. Indian made spirit trade between Bombay and Upper India. As early as 6. Indian made beer 230,111 in 1014 A.D. an agency was established there for the East India Company by one Mr. Edwards of the SUrat Education factory and for many years the city was the principal mart for the exchange of European goods and the ,3. Among the educational institutions functioning products of Rajpuiana and Northern India. But the in the disirict in the year 1979-80 there were 870 pri magnitude of the trade is not known. It seems to mary schools, 220 middle schools, 130 higher secondary have been at all times hampered by vexatious customs & secondary schools, eleven general education coUeges duties and many of these continued untiJ after the in addItion to 16 professionul education colleges and British occupation of the district. five professional schools. There is a Government Teacher's Training College at Ajmer, and Basic S. T. C. 49. The transit trade of the district was formerly Training Schools at Beawar, Kishangarh, Masooda, entirely carried on by camels and banjara bullocks. It Pessangan and Hatoondi. is now mostly rail borne or done by motor trucks. 54. Out of the total 212,56.+ scholars in educational There is still a certain part of goods transported by institutions in the district during 1979-8', 146,218 were bullock carts in the interior of the district. With the boys (68.79%) and 66,346 girls (31.21%). The institu coming of the railways the trade in the district increas tion-wise details of scholars are as follows : ed and now National Highway No. tI which passes through Kishangarh, Ajmer and Beawar towns of the Scholars (Number) Type of educational institution BQj-i ------Girls district, has further given a fillip. Colleges; 50. The articles that are exported out of the district 10,036 3,497 consist of food-grains, raw cotton, wool, mica, felspar (a) General education 2,421 885 and quartz while the import includes grain and pulses, (b) Professional education &ugar, jaggery, salt and oil seeds. Scbools: (a) Higber secondary & 35,975 17,690 51. Ajmer, Beawar, Kishangarh (Madanganj), Bijai secondary nagar, Kekri and Nasirabad are the main trading (b) Middle 34,650 16,998 centres in the district. Beawar town is a flourishing (c) Primary 62,412 27,133 'mandi' for raw cotton and wool, which is exported to (d) Professional 664 143 Bombay, Panipat, Kanpur and Mirzapur etc., while cotton is sent to Bombay and Ahmedabad. Facilities 'rCltal f46,218 ~346 of loca~ ~ar~ets also exist ~ll: certain vi1lalJes. ( xxvii )
55. In all there were 8,909 teachers (5,860 males and km. by painted roads, 172 km. metalled roads, 228 km, 3,049 females) in various types of educational instItu gravelled roads and 106 km. were fair weather and tions in the district. During the year 1979-80, there dressed-up-tracks. During 1979-80, there were 53 and were seven hostels in the district for Scheduled Caste 27 nationalised routes under Ajmer and Beawar and Scheduled Tribe students, which provided acco depots covering route distances of 6,072 and 4,054 km. mmodation to 75 and 130 students of Scheduled Tribes respectively. During this period there were 16,9:2 motor and Scheduled Castes respectively. Rs. 3.95 and 5.79 vehicles which included 2,722 private cars and jeeps, lakhs were given as scholarship to pre and post-matric 10,708 motor cycles, tricycles and scooters, 158 contract students of these communities during this period. and taxi-carriages, 524 stage carriages, 1,128 public private carriers, 1,473 tractors and trailors and 259 Medical and Public Health other vehicles. Their is a Tourist Bungalow, aDak Bungalow and a Circuit House at Ajmer City and a 56. During 1960, there were 27 Government Public Tourist Bungalow at Pushkar Town, which are maintain hospitals and dispensaries with 822 beds in the district. ed by the State Government. The Public Works In the year 1979 there were in all 79 medical institutions, Department also maintains Dak Bungalows at Beawar, of which 71 were functioning under the control of Kekri, Kishangarh and Sarwar, Medical Department and the remaining eight under the control of other departments. These institutions included 61. There were 419 post offices, 39 telegraph offices, 49 dispensaries, eight primary health centres, six mater 12 telephone exchanges and 19 public call offices in the nity & child welfare centres besides 16 hospitals. During district in the year 1979-80. Besides, there were 89,705 the year in-door and out-door paticnts treated (in the licenses for radio and 2,263 for T.V. sets. government medical institutions) were 52,572 and 94.3 lakhs respectively. Local Bodies and Co-operative Movement
57. Of the total 1,888 in-patient beds, 499 were 62. To provide necessary facilities viz. cleaning and concerned with the hospitals of other departments. lighting of public streets, sanitation, supply of drinking Among the remaining 1,389 beds of hospitals under the water, medical relief etc., the local bodies were introdu control of Medical Department, 8~O were of general ced in the form of municipalities in towns and pancha type, 170 maternity, 78 primary health centres, 77 yats in villages. The first municipality in the district tuberculosis, 60 pediatric, 46 eye, 32 each for isolation was established at Beawar in 1867. and ENT, 30 maternity & child welfare centres, 20 mental and J 4 w;!re for venereal diseases. 63. At present there are eight municipalities in the district namely Ajmer, Beawar, Sarwar, Kekri, Nasira 5~. During 1979-80, in all 8.374 were the total acceptors of the family planning of which 2,967 were bad, Kishangarh, Bijainagar and Pushkar. The main sterilized, Out of the total couples, nearly 4,5 per cent sources of income of these municipalities are octroi and wo!re protected uilder family planning methods. During grants received from the Government, besides other the period there were eight urban and eight rural family taxes and fees levied by them. In the rural areas the welfare centres besides the 56 sub-centres (functioning) Panchayats were established in ! 954 when Ajmer State Panchayat Act was repealed and Rajasthan Panchayat under health & family planning schemes. Act, 1953 was made applicable to the whole district. At 59. In Ayurvedic and Unani sectors, there were five present there are Panchayat Samities one each at Peesa hospitals with 160 beds in addition to 84 dispensaries gan, Masooda, Jawaja, Kekri, Srinagar, Kishangarh, in the district in 1979-80. Bhinay and Arain.
Transport and Communication 64. The Co-operative credit movement in the district owes its inception to the plssing of the first Co-opera 60, The district is comparatively better with regards tives Credit Soci~ties Act in th~ year 1904 A, D., which to roads than many other districts in the State. All was subsequently repealed by Act II of 1912. In 1957 the important places in the district are connected by the Co-operative Department was established in the roads. National Highway No. 8 running between district, the old Act was repealed and the Rajasthan Delhi and Bombay passes through the district. Of the Co-operative Societies Act 1953, was made applicable. total 1676 km. length of roads in the district in 1979-80, The district was divided into two zones, namdy, Ajmer 1~6 km. were covered by the national hi~hway, 1,034 North and Ajmer South. ~~e North. ~0~i1 Panchayat Samities namely, Arain, Pcesangan, Khhan Hand pumps were installed in 17 villages till January, garh and Srinagar and the urban areas of Ajmer City, 1981. There is a plan to provide drinking water in all Pushkar, Kishangarh and Nasirabad. The South Zone deficient villages in the district by the end of 1983-84. covered four Panchayat Samities namely, Masooda, In 1980-81 a s~heme was initiated to install hand pumps Bhinny, Jawaja and Kekri, and the urban areas of in 40 villages and also to provide drinking water in Beawar and Kekri. After the establishment of the Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe colonies and a provi present set-up the movement made rapid progress in sion of Rs. 16.32 lakhs was made for this purpose. the district. The number and membership of the vari Another drinking water extension scheme in the city ous Co-operative Societies during 1979-80 is shown of Ajmer and towns of Kishangarh and Beawar was below: initiated and Rs. 28 lakhs were granted for this purpose. A sum of Rs. 1.42 crore was made available by 1980-81 Type of Societies Number Membership for 1,433 famine relief works by the district administra ------tion under Drought Relief Operations. Central Co-operative Bank 1 434 67. The Small Farmer Development Agency has star Central Non-credit Society 1 67 ted work since 2nd October, 1980 in the district and it has covered all the Panchayat Samiti areas of the dist Agricultural Credit Societies 161 124,370 rict under Integrated Rural Developm~nt Programme. By the end of January, 1981,945 farmers were benefit Agricultural Non-credit Societies 287 15,187 ted under this scheme. Loans were made available to Primary Land Mortgage Banks 3 17,327 ) ,511 families for purchasing goats and sbeep. A sum of Rs. 35.50 lakhs was spent through the Small Farmer Non-agricultural Credit Societies 149 25,491 DeVelopment Agency for Integrated Rural Development Programme by the end of 15th March, 1981. Non-agricultural Non-credit Societies 251 36,026 68. Various schemes were initiated under National 3,214 Societies under liquidation 306 Rural Employment Programme. A sum of Rs. 40.31 Total 1,159 222,116 lakhs was made available for 386 relief works. In the district Rs. 12 lakhs were earmarked for 200 drinking water schemes. Another Rs. 4.12 lakhs were sanctioned 65. These Co-operative Societies had a total share to Small Farmer Development Agency for 18 schemes, capital of Rs. 334.04 lakhs, and working capital of Rs. while Rs. 3::>.25 lakhs were provided for repair works 2,466.55 lakhs. During the period under report these for 510 tanks. Besides, loans were distributed among societies advanced loans worth Rs. 1,111.71 lakhs- to its farmers for purchasing fodder crops in the drought members while the recoveries amounted to Rs. 830.45 affected areas. lakhs and amount remaining outstanding was Rs. 1,636.28 lakhs. Social and Cultural acthities Other De'elopmental Aclivitie5 Fair and Festivals 66. 'Various socio-economic developmental schemes 69. Some of the important fairs held in the district have been initiated by the State Government for the are given below : development of the district. Certain special schemes have been taken up for drinking water in drought affec (i) Kartika Mela at Pushkar - Pushkar is located ted and rainfall deficient areas of the district. For this at 11 km. to the north-west of Ajmer City. It is purpose, old wells are being repaired and the work of famous for its ancient temples and a lake. A fair is installing hand pumps has been taken in hand in the held annually on KartikaSudi 11-15 (Oct.-Nov.) on the rural and urban areas of tbe district. The World Bank banks of the lake which is considered one of the prin has sanctioned Rs. 422.60 lakhs for drinking water cipal places of pilgrimage. A cattle fair is also held at schemes for the period 1980 to 19'85 of which Rs. the place at that time. Another fair is held here on 125.29 lakhs were sanctioned for 198u-81 alone. It was Vaisakha Sudi II-IS (April-May). The metalled road expected that the work relating to drinking water connecting Ajmer with Merta passes through Pushkar. schf;mes in p~ villages would be completed by 1982-83. The nearest railw.lY station for the fair is A~mer. Oth~f C xxix ) fairs held at Pushkar are Suda Bai, Nag Panchmi, for its old institutions. The Government College is the Savitri, Agastya Rishi and Papmochani. oldest College of P ajasthan. It has also a loco work shop and the office of the Divisional Superintendent of (ii) Urs Khwaja Sahib - The Dargath of Khwaja the Railway. The offices of the Board of Revenue and Muin-ud-din Chisti at Ajmer City is one of the holiest the Board of Secondary Education for Rajasthan State Muslim Sanctuaries in India which is called 'Ajmer are also located in the city. Archaeologica\ly, Ajmer Sharif' by the Muslim world. A fair is held here is one of the richest districts in the whole of Riljasthan. annually in the Muslim month of Rajab from 1st to 6th. There are as many as eight objects of national interest Mohammedans come from all parts of the country as in the district. During the rainy season it becomes a well as from abroad to attend the Urs. The shrine of city of festivals and fairs. The city is connected with Khwaja Sahib is venerated and visited by Hindus, Mus some historical events among which the presentation of lims and other Indians irrespective of their religion. the credentials to Jahangir in 1616 by Sir Thomas Roe, Khwaja Sahib is also known as 'Garib Nawaj' (the hel the ambassador of King James I of England, is by far per of the poor). the best known. Besides, Dara Shikoh, the eldest son of Shahjahan was born here, and the battle which (iii) Tejaji Fair - The fair of Tejaji is held at brought Aurangzeb to the throne was fought at Dorai Beawar town on Bhadrapada Sudi 1-11 (Aug.-Sept.) not far from the city of Ajmer. every year. Several thousand persons congregate at the fair. The largest congregation is on Bhadrapada Adhai-din-ka-J hoopra Sudi 10 (Aug.-Sept.) which is known as Teja Dashmi. Beawar has a large bus stand and a railway station. It is situated at the foot of the Taragarh hill and is The fairs in hOllour of Tejaji are also held at several described as one of the most perfect and ancient speci other places, almost in every tehsil in the district. men of Hindu architecture. It consists of a quadrangle cloistered on all the four sides. As you enter you see 70. Among other fairs held in Ajmer City are Jal in front a wall with seven pointed arches. This buil zhulni Ekadashi, Sheel Saptami, Anter-ka-Mela, Cha ding is believed to have been originally constructed for munda-ka-Mela, Ajaipal-ka-Mela, Bajranggarh-ka-Mela, a Sanskrit College (Pathshala) while the temple was Babugarh-ka-Mda, Koteshwar Mahadeo-ka-Mela, added to it by Visaldeva Vigrahraj II in 1153. It was Da~hera Fair and BaJj Nath Fair. Besides, a local fair of converted into a mosque by Muhammed Ghori who the peasant classes is held at village Dorai in Ajmer attacked Ajmer in 1192. During an excavation in tt:hsil. 1875-76 six tablets containing fragments of two impo f tant Sanskrit dramas, Harkeli Natak and Lalit Vigrah 71. Tht: main Hindu festivals are Holi. Dashera, raj Natak in Devnagri characters were discovered at Deewali and Gangaur, while the Muslim observe Moha the site. The tablets are now exhibited in the Ajmer rrum, Idul-fiter, Idul Zuha and the Urs of Khwaja Museum. Several interesting and typical sculptured Sahib. objects have been collected from this mosque. Places of religious, historical & arcbaeological impor tance and tourist interes t Dargah Kbwaja Sahib 72. Following are the important places in the dist The construction of the Dargah was commenced rict. in the re,ign of Shams-ud-din Altmash (1211-1236 A.D.) and completed in the time of Mughal Emperor Ajmef Humayun at the beginning 'Of the 16th century A.D. It comprises the mausoleum of Khwaja Muin-ud-din Ajmer is the third largest city of Rajasthan and has Chisti, two mosques, an assembly hall (Mahfil Khana) a population of 375,593 according to 1981 Census. It and an imposing gateway (Buland Darwaza). The red is at a distance of about 132 km. to the south-west of sandstone mosque near the main entrance was built by Jaipur City. It derives its name it is said from Ajaya Akbar. The Buland Darwaza, which is about 23 metres meru (the invincible hill). It is believed to have been high, stands inside the main gateway of the Dargah. founded by Ajaipal Chauhan in the 7th century A.D. There are two giant cauldrons (degs) positioned on The city is situated in a beautiful valley and lies bet either side of this gate. During the annual Urs festival. ween 26° 27' north latitude, and 74° ~4' east longitude a dainty preparation of rice is cooked in them for gene at the foot of the Tara~arh hill. Ajmer is wen-known ral distribution. The saint's tomb is richly adorned ( XXx ) with gold and silver. Being the holiest of all Muslim ki-Phatak and the Gate of Victory. The situation of shrines in India (next in Importance to the one in the gates makes the fortress impregnable. Bhawani Pole Mecca) it attracts pilgrims from all parts of the country. and Hathi Pole are among minor pols, which deserves The shrine of Khwaja Sahib is venerated and visited by mention. all Indian communities. Abdullah Kban's Tomb Ana Sagar It is situated near the Railway Station of Ajmer It is a lovely artificial lake and is one of the City. It is a white stone building of the later Mughal finest beauty spots in India. It was constructed by the period built in 1710 A.D. Opposite to it is the tomb of Chauhan King Arnoraj or Anaji, grand-father of Abdullah Khan's wife, an example of purity of design Prithviraj III, in the middle of the 12th century. It is and exquisite workmanship.. said that Anaji killed a number of his enemies at this Nasiyan (Red-Temple) spot and later on in order to wash the battle-field of the horrible bloodshed, he got Lhe lake made at the site by It is a Digambar Jain temple which was completed damming up a rivulet. This attracted tile attention of in 1885 A.D. It has a double storeyed hall richly painted the Mughal emperors when they came to Ajmer. in beautiful colours. There is the Svarlla Nagri Hall Jahangir was so fascinated by beauty of the spot that behind the temple. The wall and the ceiling of the Hall he laid out a garden, Daulat Bagh, below the embank are covered with glass mosaic work. Here are the ment. Shahjahan further added a 378 metres long representations illustrative of the birth and life of Rish marble parapet on the embankment and erected five abdeva, the first propagator of the lainism. A 26 metres admirable marble pavilions. high Manstambha (pillar) was erected in the Nasiyan in 1937 A.D. Foy Sagar Magazine It is a tank which was constructed in 1891-92 by the Municipal Committee of Ajmer as a famine relief It is the most important Mughal building of archa work. The present water supply to Ajmer City is made eological interest. It is situated in the heart of the city from this tank. It was constructed by damming up the not very far from the Railway Station. It is a Fort built river known as Badi Nadi and is named after Mr. Foy, by Emperor Akbar and is a massive square structure an executive ellgilleer. It is over seven metres deep with bastions at each corner. In the central building of and has a capacity of 46 million cubic metres and water the fort is a museum which has a fine collection of spread of over four million metres. Its catchment area sculptures, inscriptions, coins and paintings. is about 14 sq. km. There is a small garden to the north of the embankment. The scenery is very picturesque Chavanda Mata and boating facilities are also available to the visitors. A temple dedicated to the goddess Chavanda stands Bajrauggarh on the slope of hill. There is a pretty spot, well woo ded and restful with water running down the hill during It is a sacrcd place of the Hindus and stands on a the rains. A fair is held here on Savan Sudi ~th (Aug.• hill at the head of the Ana Sagar lake. Here an old idol Sept.) of Hanumanji is worshipped by hundreds of people daily. 1t commands a fine view of the Ana Sagar lake Anted· ki-Mata and the Daulat Bagh. A big annual fair is held here on Bhadrapada Badi 3rd (Aug.-Sept.) The temple of Anted-ki-Mata is located in a small valley between two hills at a distance of about 2.5 km. Taragarb Fort from the old Residency to the north of Ana Sagar lake. It is a picturesque picnic spot. A fair is held here on It is situated on a hill-top about 213 metres high in Raksha Bandhan (August) every year. the south-west of Ajmer City. It was known as Ajaya Meru-Durg in old days. The picturesque Taragarh Pusbkar with its impressive environs, occupies the crest of an extension of the famous Aravalli range. It has several Pushkar town is located on the bank of a lake massive gates~ viz. ~akshmipole. Phuta Darwaja, Gagudi- about II km. to the north-west of Ajmer City. It has ~ ( xxxi ) population of 9,368 according to 1981 Census. It is one bastions and has four gateways. It is the second most of the holy places of pilgrimage. Colonel Tod conside important wool exporting centre in India. There are red it as much holy as Mansarowar. The town is pic several cotton textile industrial establishments, big and turesquely situated beside the lake with hills on three small in the town. 'Til-patti' is a special delivery of sides. Bathing Ghats have been constructed all round the Beawar, which is sent to various places in India and lake. There are several temples of which the temple of abroad. Besides, three big cotton mills i.e., Krishna Brahma is the most ancient and is one of the rarest Mills, the Edward Mills and Maha Laxmi Mills, there temples dedicated to that god. A temple of Savitri, the is a large number of small factories in the town. There consort of Brahma, is on the top of a steep hill on the is a Post-graduate college and a training school for western side of the holy lake. The temple of Vaikuntha teachers. Some of the picnic spots and places of inte nathji, also known as Rangji, is another noteworthy rests in and around Beawar Town are Mataji-ki-Dungri, shrine built in the typical South-Indian sty:e of architec Chang-kj·Dhani, Balad's Jain temple and Sheopura ture. Other temples are dedicated to Badri Narayana, Ghata. Makreda and Jalia water works are famous as Varaha and Shiva Atmateswar. It is a popular Hindu picnic spots while Todgarh is an old fort. Nearby, belief that a visit to Pushkar is a~stepping stone to salva there is a picturesque place known as Dhundaleshwar. tion. A famous fair takes places every year on the A temple of Pipaj Mata, about 3 km. from Todgarh is occasion of Kartika Purnima (Oct.-Nov.) worth a visit. Kishllogarh 73. Apart from the places mentioned above, the other famous in the district are Arain (the old place and Kishangarh lies at a distance of 28 km. from seat of Parmaras), village Baghera (Kekri tehsil) being Ajmer on the road to Jaipur. It was an independent the place of archaeological and antiquarian interest, princely State before 1947, and thereafter it was made village Govindgarh of tehsil Kishangarh a meeting place a part of Jaipur district. In 1956, when Ajmer was of rivers Saraswati and Sagarmati, and Massoda-an integrated with Rajasthan, Kishangarh was made a part ancient village founded by Salazar Ghazi, Commandar of Ajmer district. It is now a sub-divisional headquar in-chief of Shahabuddin Ghori, and named after ter of the distrIct having two tehsils. It is well known his daughter Masud Ghazi. Nasirabad is a cantonment for its metal works. There is a Police Training School. in the district while village Nosal (Kishangarh tehsil) is The town's name is associated with a famous style of famous for the temple of Anandi Mata, the tutelary Rajput painting known the world over. goddess of Lavadiyas. Village Peesangan has its signi ficance because it is this place where two rivers Kalesra Beawar and Sagarmati meet. The village is widely known for its chillies which are exported to far flung places. Other Beawar is the chief town of the area previously places of tourists interest in the district are Rupnagar, known as Marwar. It was founded by Col. Dixon. an Rajgarh. Ramsar, Salemabad, Shreenagar and Sarwar. extra Assistant Commissioner of the area in 1838. The While the fort of Bhinay is a good specimen of the town is surrounJed by Shaharpanah which essentially forts built by the local chiefs, remains of Nad, Arain consists of ramparts defended by thirty-two massive and Sakrai are also important. mSTORY OF DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK Prior to 1951, Census Reports were printed for For the first time in 1961 Census the maps for the the whole province or state. The idea of preparing the districts and tehsils were also included in the District District Census Handbooks separately for each district Census Handbooks. was conceived during 1951 Census as a part of a plan intended to secure an effective method of preserving the 4. In 1971 Census series of District Census Hand Census data below the district level. The idea was books villagewise 'Village Directory' giving services, that all the district census tables should be bound facilities or amenities available in the village was together in a single volume called the District Census given. 'Town Directory' was introduced for the first Handbook. Since then the District Census Handbooks time giving useful information in respect of every are being published regularly. town of the district. Rural Primary Census Abstract upto village level and Urban Primary Census Abstract 2. The 1951 Census series of District Census Hand upto enumeration block level were given in District books was printed in two parts. Part I contained five Census Handbooks. While the District, Tehsil and General Population Tables (A Series), three Economic Town maps were included, the inclusion of Census Tables (B Series), five Household and Age Tables (C Tables was dispensed with in the District Census Hand Series) and seven Social and Cultural Tables (D Series). books in 1971 Census. In Part II of District Census Handbook "Primary Census Abstract and Village Directory" which showed 5. The scope of 1981 series of District Census the basic population figures for each village or town Handbooks has been enlarged specially in relation to classified by livelihood classes Were included along amenities and land-use pattern. Apart from new with some information of general nature. items like uses of electricity, details of communication points, information for which was not collected in 3. The 1961 Census series of District Census 1971 Census, a note on each district covering general Handbooks was printed in a single volume in which information on its history, topography, flora & fauna Primary Census Abstract upto village and town/ward and administrative set up etc. has been added. The level and Village Directory upto village level were format of the Primary Census Abstract has also been given. Besides, some official statistics collected from restructured in the light of changes in economic various state departments, four General Population and other questions canvassed in the 1981 Census but Tables (A Series), sixteen Economic and Household at the same time, all efforts have been made to retain Tables (B S;:ries), seven Social and Cultural Tables comparability with 1971 Census data. The inclusion (C Series), four Housing Tables (E Series) and eight of Special Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled Special Tables for Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes Castes and Tribes at the Tehsil/Town level is another were also provided in District Census Handbooks. innovation introduced in 1981 Census series. SCOPE OF VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY AND PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT In Part-A of the District Census Handbook, of this book. The number of each type of amenity llas entitled as Village and Town Directory, an attempt has been indicated in parentheses after the suitable code been m.l-de to present information regarding various in case of educational, medical and post and telegraph am~nitie3/[acilities available in every rural/urban unit facilities. of the State. The unit of the rural areas is village and that of urban area is town/urban agglomeration. 4. If any amenity is not available within the village Information regarding rural areas and Census Towns a dash (-) has been shown in the relevant column and has been gathered through Patwaries while that in res next to it, the distance of the nearest place from the pect of urban areas other than Census Towns has been referrent village where the facility is available has been collected through the concerned Municipality /Canton given in broad distance ranges viz., -5 km" 5-10 km. ment Board/Notified Area Committee. In order to have & 10+km. the aforesaid information authenticated, the concerned 5. The following pattern has been adopted fOl departments and agencies were also contacted to furnish indicating the educational institutions:- information available with them. All the information gathered about amenities relate to year 1980 and ( i) Schools upto Class V have been treated a~ those pertaining to land-use pattern pertain to Samvat primary schools. They include Nursery Schoob, Year 2036 i.e. the agricuitural year ending on the 30th Kindergarten Schools, Pre-basic and Pre-primary June, 1980. Schools and Junior Basic Schools upto Class V. (Ii) All schools having Classes VI to VIII have been Village Directory treated as Middle Schools. 2. It will be 'helpful at the outset to have an idea (iii) All schools having Classes IX and X have becn or the items for which information has been included in treated as Secondary Schools. the Village Directory. Information in respect of each village has been presented through a twenty column (iv) All schools having Classes XI and XU have format in which villages have been presented in order been treated as Higher Secondary Schools. They of their location codes assigned at tehsillevel. The first include Senior Cambridge Schools, Schools flHlr COlU!11il' give general information i.e. location code under 10+2 scheme, lntermediate, Pre-Univer number, nami.', area in hectares, population and number sity and Junior College etc. of hou~eholds residing in villages as per Census 1901. h. In case of composite schoois relevant groups ot The amenities available in the village have been ~hown dasses bave been treated ::,cparutely, e.g. a school in colunllb 5-P. The information regarding land-use having classeS 1 to Xii, has b:.:..::n shown as having one pattern ha~ been given in columns 15-19 and column primary, one middle, one secondary and one higher 20 contain~ special information about the village, if secondary school. The term 'College' includes all types any, including infonn2.tion reg2.rdi .. g places of religious, of colleges whether Arts/SciencejCommerce/Medicalj historical cr archaeological interest. In case of Engineering/Agriculture and others imparting education uninhahited villages, the information has been given at Graduate or Post-Graduate bvel. Institutions other relating to columns 1-4, 12 and 15-19 only and in the than industrial schools, tra:ning schoob and adult remaining columm the word 'uninhabited' has been literacy classes/centres have been shown under 'others', mentioned. At the end of the entries of each tehsil the totals relating to columns 3-6 and 15-19 (total area, 7. In case of Medical Institutions, Hospitals and amenitits and land-use break-up) have also been given. Dispensaries, Allopathy, Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeo pathy have been shown together. Other institutions 3. Various amenities like drinking water, communi~ include all types of Yogic, Naturopathy, Hospitals/ cation, post and telegraphs dc. have been shown Dispensaries, Leprosy Centre etc. against the name of the referrent village if they are available within the village with the help of various 8. In case there are more tl1an one source of codes. The Code Structure relating to various columns potable water facility available in the village all such has beeo given in the b~ginning of Section-I to Par t-A sources have been shown separately Postal amenities ( xxxiv) include Post Office, Telegraph Office and Telephone IV Culturable Waste: which arc S!lOW;1 separateiy. Actual day or days of It includes Gaucher i.e. pasture and grazing m.lrk.::t/h:ll have b.::en shown wherever such market/ land and tree-groves. hat is held. 9. In cas:.: there are more than one communication V Area not available for cultivation facilities these have been indicated separately by relevant It refers to land which has not been classified in codes. Approacll to the village refers to the state of any of the above mentioned types and also roads ere. leading to the village from the communication includes house sites, roads, rivers, nullahs, centres i.e. bus-stand/railway station eiC. This is to hillocks etc. give an Idea wiletner the village is easily approachable in aU types of weather or becoilles inaccessible for 13. Information regarding newspaper circulation and sometim.; lU tile year. W'uere there are more than one auto-vehicles and tractors has also been shown in the approach roads tnese have been indicated separately by 'remarks column' besides mentioning places of religious, relevant codes. historical or archaeological interest therein. 10. Information regarding the nearest town indicates 14. The following four appendices have also been the name of SU.::ll toWD. a!oilgwith the distance from provided to present the p.:Hition obtaining in tehsil and the referrent VIllage irrespecLlvd of tild fact whether district as a whole regarding various amenities available such town is locat:d wltlun Rajasthan or in some other in rural areas, villages classified by characteristics of adjoining :.tales. In case of town situated in states other the popUlation and land-use pattern in Census Towns than RaJa:.than, the concerned State has been mentioned in connection with the Village Directory: against Its llame in parenthesis with the help of .abbreviatIOns. The term 'town' here refers to one of (i) TehsIlwise Abstract of educational, medical and those urban centres which have been treated as towns other amenities. in the concerned State during 1981 Census. (ii) Land Utilisation data in respect of Census 11. In order to give an idea about the uses which Towns. electricity i.> put to, the information has been given (iii) Tehsilwise list of those inhabited villages where under the head "power supply" if it is available in the no educational, medical, drinking water, post village. Staple food refers to the grains consumed by and telegraph, day of the market/hat, communi the majority of the population in the village during the cations and power supply facilities are major portion of the year and where a variety of food available. grains is CO.1SUlU.!d, tlle cOlllbinaticn has been indicated. The graius m~iltioned first is the one which gets first (iv) Tehsilwise list of villages according to the preference. proportion of Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Land-Use Pattern Tribes popUlation to total population by ranges. It consists of two parts: Part-A relates to 12. The lanJ-use pattern has been presented under Scheduled Castes and Part-B to Scheduled the following five headings :- Tribes. I Forest: Town Directory It denotes those lands which have been termed as 'forest' by the competent authority. 15. Particulars about each town have been presented 11 Irrigated land : in the form of six statements. In towns where there It relates to land which has actually been are notified slums an additional Statement (IV-A) has irrigated in the referrent year. The sourcewise also been given in which information regarding civic break-up has not been presented as no such and other amenities available in the notified slums have information was available in respect of the net been shown. In each statement towns have been irrigated area. arranged in alphabetical order. III Unirrigated land: 16. As has been explained earlier, urban agglomera The term covers all the unirrigated land cultiva tions are of two types: first those constituted by two or ted during the referrent year and land tying more indeper.dent towns and second those where the fallow upto four years. urban characteristics have developed in the adjoining ( XXIV ) rural areas which have developed as out-growth of the 21. A 'dash' under these columns indicates that the referrent town. referrent town did not have an urban status in the 17. Where an urban agglomeration includes two referrent Census. Density of population per sq. km or more independent towns, the names of towns as per Census, 1981 has been shown in column 16 and constituting the agglomeration have been indicated in sex-ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) have the alphabetical arrangement but their names have also been indicated for three censuses viz. 1961 to 1981 in been repeated in the alphabetical order under the name columns 17 to 19. of the agglomeration after the name of the main or Statement II core town and information relating to these has been shown here. The particulars of the constituent units of 22. This statement gives informatIOn about the the agglomerations have not been repeated wherever physical aspects and locational particulars of the town they (Jccur separately in the alphabetical order and a in 1979. First two coiumns give the serial number, note "See referrent agglomeration" has been given name and status of the town. Columns 3 to 5 deal against such names. The lines relating to the infor with the physical aspects viz. rainfall and temperature. mation regardmg urban agglomeration as a whole have Rainfall figures are the average of the rainfall for the not been numbered but the constituent units as and last ten years ending 1979-80. If the information in when they occur in the alphabetical order have been respect of rainfall is not available for any town it has numbered so that the last number agrees with the total been given for the nearest place for which it is available. number of towns in the district concerned. In respect Rainfall has been shown in millimetres per annum. of statements 11, 111 and VI in the lines relating to Maximum and minimum temperatures have been given agglomeration a note ·'See constituent units" has been in centigrade. If the information regarding temperature shown and information has been provided separately is not available in respect of any town it has been in respect of all the constituents below it. given for the nearest place for which it is available and the name of the centre has been shown in footnote. 18. In case of towns having out-growths, an asterisk mark has been placed against their names. Information 23. The location of the town with respect to various m respect of out-growths has been included in the administrative headquarters and nearest city is indI concerned town and has not been shown separately. cated in columns 6 to 9. While showing the location of the referrent town with respect to various adminis 19. The amenities and other data have been indi trative headquarters, names and their distance from cated by codes. A list of column wise code structure the referrent town in km have been given in parenthesis and other abbreviations used in each statement has below the name of the place where it is situated. In been provided at the beginning of Section-II of Part-A case the referrent town itself happens to be the seat of of this book. the administrative headquarters, this distance has been We may now discuss the various Town Directory shown zero. Information regarding the nearest city of statements. population one lakh or more has been given in respect of its situation within the State or even if this city Statement I may be situated in other State. In case the nearest city 20. It deals with the status and growth history of happens to be situated in other State, the name of the the town. Columns 1 to 6 give information regarding concerned State has been shown against the name of class, name and civic status of the town, its location the city in parenthesis. How the referrent town is code number, name of the tehsil in which it is situated, approachable is given in columns 10 to 12 which indi its area in sq. km and number of households including cate the availability of communication facilities viz. houseless households residing in the town as per railway station, bus-route and navigable river/canal 1981 Census. The class of the town has been deter within 10 km. There is no navigable river or canal mined on the basis of its population as per Census, in Rajasthan. 1981 and the civic administration status relates to the year, 1980. Columns 7 to 15 show the population of Statement III the town in different decennial censuses beginning from 24. It gives information about the finances of the 1901 upto 1981. The growth rate in terms of per civic body controlling the local civil administration centage in respect of previous censuses has been shown and it has been presented in '00 rupees. A 'dash' in this below the popUlation figures pertaining to each Census Statement indicates that no receipt or expendHure has be~inning from Column 8 onwards. occurred under the particular head and 'N' ~epresents ( ,DXVi ) negligible amount. First three columns give general other State where available alongwith distance from the information, colun1as 4 to 10 present receipt under referrent town has been mentioned. broad categories and total receipt and columns 11 to 17 present expenditure under broad categories and total Statement IV-A expenditure. The receipt and exp~nditure has been presented under six broad categories each. While 27. Information about notified slums in class I and II receipt through taxes implies all receipts from taxes towns has been shown in this statement in order to obligatory or others and revenue derived from municipal give an idea about the amenities available to the slum power and pri)p~rty, it also includes income derived dwellers. Particulars about paved roads, system of from holding of fairs and exhibitions, supply of milk, sewerage, number ot tap points/public hydrants for licence fee, cattle-ponds, fines and penalties, transport supply of protected water a.ld electrification have been services, places of entertainment, allotment sale/lease of provided in respect of every slum in each town if land and rent etc. Government grants include per there are any. capita grant, grant from Public Works Department and grant from the Social Welfare and other departments. Statement V Other sources of receipts have been specified, wherever possible but generally they are of miscellaneous nature. 28. Particulars of medical, educational, recreational and cultural facilities available in the town have been 25. Expenditure on general administration covers given in this statement and the number of each type of salary and wages of staff, contingent expenditure on these facilities has also been shown in parenthesis along staff, grants, loans and advances to the staff etc. with the appropriate code. Expenditure on public safety cover fire-fighting, light, water and lease facilities, regulating the dangerous/ 29. In case of medical facilities the number of beds hazardous trades/works/occupation, water supply, wherever available has also been shown. Allopathic, registration of births and deaths, disposal of garbage, Ayurvedic, Unani and Homeopathic hospitals/dis rubbish and night-soil. Public health and conveniences pensaries have been shown separately. No code has cover all types of medical aid and maintenance of been provided for allopathic institutions and their the destitutes etc. Public-works include maintenance numbers have been shown only in figures. Thus' 1' and construction of roads and buildings and relief beside H, code for hospital means all Allopathic works in tim;!s of famine and scarcity. Expenditure in Hospital. Separate codes have been provided for other public institutions covers all types of social, cultural, three systems of medicine. educational, religious institutions etc. which are run or patronised by the municipality. Other sources of 30. If a m~dical or educational facility is not avai expenditure have been specifkd where possible but lable in the town, the name of the nearest place, if in mostly these are of miscellaneous nature. the same district or the name of the nearest district if in the same State or other State where available and Statement IV its distance (in km) from the referrent town has been mentioned. Details of medical institutions shown under 26. This statement deals with the civic and other 'Others' have also been explained in the footnote below type of public amenities and provides information the Statement V. about road length, system of sewerage, types of latrines, method of disposal of night-soil, protected water 31. Arts, Science and Commerce Colleges have been supply, availability of fire-fighting service and electrifi shown separately. While showing the educational insti cation besides general information. In case of water tutions upto Higher Secondary level the same procedure supply the source of water as also the system of its as adopted in case of Village Directory, has been storage hav~ been shown. The storage capacity has followed (Sz.-! para 6). In case of composite schools been shown i11 litres. In case of disposal of night-soil relevant classes haVe been treated separately e.g. a and protected water supply particulars have been given school having classes I to XII has been treated as being in respect of two methods/sources in order of their composed of one Primary, one Middle, one Secondary importance if more than one exist in the town. In and one Higher Secondary School. case fire-fighting service is not available in the town the name of the nearest place if in the same district or 32. All other types of educational institutions which the name of the nearest district if in the same State O'l" are not covered in columns 6 to 14 have been shown ( ultvii ) 10 column 15 under 'Others' and include technical/ workers used in 1971 Census and present cultivators and vocational and training institutions like Applied agricultural labourers. The third category rl:presents Art Painting College, Pharmacy College, Agricultural workers engaged in household industry, manufacturing, College, Teachers' Training College/Institutions, Music/ processing, servicing and repairs corresponding to Dance School etc. and the details regarding these have category V(a) of the District Primary Census Abstract been shown in footnote below the statement. 1971. All other remaining workers have been grouped together in the fourth category and illclude workers Statement VI engaged in categories III, IV, V (b) and VI to IX of the District Primary Census Abstract 1971 which are 33. This statement contains particulars regarding explained below : trade, commerce, industry and banking. It gives names of three most important commodities imported, CategoTles of workers of exported and manufactured in the town besides the 1971 Census, included in Description 'other workers' of 1981 number of banks, agricultural and non-agricultural Census credit societies functioning in the town. A list of the outgrowths, if any, alongwith their population and III Livestock, Forestry, Fishing, name of the core town has also been provided at the Hunting and Plantations, end of the Town Directory. Orchards and Allied activities. Primary Census Abstract IV Mining and Quarrying. 34. Primary Census Abstract has been presented at V (b) Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and Repairs other three level~ : than Household Industry. I. District Primary Census Abstract. VI Construction. 2. Urban/Village Primary Census Abstract. VII Trade and Commerce. 3. Special Primary Census Abstract for Scheduled VIII Transport, Storage and Castes/Scheduled Tribes at district level. CommunicatlOn. IX Other Services. 35. There are thirty nine columns in the District Primary Census Abstract and the data bas been Columns 34-39 deal with sex-wise distribution of presented at the District/Tehsii/U.A./City/Town level. marginal workers and non-workers respectivdy. 1 he first column shows the serial number and the second column gives the name of District/Tehsil/Urban 37. There are twenty eight columns in the Primary Agglomeration/City/Town. Total/Rural/Urban levels Census Abstract for presenting data at the Urbani have been indicated in COIUIl1;l 3. Area of the referrent Village level. The first column shows the location code unit has been indicated in column 4 in square kilometres. number of the unit for which the information has been Columns 5 and 6 deal with the number of occupied provided and the second column gives the name of residential houses and number of households residing Tehsil/Village/Town/Ward. In the case of village, area in the refer rent unit. Information regarding total has been presented in hectares and in the case of Town/ population including institutional and houseless Tehsil, in square kilometres in column 3. population, has been presented in columns 7 to 9 with sex-wise distribution. 38. Columns 4 and 5 deal with the number of occupied residential houses and number of households 36. Columns 10-12 and 13 -15 deal with the sex residing in the referrent unit. Information regarding wise presentatioil of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled total population has been given in columns 6 to 8 with Tribes population respectively. Information regarding sex-wise break-up. The total population here includes iiterates has been shown in columns 16-18. Columns institutional and houseless popUlation. 19-21 deal with the sex-wise break-up of main workers and columns 22-33 deal with the classification of main 39. Infcrmation regarding Scheduled Caste and workers into four major categories, sex-wise. The Scheduled Tribe population has been presented in 6rst and second categories correspond to categories of columns 9-10 and 11-12 respectively by giving sex-wise ( XXYViij) distribution. Information regarding number of literate 26-28 deal with sexwise distribution of marginal mlles and femlles in each referrent unit has been given workers and columns 29-31 present the sexwise distri in columns 13-14. bution of non-workers among the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes. 40. Columns 15 and 16 deal with number of male and female main workers respectively while columns 17 to 24 deal with classification of main workers into four major Area Figures : categories. Columns 25-26 deal with male and female marginal workers and columns 27-28 deal with male 43. We have followed two sources as regards the and female non-workers. presentation of area figures. The figures for the total area of the district have been taken from the Survey of India. 41. The data in respect of Scheduled Castes and The urban area for a district has been deducted from Scheduled Tribes have separately been presented in the the Surveyor Genera of India's figures for the district as Special Primary Census Abstract at the District/Tehsil/ a whole to give the rural area at the district level. In the U.A./City/Town level. There are thirty one columlls in case of towns, area figures have, been conceted from this format. The first two columns give the serial the Municipalities and Tehsils and in a few cases, where number and name of the District/Tehsil/U.A.jCity/ outgrowth (part) are formed, approximate urban areas Town respectively. Column 3 indicates whether the have been made use of. At the tehsil level, however, information is for total, rural or urban areas. Column 4 the total area has been arrived at by adding the urban gives the number of households with Scheduled Castel and rural areas, the latter having been obtained by Scheduled Tribe members. Columns 5-7 give the sex totalling up the areas of all its constituent villages/part wise distribution of Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe villages. Thus, it will be seen that while urban population. component at the district level, the same is not true for rural area, that is, tehsil level rural area figures will not 42. Columns 8-10 show the sexwise break-up of add upto the rural areas as reported at the district level. literates among Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes. At the district level, the total area and the rural area Columns 11-13 deal with the number of main workers have been given in sq. km upto one place of decimal while columns 14-25 present the sexwise break-up of but in case of urban centres the same has been given main workers into four major categories. Columns upto two decimal points. CENSUS CONCEPTS For the purpose of obtaining correct information activities have been treated as on par with cultivation and introdu::ing uniformity, as far as possible, and agricultural labour for the purpose of this throughout the country, certain concepts and definitions criterion. were adopted and used in 1981 Census such as Building, Census House, Household, Scheduled Caste/Scheduled 5. It will be noticed from the definition that there Tribe, Literates, Main-Workers, Marginal Workers, are two distinct types of urban units. In the I rst Non-Workers etc. and the Rural and Urban division of category are those units which satisfy criterion (a) by the population. virtue of a statutory notification and are referred to by the nomenclature as adopted in the relevant notification Rural/Urban Areas viz., Municipal Corporation, Municipal Board, Canton ment Board and Notified Area Committee etc. The 2. One of the basic characteristics of the popula other type of urban units would be those which satisfy tion obtained through the Census is its rural and urban criteria under (b) above and which would otherwise distribution. The basic unit for rural areas is the have been considered as rural i.e. as vlllage~, but for Revenue Village which has definite surveyed boundaries. Census purposes they are n:ferred to as Census Towns The Rewnue Village may comprise several hamlets or Non-municipal Towns. This is to distinguish them but for pr..:sentation of data, the entire Revenue Village from what are considered statutory towns under has been treated as one unit. in unsurveyed villages criterion (a). It may be mentioned here that quite within forest areas each habitated area with locally often villages which are classified for census purposes recogni~ed boundaries has been treated as one unit. as urban units under criteria (b) may continue to be included in the village lists in the revenue record. 3. Urban areas have been specially defined for However, in Census publications, the relevant cross Census purposes. In the 1981 Census the same criteria references are generally available and the reader would as accepted in 1961 and 1971 Censuses have been be able to identify such cases. adopted, with some minor variations. Urban areas in 1981 Census consist of: Urban Agglomeration (a) All places with a Municipality, Corporation or 6. The 1971 concept of urban agglomeration is also Cantonment Board or Notified Town area. adopted for the 1931 Census. Very oftell large railway colonies, university campuses, port areas, military (b) All other places which satisfy the following camps, etc. come up outside the statutory limits of the criteria : city or town but adjoining it. Such areas may not by themselves qualify to be treated as towns but if they ( i) A minimum popUlation of 5,000. form a continuous spread with the town, they are out growths of the town and deserve to be treated as urban. (ii) Atleast 75% of the male working popula Such towns to~ther with their out-growths have been tion being engaged in non -agricultural treated as one urban unit and named 'Urban Agglomera (and allied) activity. tion'. An urban agglomer"tion may constitute : (iii) A density of population of atleast 400 per Sq. km (or 1,000 per Sq. mite). (a) A city with continuous out-growth (the part of out-growth being outside the statutory limits 4. The urban criteria of 1981 vary slightly from but falling within the boundaries of the adjoin that of 1961 and 1971 Cen3Uses, in that the males ing village or villages); working in activities such as fishing, logging etc. were treated as engaged in non-agricultural activity (b) One town with similar out-growth or two or and therefore, contributed to the 75% criterion in more adjoining towns with their out-growths 1961 and 1971 Censuses whereas in 1981 Census these as in (a); or ( xi (c) A city and one or more adjoining towns holds each such flat or block has been considered as a with their out-growths all of which form a separate census house. continuous spread. 11. Usually a structure has four walls and roof. But Building in some areas the very nature of construction of houses is such that there may not be any wall for example, a 7. A building is, gen~rally, a single structure 011 the ground. Sometimes it may be made up of more than conical roof and an entrance are provided. Such structures have been treated as buildings and census one component units whi~h are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such houses, as the case may be. as shops, business houses, offices, factories, worksheds, 12. If there are more than one structure within an schools, places of entertainment, places of worship, encl03ed or open compound ,premises) belonging to the gOdOWllS, stores etc. It is also possible that buildings same pi!rson e.g., the main house, the servant's quarters, which have component units may be used for a the garage, etc., the whole premises have been treated as combination of purposes su~h as shop -cum-residence, only one building and each of the constituent separate workshop-cum-residence, 011ice-cum-residence, etc. structures has been taken as a census house provided 8. Sometimes a series of different buildings are found these structures satisfy the definition of a 'Census along a street which are joined with one another by House' given hereafter. common waUg on either side looking like a continuous Census House structure. These different units are practically indepen 13. A Census House is a bUilding or parl of a dent of one another and likely to have been built at diffe building having a separate main entrance from the road rcnt times and even owned by different persons. In such or common courtyard or staircase, etc., u~eJ or recog cases, though the whole structure with all the adjoining nised as a separate unit. It may be occupied or vacant. units apparently appears to be one building, each It may be used for a residential or non-residential portion has b~en treatcd as a separate building. On the purpose or both. other hand, one may come across cases, particularly in large cities, of multi-storeyed ownership flats. In these 14. If a building has a number of flats or blocks cases, while the structure looks like one building, the which are independent of one another having separate fiats are ow.led by different persons. In case of such entrances of their own from the road or a common multi-storeyed &tructures, having a nnmber of flats stairca'>e or a common courtyard leading to a main gate, owned by JilIcr(:nt persons, the entire structure has they are considered as separate census houses. If within been treated as one building al'd each flat as a separate a large enclosed area, there are t>eparate buildings owned Censu& house. by different persons, each such building is treated as one or more separate census house. Within an enclosed 'I. Sometimes in metropolitan cities the local authoritIes have cOIl$idered the flats in a block or in compound there may be separate buildings owned by an undertaking or company Of even government, actually large colonies as s~pard.tG buildings and numbered them a" sudl. If tile house-numbering system of the local in occupation of dilferent p~rson~. For example, 111 Indian Oil Corporation C010l1Y wilere the buildings are authofltles ha~ b.::cn adopted as such, each flat has also owned by the corporation they are in occupation of been treated as separat~ building in order to avoid renumbering of these houses. * its employees. Each such building has b~en reckoned as a separate building. But if in anyone of these buildings, 10. If within a large enclosed area there are separate there are fiats in occupation of different household.., structures owned by different persons each such each flat is treated as a sepJ.rate census house. structure has been treated as one or more separate building. Sometimes there may be a number of struc 15. It may be difficult to apply the dcilnition ef tures within an enclosed area or compound owned by Census House strictly in certain cases. For example, in an undertaking or company or government which are an urbal1 area, a fb.t has five rooms. each room having occupied by their employees. Each such structure is a direct entrance to the common staircase or courtyard. treated as a separate buildiag. If such buildings have a By definition, this has to be treated as five census houses. number of fhl1 s or blocks which are independent of one If all those five rooms are occupied by a single house~ another having separate entrance from a common hold, it is not realistic to treat them as five census houses. courtyard or stail:case and occupied by different house- In such a case, singleness of use of these rooms along- -----• No such numbering done by town authorities bas been adopted for any urban unit in Rajasthan. ( xli ) with the main house is considered and the entire fiat is touching the ground and an entrance is also provided treated as one census house. On the other hand, if two thus there would not be any wall as such. Such independent households occupy these five rooms, the structures have, of course, been treated as buildings first household living in three rooms and the second and census houses. hou:ieil01d occupying two rooms, considering the use, the first three rooms together are treated as one census 19. Pump houses, temples and other similar struc house and the remaining rooms as another census tures have also been treated as census houses as these house. But if each room is occupied by an independent are places where people can live. Obviously, such household, each such room is treated as a separate structures would not be treated as census houses if they census house. are so small that no person can live in them. 16. In case of hostels, hotels, etc., even if the door Household of each room in which an inmate lives opens to a common verandah, staircase, courtyard or common 20. A household is a group of persons who room, as it happens almost invariably, the entire hostel/ commonly live together and would take their meals from hotel building is treated as one census house. But If a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work such hostels/hotels have out-houses or other structures prevent any of them from doing so. There may be a used for different purposes cr the same purpose each household of persons related by blood or a hcusehold such structure attached to the main hostel/hotel is of unrelated persons or having a mix of both. Examples treated as a separate census house. In some parts of of unrelated households are boarding houses, messes, the country, in rural areas, the pattern of habitation is hostels, hotels, rescue homes, jails, ashrams etc. These such that a group of huts located in a compound, are called 'Institutional households'. There may be whether enclosed or unenclosed is occupied by one one member households, two member households or household. While the main residence may be located multi-member households. For census purposes, each in one hut, other huts may be used for sleeping, or as a one of these types is regarded as a 'household'. kitchen, bathroom, baitllaK, etc. Though each of the huts is a separate structure, they form a single housing 2l. If a group of persons who are unrelated to each unit and, therefore, have to be treated collectively as a other live in a census house but do not have their meals single census house. If some of the huts are used by from the common kitchen, they would not constitute an one household and the others by a second household as institutional household. Each such person has to be residence, then the two groups of huts are treated as treated as a separate household. The important link in separate census houses. However, if there are also finding out whether there is a household or not is a other huts in the compound used for other purposes common kitchen. and not as a part of the households residence such as, cattleshed, workshed, etc., they are treated as separate Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes census houses. 22. A person is identified as a member of a 17. It is also possibie that a household uses another Scheduled Caste or a S.:heduled Tribe on the basis of stlUcturc, e.g., a baithak, separated from the main the prescribed lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled residence by some distance or by other structures or by Tribes as per the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled a road. In such cases, it is necessary to treat that Tribes Lists (Amendment) Order, 1976 issued by the separate structure used as baithak as a separate census President of India. Scheduled Castes can be from house. among Hindus or Sikhs only while a member of a Scheduled Tribe can profess any religion. If the person is. It is usual to find in municipal towns and cities belonging to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe has that every site, whether built up or not, IS numbered returned to his/her caste or tribe, it is reckoned as by the municipal authorities on property basis. Such S::heduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe only if that name open sites, even if they are enclosed by a compound finds place in the prescribed list. waH are not listed for census purposes. Only cases where a structure with roof has come up are treated as Literates census houses and listed. But in some areas the very nature of construction of houses is such that there may 23. A person who can both read and write with not be any wall, for example, with a conical roof almost understanding in any language is treated as literate. A ( xlii ) perSOll who can merely r~:d but cannot write, is not agricultural labourers, those engaged III household literate. It is not necessary that a person who is industry and 'other workers'. literate should have passed any minimum educational standard. HJw.!v~r, all cil;ldren of the age of 4 years Cultivator or le'is ar~ treated as illiterate even if the child is going to a school and mJ.Y have picked up reading and 27. For purposes of census a person is a cultivator writing a few odd words. if he or she is engaged either as an employer, single worker or family-worker in cultivation of land owned or held from Government or held from private Main Worker, Marginal Worker and Non-Worker persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes supervision or direction of 24. 'Work' may be defined as participation in any economically productive activity. Such participation cultivation. may be physical or mental in nature. Work involves 28. A person who has given out his/her land to not only actual work but also effective supervision and another person or persons for cultivation for money, direction of work. kind or share of crop and who does not even supervise or direct cultivation of land, has not been treated as 25. The 'work' concept of 1961 and 1971 Censuses, cultivator. Similarly, a person working in another as opposed to the income or economic independence person's land for wages in cash or kind or a combination concept of th.:: earlier censuses, is adopted for 1981 of both i.e. agricultural labourt:r is not treated as a Censu~, but the criteria for classification of persons as cultivator. Cultivation involves ploughing, sowmg and workers has been changed. While in the 1961 and 1971 harvesting and covers production of cereals and millet Censuses different approaches, namely usual status and crops such as wheat, paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi etc. and current ~tatus were adopted with reference period of other crops such as pulses, raw jute and kindred fibre one year and one week for seasonal and regular work jute crop, cotton, sugarcane, groundnuts, tapioca etc. respectively, in the 1981 Census the usual status approach but does not include fruit-growing, vegetable-growing or has been adopted uniformly for all work. In 1961 a keeping orchards or groves or working on plantations person qualified as a worker jf he had worked regularly like tea, colfee, rubber, cinchona and other medical during the last season or if he had worked atleast for plantations. a day in regular non-seasonal work during the preceding fortnight. At the 1971 Census, a person was treated as Agricultural Labourer a worker only if he had spent his time mainly in work or if he had worked atleast for a day in regular (non-seaso 29. A person who works in another person's land nal) work during the preceding week. The dichotomy for wages in money, kind or share is recorded as an of worker/non-worker of 1961 and 1971 Censuses is dis agricultural labourer. He or she has no risk in the I:an.led at the 19S I Census and instead a trichotomy of cultivation but merely works in another person's land mam workers, marginal workers and non-workers is for wages. An agricultural labour has no right of lease auopted. For main worker the time criteria of engage or contract on land on which he/she works. ment in work for the major part of the year i.e. 183 days or more is adopted while those who worked for some Household Industry time Juring the last year but not for the major part of the year i.e., 183 days or more are treated as margi 30. Household Industry is defined as an industry nal workers. Those who had never worked during the conducted by the head of the household himself/herself last year are treated as non-workers. This trichotomy and/or by the members of the household at home or partially permits a comparability of 1981 Census econo within the village in rural areas and only within the mic data with that of 1971 as well as 1961. The precincts of the house where the household lives in main workers of 1981 Census can be expected to urban areas. The larger proportic.n of workers in a correspond to the workers of 1971 and main workers household industry should consist of members of the and marginal workers of 1981 together to the workers household including the head. The industry should not of 1961. be run on the scale of a registered factory which would qualify or has to be registered under the Indian Factories 26. The main workers i.e. those who have worked Act. An industry which is being run by a large joint for 183 days or more in the year preceding the enumera family of 1110re than 10 persons where power is used. tion Qave been further categorized as cultivators, or more than 20 persons where power is not used, ( :xliii ) though only family members are involved is not treated Marginal Workers as household industry. Thus the meaning of the term 36. Marginal workers are those who have worked run ou the s::::lie of a registered factory refers to sllch any time at ail in the year preceding the enumeration cases even if these are not registered as such. but have not worked for major part of that year. In other words, those who have worked any time at all in 31. The mlin criterion of a household industry is the year preceding the enumeration but the period fcr the p:1rticipation of Oile or more members of a house which they have worked is less than 103 days are cate hold. T,1is cnterion applies in urban areas too. Even if gorised as marginal workers. Those who have worked the industry is not actually located at home in rural for a major part of that year i.e. for 183 days or more, areas there is greater pcssibility of the members of are categorised as main workers. Thus, 'other workers' the household participating when it is located any can be either main workers or marginal workers. where within the village limits. In the urban areas where organised industry takes greater prominence, the Non-Workers household industry should be confined to the precincts 37. To distinguish between an 'other-worker' and of the house wlh:re the participants live. In urban areas a 'non-worker' a reference to the definition of "work" even if the members of the household by themselves would be relevant. While the 'other-worker' participated run an industry but at a place away from the precincts in an economically proJuclive activity and thus did of their home, it will not be considered a household "work" a non-worker has never worked in connection ndustry. with an economically productive activlty any time at all 32. A Household Industry relates to production, in the year preceding the enum;:ration. Non-workers processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling can belong to one of the following seven categories. (but not merdy selling) of goods. It does not include Household Duties professions su:::h as a Pleader or Doctor or Barber, Musician, Dancer, Waterman, Washerman, Astrologer, 38. This covers all persons who were engaged in etc., or merely trade or business, even if such professions, unpaid home duties and who had not done any 'work' trade or s:::rvices are run at home by members of the during the last one year preceding the enumeration. If household. a person who normally attended to household duties and was also engaged in some economic activities, then 33. Sometimes a person who may not be working in he/she is a worker and not a non-worker. For exmple, his/her own household industry may be working in a housewit.:: may have hdpcd in family cultivation or another household industry in which case he/she is also agriculture or made and sold cow-dung cakes at odd consid.:!ftC'J to b~ engaged in household industry. times, or prepared papar, pickles etc. and sold them. She would be tr.;ated as a worker and not as a non 34. Certail1 activities even though conducted by the worker though she is mainly a housewife. members of the same household collectively may not constitute a household industry such as plantation Students w0rk, liv.:::.lock maintenance and production, hunting, 39. This category covers all full-time students and trapping U'lU selling of the catch, forestry and logging, chIldren attending school. If a student participated in fishing including rearing of fish and mining and some economically productive work, say by helping quarrying. as an unpaid famIly worker in family cultivation, or in household industry, trade or business, such student Other Workers has to be treated as a worker and not as a student. On 35. All workers, i.e. those who have been engaged the other hand, a person who mainly attended to in some economic activity during the last one year, but household duties but took a correspondence course or who are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or attended a part-time class would be treated as engaged engaged in household industry are 'Other Workers'. in household duties. The type of workers that come under this category Dependents include factory workers, plantation workers, those in trade, COlllm::rce, business, transport, mining, construc 40. This category includes all dependents such as tion and political or social workers, all government infants or children not attending school or a person servants, municipal employees, teachers, priests and permanentiy disablcd from work because of illness or old entertainment artists etc. age. Dependents include even able bodied persons who ( xliv ) cannot be categorised in any other category of non Inmates of Institutions workers but are dependent on others. However, if such a person who is dependent on others for subsistence 43. This covers convicts in jails or inmates of a has been seeking work, he or she is categorised as penal, mental or charitable institution, even if such "other non-worker". persons are compelled to do some work such as carpen try, carpet-weaving, vegetable-growing etc., in such Retired persons or Rentiers institutions. But an undertrial prisoner enumerated in a jail has to be recorded for the work he or she was 41. A person who has retired from service and is doing before he or she was apprehended. Similarly a doing no other work, i.e. not employed again in some person temporarily in a hospital or other similar institu full-time work or not engaged in work such as culti tion has to be recorded for the kind of work he or she vation, business, trade etc., or a person who is a was doing before he or she was admitted into the hos rentier or living on agricultural or non-agricultural pital/institution. But for a long-term undertrial prisoner royalty, rent or dividend, or any other person of inde or convict in a prison or for long term inmate of pendent means for securing of which he or she does not penal or charitable or mental institutions, the person's have to work, will come under this category. However, previous work would not be recorded. A person is to if a retired person, apart from drawing pension, is be considered as 'long term' if he or she has been in doing some other work also, he has to be treated as a such an institution for six months or more. worker and not as a retired person. Other Non-workers Beggars 44. This category includes all non-workers who 42. This category covers beggars, vagrants or cases might not have come under any of the above six cate such as persons without indication of source of income gories but who were looking for work. A boy or a girl and those with unspecified sources of subsistence who who had completed education or had stopped studying are not engaged in any~; onomically productive work. and was looking for work comes under this ca tego. ANALYTICAL NOTE-PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT Distribution and growth of population 3. The highest proportion of the population of the district i.e. 44.62 per cent resides in Ajmer tehsil, while Accoruing to the final tally at the Census count, as Sarwar stands at the end with only 6.25 per cent. The at the Sunrise of March I, 1981, the population of same pattern is observed in the distribution of rural as Ajmer district is 1,440,366. Of the total population well as urban population of the district, where again of the district, 749,362 are males and 691,004 Ajmer and Sarwar tehsils have the highest and the females. lowest concentration at tehsillevel. 2. As many as 823,960 persons live in 923 inhabi 4. The following table presents the rural-urban ted villages falling in rural areas of the district, while distribution of population in the district and its various 616,406 persons reside in 8 urban centres. In other tehsils. Figures within parenthesis indicate the percen words, 57.20 per cent population of the district is rural tage of total, rural and urban population of the district and 42.80 per cent is urban. recorded amongst its various tehsils. TABLE No.1 POPULATION, NUMBER OF VILLAGES AND TOWNS, 1981 Population ..A.. .-- ~ Total .....J...Rural ____ ---, Urban No. of Villages r--____...... __...... -----, .-__J_ __~ TNo. of District'Tehsil ,-----..- -~~ Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Total Inhabited owns 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AJmer District 1,440,366 749,362 691,004 823,960 422,904 401,056 616,406 326,458 289,948 939 923 8 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) Ajmer Tehsil 642,765 338,219 304,546 223,188 115,783 107,405 419,577 222,436 197,141 177 177 3 (44.62) (27.09) (68.07) Kishangarh Tehsil 207,504 108,547 98,957 145,472 75.482 69,990 62,032 33,065 28,967 160 154 1 (14.41) (,7.66) (10.06) Beawar_Tehsil 305,435 156,622 148,813 200,246 101,135 99,111 105,189 55,487 49.702 323 317 2 (21.20) (24.30) (17.06) Sarwar Tehsil 89,966 46,22S 43,141 80,751 41,463 39,288 9,215 4,767 4,453 107 104 (6.25) (9.80) (1.50) Kekri Tehsil 194,696 99,749 94,947 174,303 89,041 85,262 20,393 10,708 9,685 172 171 (13.52) (21.15) (3.31) ( xlvi ) 5. The population of the district has been increa (1901-1981). Of this, about 2.92 Ja].;hs were added sing steadily and it has risen from 8.20 lakhs in 1951 to during the first fifty years of the present century, while 14.40lakhs in 1981 Census. There was a slight full in during the past thirty years alone about 6.2iJ la1h per the total population of the district in the decade 1911-21. sons have been added in the district popUlation. This Except for this decade, the distnct has recorded a higher increase is nearly 3.28 lolhs more than the addition to growth rate, the highest having been recorded during the total population over first fifty) ears from 190 I to 1971- 81. In absolute terms, the district's population 1951. The table below shows the population and has increased by 9.12 lakhs during the past 80 years decennial growth rate of the district from 1901 onwards: TABLE No.2 POPULATION SINCE 1901 Census Year Population Percentage decadal Census Year Population Percentage decadal variation variation 2 3 2 3 1901 527,815 1951 819,977 +20.24 1911 544,606 + 3.18 1961 976.547 +19.09 1921 524,359 - 3.72 1971 1,147.729 +17.53 1931 593,340 +13.16 1941 681,963 +14.94 1981 1,440,366 +25.50 6. The district has recorded a growth rate of 25.50 has been recorded in 13eawar tehsil and the lowest of per cent in 1981 Census, against the growth rate of 4.08 per cent in Ajmer tehsil. Except Ajmer tehsil, all 17.53 per cent during 1961-71. It is noticed that the the other tehsils of the district have recorded higher population of the district bas grown in urban areas at growth rate as compared to average growth rate of the a faster rate of 42.65 per cent than in rural areas where rural areas of the district. The pattern of decennial it has increa~ed by 15.14 per cent. growth rate of urban areas of the district shows that the highest urban growth rate of 65.84 per cent has been 7. The highest growth rate of 31.37 per cent dUring recorded in Kishangarh tehsil. While Sarwar tehsil ranks the dechdc 1971-81 has been recorded in Kishangarh last with 19.24 per cent, Kishangarh tehsil has recorded tehsil, while Sarwar tehsil ranks last with 18.55 per cent. highest urban growth rate than the di5trict average. Kishangarh. Beawar and Ajmer tehsils have recorded higher growth rate than the district average. AnalYsing 8. The foHowing table presents the decaJaJ the growth rate in rural areas of the tehsils separately, changes in distribution of popUlation, separately it is found that the highest growth rate of 21.65 per cent for total, rural and urban areas of the district : TABLE No.3 DECADAL CHANGE IN DlSTRmUTION OF POPULATION POPLIlation --J...... , Percentage decadal 1971 ,.-___-..J.... 1981 ______-, variation (1971·81) District/Tehsil ...------'------, ,...----___J... ____.---., Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ajmer District 1,117,729 715,019 432,110 1,440,366 823,960 616,406 +25.50 +15.14 +42.65 Ajmer Tehsil 511,809 214,445 297,364 642,765 223,188 419,577 +25.59 + 4.08 +41.10 Kishangarh Tehsil 157,954 120,549 37,405 207,504 145,472 62,032 +31.3.7. +20.67 +65.~4 C xlvii ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Beawar Tehsil 239,221 164,605 74,616 305,435 200,246 105,189 +27.68 +21.65 +40.97 Sarwar Tehsil 75,890 68,162 7,728 89,966 80,751 9,215 +18.55 +18.47 +19.24 Kekri Tehsil 162,855 147,858 14,997 194,696 174,303 20,393 +19.55 +17.89 +35.98 Villages Classified by Population 42.91 per cent villages in the district are in popu lation range up to 499, while 4821 per cent are in 9. There are 939 villages in the district, of which popUlation range 500-1,999. A little less than 8 per cent 923 are inhabited and the remaining 16 are uninhabi villages are in population range 2,000-4,999. There are ted. These villages are of different population sizes. only 11 villages. (1.19 per cent) in the popUlation range 5,000-9,999. There is not even a single village in the There are very small villages having population less than district in the population range 10,000 and above. The 200 persons; on the other hand there are very big villa following table shows the distribution of villages by ges having more than 5,1 00 persons in the district. population range: TABLE No.4 DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES BY POPULATION RANGE No. of inhabited Percentage of No. of inhabited Percentage of Range of PopUlation villages in each villages in each Range of Population villages in each villages in each range range range range 1 2 3 2 3 Less than 200 136 14.74 5,000 - 9,999 11 1.19 200 - 499 260 28.17 10,000 & above 500 - 1,999 445 48.21 2,000 - 4,999 71 7.69 Total 923 100.00 10. Out of 923 inhabited villages in the district the is in Ajmer tehsil and the lowest of 7 villages is in Sar highest number of 317 inhabited villages is in Beawar war tehsil. There are only 11 inhabited villages in the tehsil, while the lowest of 104 is in Sarwar tehsil. In population range 5,OLO to 9,999, of which five villages case of popUlation ranges less than 200 and 500 to 1,999, are located in Ajmer tehsil, three in Beawar tehsil, two again Beawar and Sarwar tehsils have the highest in Kekri tehsil and one in Kishangarh tehsil in the dis and the lowest number of inhabited villages in the dist trict. There is not even a single village in the rict, while in population range 200-499 Beawar has the population range 10,000 and above. The number of highest and lowest in Ajmer tehsil. In the population villages by population ranges at tehsil level has been range 2,000 to 4,999 the highest number of 21 villages shown in the table below ; ( xl\1iii ) TABLE No.5 DIsTRmunoN OF VILLAGES BY POPULATION RANGES Number of villages in each range Total (Figures in parentheses____ indicate---..A.. percentage of villages in each range) District/Tehsil Inhabited -----, villages Less than 200 200-499 500-1,999 2,000-4,999 5,000-9,999 10,000 & abovo 1 2 3 4 :5 6 7 8 Ajmer District 923 136 260 445 71 11 (100.00) (14.74) (18.17) (48.21) (7.69) (1.19) Ajmer Tehsil 177 16 30 105 21 S (100.00) (9.04) (16.95) (59.32) (11.86) (2.83) Kisharigarh Tehsil 154 18 39 81 15 (100.00) (11.69) (25.32) (52.60) (9.74) (0.65) Beawar Tehsil 317 83 109 111 11 3 (100.00) (26.18) (34.38) (35.02) (3.47) (0.95) Sarwar Tehsil 104 6 38 53 7 (100.00) (S.77) (36.54) (50.96) (6.73) Kekri Tehsil 171 13 44 9S 17 2 (100.00) (7.60) (25.73) (55.56) (9.94) (1.17) Density of Population TABLE No. 6 II. Ajmer district covers an area of 8,481 sq. km. RANKING OF TEHSILS BY AREA AND POPULATION which is about 2.48 per cent of total area of the state Area PopUlation ,..._J..___ "", and stands sixteenth in the rank amongst districts of the ,...._..J... state. With a popUlation of 1,440,366 persons it acco Percentage Percentage Name of Tehsil to District's Rank to District's Rank mmodates 4.20 per cent of the total popUlation of the Area Population state and stands 10th in the rank in the state. 2 3 4 5 12. It is observed that there are wide variations in Ajmer Tehsil 27.10 44.62 respect of area and population of the various tehsils of the district. Among the tehsils, Ajmer tehsil covers 27.10 Kishangarh Tehsil 21.42 3 14.41 3 per cent of the total area of the district, which is the highest in the district, while Sarwar tehsil covers only Beawar Tehsil 17.57 4 21.2Q 2 12.44 per cent of the total area of the district and it Sarwar Tehsil 12.44 5 6.25 5 comes in the last in terms of size. The highest con centration of district's population is in Ajmer tehsil Kekri 't'ehsil 21.47 2 13.~2 4 (44.62 per cent) and the lowest (6.25 per cent) is in Sarwar tehsiI. The table below gives the rank of tehsils accor 13. The density of population i.e., number of persons ding to their area and population ; per sq. km. works out for the district to 170 for rural ( xlix ) areas to 102 and for urban areas to 1,395. The highest while . Sarwar tehsil comes at the bottom. In urban density of population was recorded as 282 in Ajmer areas, again Beawar tehsii has recorded the highest den tehsil and the lowest as 86 in Sarwar tehsil. Consider sity of population (3,799) while the lowest density of ing the density of population in rural areas of the populatIOn (620) is noticed in Kishangarh which may be district, Beawar tehsil has recorded the highest density seen from the table below : TABLE No.7 DENSITY OF POPULATION BY TOTAL, RURAL AND URBAN AREAS Dersity per sq. km Density per sq. km. District/Tehsil ~ DistrictjTehsil r-- --, Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 2 3 4 2 3 4 Ajmer District 17~ 102 J,395 Beawar Tehsil 207 138 3,799 AjmerTehsH 282 113 1,390 Sarwar Tehsil 86 78 1,843 Kishangarh Tehsil 115 86 620 Kekri Tehsil 108 97 2.825 14. Analysing the pattern of density of popuiation per sq. km. which constitute 36.08 per cent of total in· at the village level In rural areas of the district. it has habited villages in the district. About 9.42 per cent been found that the highest number of villages (367) villages fall in density range 20l-~OO persons per sq. km. There are 8 villages each in density range less than 10 fall in the density range 51-100 persons per sq. km., persons and 11-20 person s. Only 3 villages are in density which is 39.76 per cent of the total inhabited villages. range SOland above. The distribution of villages by Next 333 villages fall in density range 101-200 persons density range is indicated in the followmg table : TABLE No. 8 DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES BY DENSITY RANGE Range of Density Total No. of inhabited Percentage of Range of Density Total 1'-0. of inhabited Percentage of (per sq. km) villages in each den villages in each (per sq. km) villages in each den villages in each sity range density range sity range density range 2 3 2 3 Less than 10 8 0.87 201-300 87 9.42 11- 20 8 0.87 301-500 38 4.12 21- 50 79 8.56 501 and above 3 0.32 51-100 367 39.76 101-200 333 36.08 Total 923 100.00 15. There are 8 inhabited villages in the district in and Beawar tehsiis and 1 each in Ajmer and Sarwar density range less than 10 persons per sq. km. of which tehsils. In the density range 20 to 50 persons per sq. 3 villages are located in Beawar tehsil, 2 in Kishangarh km., the highest number (19) of villages is in Kishan tehsil and 1 each in Ajmer, Sarwar and Kekri tehsils. garh tehsil and the lowest (13) in Ajmer tehsil. In the In case of density range 11 to 20 persons per sq. km. density range 51 to 100 persons, the maximum (95) vill there are 8 villages of which 3 each are in Kishangarh ages are located in Kek:.i tehsil and the minimum (61) ( ) villages each in Ajmer, Beawar and Sarwar tebsils. In density range 500 and above and these are located one the density ranges 101 to 200, 201 to 300 and 301 to 500 each in Ajmer, Kishangarh and Beawar tehsils. The persons per sq. km., the highest and the lowest concen- tration of inhabited villages is found in Beawer and pattern of density of population as noticed in villages Sarwar tehsils. There are only 3 inhabited villages in at the tehsil level is presented in the table below : TABLBNo.9 DIStRIBUTION OF VILLAGES BY DENSITY Number of villages in each density range DistrictfTehsi I Total (Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage of villages in each range) Inhabited ,...... _-- Villages 0-10 11-20 21-S0 S1-1oo 101-200 201-300 301-500 501 & Unspecified above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Almer District 923 8 8 79 367 333 87 38 3 (100.00) (0.87) (0.87) (8.56) (39.76) (36.08) (9.42) (4.12) (0.32) Ajmer Tehsil 177 1 1 13 62 78 15 6 (100.00) (0.56) (0.56) (7.35) (35.03) (44.07) (8.48) (3.39) (0.56) Kishangarh Tehsil 154 2 3 19 86 35 5 3 1 (100.00) (1.30) (1.95) (12.34) (55.84) (22.73) (3.24) (1.95) (0.65) Beawar Tehsil 317 3 3 17 62 146 57 28 1 (100.00) (0.95) (0.95) (5.36) (19.56) (46.06) (17.98) (8.83) (0.31) Sarwar Tebsil 104 1 1 16 62 19 4 1 (100.00) (0.96) (0.96) (15.38) (59.62) (18.27 ) (3.85) (0.96) Kekri Tehsil 171 1 14 95 55 6 (100.00) (0.58) (8.19) (55.S6) (32.16) (3.51) Sex-ratio the sex-ratio has shown a decrease from 1901 to 1921 and 1951-1971. However in 1981 it has increased sex 16. Sex-ratio i.e., number of females per one thousand ratio of 922. The same trends are observed in res males in the population of the district, shows a fluctu ating trend from decade to decade. At the district level pect of rural and urban areas of the district, which may looking at the figures from the beginning of the century, be seen from the table below : TABLE No. 10 SEX-RATIO SINCE 1901 No. of females per 1,000 males No. of females per 1,000 males Census Year Census Year ,..... Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1901 898 897 899 1951 925 946 89' 1911 88S 90S 837 1961 913 934 879 1921 836 894 731 1971 910 931 871 1931 903 942 828 1941 902 930 8S0 1981 922 948 888 ( Ii 17. At the tehsil level, Kekri tehsiI has shown the In urban areas, the sex-ratio has increased in three highest (952) and Ajmer tehsil the lowest (900) sex tehsils viz., Ajmer, Kishangarh, and Sarwar, while it has ratio in 1981 Census. In 1971 Census, the highest :sex slightly decreased in Kekri tehsil in 1981 Census as ratio was in Beawar tehsil and the lowest was in Kishan garh tehsil. In rural areas, the sex-ratio has increased compared to 1971 Census. The table given below pre in all the tehsils as compared to 1971, and is the highest sents the tehsil-wise sex-ratio with rural-urban break-up in B~awar tehsil and the lowest in Kishangarh tehsil. for 1971 and 1981 : TABLE No. 11 SEX-RATIO AT TEHSIL LEVEL IN 1971 & 1981 Number of females per 1,000 males Number of females per 1,000 males -'- .....___ 1971 1981 1971 1981 DlstrictjTehsil District/Tehsil ...------'--....., ----. Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ajmer District 910 931 877 922 948 888 Beawar Tehsil 942 963 896 950 980 896 Ajmer Tehsil 896 921 878 900 928 886 Sarwar Tehsil 932 934 909 946 948 935 Khhangarh Tehsil 884 906 818 912 927 876 Kekri Tehsil 929 931 909 952 958 904 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes rural and urban areas respectively during the decade 1971-81. 18. 18.38 per cent of the total population of the district belongs to Scheduled Castes in 1981 Census. 20. The population of Scheduled Tribes in the dist while in 1971 this proportion was 17.28 per cent. Thus rict is only 2.23 per cent or the total population. In an increose of 1.10 per <-ent in the total Scheduled Cas e ])01, this proportion \Vas 1.34 per cent. It shows that population of the district during the decade 1971-S1 tas the popUlation ot Scheduled Tribes has increased by been recorded. In rural areas, 17.64 per cent of the 0.89 per cent during the decade lY71-l:\1. The propor t0taJ population belongs to Scheduled Castes, while in tion of tribal population in rural areas of thl! district Ul ban areas, 19.37 per cent population was recorded in is 3.21 per cent as against 2.00 per cent in 1971. While this category. in urban areas of the district it is 0.93 per cent as 19. The corresponding proportions of rural and against 0.23 per cent in 1971. The percentage distribu urban population in 1911 were 16.93 and 17.84 per cent tion of Scheduled Cask and Sch~duled Tribe population respectively. Thus there was an increase in the Sche in the district, and tehsib by total, rural and urban areas duled Caste population of 0.71 and 1.53 per cent in has been shown in the following table,' TABLE No. 12 PEnCBNTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES POPl'LATION, 1981 Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes to total population to total population to total population to total population DistrictjTebsil -'- ,.----J... District/Tehsil ,,----.---_...... ----, ,----'-----, Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ajmer District 18.38 17.64 19.37 2.23 3.21 0.93 Beawar Tehsil 13.69 11.71 17.47 1.58 2.12 0.56 Ajmer Tehsil 18.94 16.61 20.18 1.02 1.14 0.95 Sarwar Tehsil 19.96 2:>.42 15.97 4.28 4.43 2.97 Kishangarh Tehsil 19.83 20.66 17.89 1.12 1.06 1.26 Kekri Tehsil 21.63 21.99 18.62 7.52 8.36 0.34 ( Hi ) 21. At the teb~illevel. the highest concentration of of the district. where Kekri and Kishangarh tehsils have Scheduled Castes population i. e.; 45.98 per cent has the highest and the lowest proportions. In urban been recorded in Ajmer tehsil and the lowest concentra areas, it was the highest (70.11 per cent) in Ajmer tehsil tion of 6.78 per cent in Sarwar tehsil. In rural areas and the lowest (1.21 per cent) in Kekri tehsil. of the district, the highest (26.36 per cent) SchedUled Caste population is in Kekri tehsil and the lowest 11.34 23. Out of the total Scheduled Caste population of per cent again in Sarwar tehsil. In urban areas again 264,801 in the district, 145,382 persons (54.90 per cent) Ajmer and Sarwar tehsils have recorded the highest reside in rural areas and the remaining 119,419 (45.10 (70.91 per cent) and the lowest (1.23 per cent) concent per cent) are living in urban areas. As regards the ration of scheduled caste population. scheduled tribe population of 32,183 persons, 26,471 persons (82.25 per cent) are living in rural areas and 22. As regards the Scheduled Tribes population in only 5,712 (17.75 per cent) in urban areas of the dis various tehsils of the district. it varies from 45.52 trict. The following table shows the distribution of per cent in Kekri tehsii to 7.19 per cent in Kishangarh Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe population by number tehsil. The same pattern is ob5erved in the rural areas and its corresponding percentage to district total: TABLE No. 13 Rl:RALjURBAN DISTRIBUtION OF SCJlEOULEO CASTE & TRIBE POPlJLATIO!'l AT DISTRICT AND TEHSIL LEVEL Scheduled Caste population Scheduled Tribe population District/Tehsil ,-- .)... .J-. Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ajmer District 264,801 145;382 119,419 32,1113 2 Ajmer Tehsil 121,754 37,080 84,674 6,542 2,537 4,005 (45.98) (25.51) (70.91) (20.33) (9.58) (70.11) Kisha'1garh Tehsil 41,149 30,053 11,096 2,314 1,535 779 05.54) (20.67) (9.29) (7.19) (5.80) (13.64) Beawar Tehsil 41,818 23,439 18,379 4,825 4,240 585 (15.79) (16.12) (15.39) (14.99) (16.02) ;00.24) Sarwar Tehsil 17,959 16,487 1,472 3,853 3,579 274 (6.78) (11.34) (1.23) (11.97) (13.52) (4.80) Kekn Tehsil 42,121 38,323 3,798 14,649 14,580 69 (15.91 ) (26.36) (3.18) (45.52) (55.08) \1.21) 24. Analysing the dispersal of Scheduled Caste and 25. In cast} of Scheduled Tribes, about 26.33 per cent Scheduled Tribe population in various villages of the inhabited villages have upto 5 per cent population of district, we find that about 47.35 per cent inhabited the total Scbeduled Tribe popUlation in the district. villages (437) are such where the Scheduled Caste popu lation is more than 15 per cent of the total population. About 13.32 per cent villages have Scheduled Tribe popu About 14.52 per cent villages have Scheduled Caste lation ranging benvcen 6 to 15 per cent. About 5 population ranging from II to 15 per cent and 27.51 per cent inhabited villages have more than 15 per cent per cent villages have less than 10 per cent Scheduled population and 55.36 per cent villages (511) are such, Caste population. About 10.62 per cent villages in the district are such where no Scheduled Caste population is where no 8cheduled Tribe population is living. This living. may be seen from the table below: ( liii ) TABLE No. 14 PROPORTION OF SCHEDULED CASTE AND SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION IN THE VILLAGES Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Percentage Range of No. of villages Percentage of Percentage Range of No. of villages Percentage of Scheduled Caste in each range villages in each Scheduled Tribe in each range villages In each population to total range population to range population total population 2 3 4 5 6 Nil 98 10.62 Nil 511 55.36 Upto 5 123 13.32 Upto 5 243 26.33 6-10 131 14.19 6-15 123 13.32 11-15 134 14.52 16-25 19 2.06 16-20 157 17.01 26-35 7 0.76 21-30 194 21.02 36-50 7 0.76 31 & above 86 9.32 51 & above 13 1.41 Total 923 100.00 Total 923 100.0" ----~- --~--- 26. There are 98 inhabited villages in the district in tehsil. In the population range 16 to 20 per cent, thc which no ~cheduled Caste persons are living. In case highc1.t 35 inhabited villages are in Kekri tehsil and the of upto 5 per cellt Scheduled Caste population to total lowest 28 villages are in Sarwar tehsil. While in popu population, the highest number of 83 inhabited villages lation range 21 to 30 per cent, the most 54 villages are is in Beawar tehsil and the lowest (4 villages) in Kishan located in Kishangarh tehsil and the least 24 village: garh tehsil. In population range 6 to 10 per cent, the are in Beawar tehsil. In the population range 3l highest number of 64 inhabited villages is in Beawar per cent and above, the most 26 inhabited villages an! tehsil and the lowest (12 each) in Kishangarh, Sarwar in Kekri tehsil and the least 12 villages each are in Sar and Kekri tehsils. While in the population range 11 war and Ajmer tehsils. The distribution of Scheduled to 15 per cent, the most 41 inhabited villages are a.gain Caste population in villages at the tehsillevel is given in Beawar tehsil and the least 12 villages in Sarwar in the following table. TABLE No. 15 pROPORTION OF SCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION TO TOTAL POPllLATION IN THE VILLAGES No. of villages in each percentage range of Scheduled Caste population to total population Total (Figures in parentheses indicate percentage of VIllages in each range) District/Tehsil Inhabited -'------Villages Nil Upto 5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 31 & above 2 3 4 5 6 7 II 9 Ajmer District 92\ 98 123 131 134 157 194 86 (IOO.{)O) ( 10.62) (13.32) ( 14.19) (14.52) (17.01) (21.02) (9.32) AJmer Tehsil 177 II 15 31 38 30 40 12 (100.00) (6.21) (8.48) (17.51) (21.47) (16.~5) (22.60) (6.78) Kishangarh Tehsil 154 14 4 12 20 33 54 17 (100.00) (9.09) (2.60) (7.79) (12.99) (21.43) ( 35.06) (11.0+) ( liv ) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Beawar Tehsil 317 55 83 64 41 31 24 19 (100.00) (17.35) (26.18) (20.19) (12.94) (9.78) t7.57) (5.99) S:uwar Telui I 104 4 11 12 12 28 25 12 (100.00) (3.84) (10.58) (11.S4) (11.54) (26.92) (24.04) (11.54) Kekri Tebsil 171 14 10 12 23 35 51 26 (100.00) (8.19) (5.85) (7.02) (13.45) (20.47) (29.82) (15.20) 21. In the district. there are 511 inhabited villages 10 Kekri tehsil and one in Kishangarh tehsil. While 10 which no Scheduled Tribe persons are living. In case in the population range 36 to 50 per cent, agam there of up to 5 per cent Scheduled Tribe population, the most 62 inhabited villages are located in Beawar tehsil and are seven villages of which four are in Kekri tehsil and the least 31 villages are in Kishangarh tehsil. In the one each in Ajmer, Beawar and Sarwar tehsils. rn case population ranges 6 to 15 and 16 to 25 per cent, Kekri of population range 51 & above per cent, there are 13 and Ajmer tehsils have the highest and the lowest villages, out of these 12 are in Kekri tehsil and one in concentration of villages among the tehsils of Ajmer and Beawar tehsil. The distribution of Scheduled Tribe Beawar respectively. In population range 26 to 35 population in villages at the tehsi! level is given in the per cent there are only seven villages, of which six are table below :- TABLE No. 16 PROPORTION OF SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION IN THE VILLAGES Total No. of villages in each percentage range of Scheduled Tribe population to total population District/Te hsi 1 Inhabited (Figures in parentheses indicate percentage of villages in each range) Villages r- Nil UptoS 6-1S 16-25 26-35 36-50 51 & above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ajmer District 923 511 243 123 19 7 7 1J ( 100.0(1) (55.36) (26.33) (13.32) (2.06) (0.76) (0.76) (1.41) Ajmer Tehsil 177 112 51 8 5 (100.00) (63.28) (28.81) (4.52) (2.82) (0.57) Kishangarh Tehsil 154 112 31 11) (100.00) (72.73) (20.13) (6.49) (0.65) Beawar Tehsil 317 219 62 32 2 (100.00) (69.08) (19.56) 00.09) (0.63) (0.32) (0.32) Sarwar Tehsil 104 26 45 28 4 000.00) (25.00) (43.27) (26.92) (3.8S) (0.96) Kekri Tehsil 171 42 54 45 8 6 4 12 (100.00) (24.56) (31.58) (26.31) (4.68) (3.51) (2.34) (7.02) Iv ) 28. Considering Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe per cent in Nasirabad to 12.91 per cent in Vijainagar. population in the towns of the district, it has been found that Scheduled Castes are 19.37 per cent of the 29. In the district the distribution of Scheduled Tribes total urban population, while Scheduled Tribes constitu varies from 2.97 per cent in Sarwar to 0.12 per cent in Pushkar. Of the eight towns, four have even less than ted only 0.93 per cent of the total urban population of one per cent Scheduled Tribe population. The table the district. The per cent concentration of Scheduled given below indicates the proportion of Scheduled Castel Caste population is more than the district average both in Scheduled Tribe population to total population in each Ajmer and Nasirabad towns and it ranges from 21.59 town: TABLE No. 17 PROPORTION OF SCHE OULED CASTE AND SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION IN TOWl'oS Percentage of Percentage of Total Total Scheduled Total Scheduled Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Name of Town Population Caste population Tribe population population to population to total population total population 2 3 4 5 6 All Towos 616,406 119,419 5,712 19.37 0.93 Ajmer 375,593 75,602 3,923 20.13 1.04 Bcawar 89,998 16,418 216 18.24 0.24 Kekri 20,393 3,798 69 18.62 0.34 Kishangarh 62,032 11,096 779 17.89 1.26 Nasirabad 34,6J6 7,473 71 21.59 0.21 Pushkar 9,368 1,599 11 17.07 0.12 Sarwar 9,215 1,472 274 15.97 2.97 Vijainagar 15,191 1,961 369 12.91 2.43 Literacy 32. The female literacy rate has been recorded as 21.92 per cent in 1961 Census, which was 18.23 per cent in 1971 and 13.60 per cent in 1961. There was an 30. Ajmer district has recorded the literacy rate increase of 3.69 per cent during the decade 1971-81 and of 35.30 per cent at district level in 1981 Census which 4.63 per cent during 1961-7 I in the female literacy rate is more than the State literacy rate of 24.38 per cent. in the district. In 1961 and 1971, the literates in the district constituted 25.30 and 30.30 per cent respectively. Thus there has 33. Looking at the trend in the past thirty years it has b~t!n an ov~rall increas~ of ).00 per cent in the decades been observed that the literacy rate as recorded in 1951 1971-81 and ]961-71. was only 20.2~ per cent, which has gone up to 35.30 per cent in 1981. This indicates a net increase of ]5.02 31 In respect of male population, the literacy rate per cent, during the past thirty years. There is a has recorded 47.65 per cent in 1981 Census while it was marked difference between male and female literacy 41.29 and 35.99 per cent in 1971 and 1961 respectively. rates in the district. Female literacy rate has been It shows that the literacy rate has been increased by falling behind male literacy rate. A comparative pic 6.36 and 5.30 per cent during the decades 1971-81 and ture at the district level for the past four Censuses is 1961-71 respectively. given below : ( ]vi ) TABLE No. 18 1 2 3 4 5 ----"~---~ LITERACY SINrE 1951 Literacy Rate Beawar Tehsil T 31.50 46.11 16.11 Census Year R 19.75 34.98 4.22 Persons Males Females U 53.85 66.42 39.81 1 2 3 4 Sarwar Tehsit T 17.66 27.89 6.85 1951 20.28 29.62 10.19 R 15.82 25.75 5.35 1961 25.30 35.99 13.60 U 33.78 46.54 20.14 1971 30.30 41.29 18.23 1981 35.30 47.65 21.92 Kekri Tehsil T 22.87 35.63 9.47 R 20.27 32.79 7.20 34. The literacy rate at the tehsil level for total, U 45.11 59.27 29.46 rural and urban areas has been r.:corded the highest in Ajmer tehsil and the lowest in Sarwar tehsil. Among males, the percentage of literacy ranges from 27.89 35. At the village level. if we study the pattern of per cent in Sarwar tehsil to 58.23 per cent in Ajmer literacy rate, we find that literacy rate is higher in tehsil. In case of male literacy in rural areas, Beawar larger villages than in smaller ones. There are eleven tehsil has recorded the highest literacy of 34.98 per cent villages in the popUlation range 5,000 to 9,999, which and Sarwar tehsil the lowest 25.75 per cent. In urban have the highest literacy rate of 32.53 per cent. The areas of various tehsiJs, again, the highest and the literacy rate is 22.15 per cent in the villages which are lowest male literacy rates have been recorded in Ajmer in popUlation range 2,000 to 4,999 and it is 30.76 (70.78 per cent) and Sarwar tehsils (46.54 per cent). per cent in the villages in range 21JO to 1,999. If we In case of female literacy rate, Ajmer and Sarwar take together all the villages with popUlation jess than tehsils have the highest and the lowest rate for total 200 persons, we find that the literacy rate is only 11.57 as weil as urban areas of the district. In rural areas, per cent. The table given below indicates the number female literacy rate ranges from 4.22 per cent in Beawar of villages in each range of population and the literacy tehsil to 7.20 per cent in Kekri tehsil. A comparative rate as obtained during 1981 Census in each such range picture showing literacy rate by sex for total, rural at the district level. and urban areas has been brought out in the table below: TABLE No. 20 LITERACY RATES BY POPULATION TABLE No. 19 RANGES OF VILLAGES --.-- LITERACY BY SEX AND BY TOTAL, RURAL AND URB.\N AREAS Population range No. of villages Literacy Rate Total Percentage of Literacy in each range District/Tehsil Rural Urban Persons Males Females 2 3 2 3 4 5 Less than 200 136 11.57 Ajmer District T 35.30 47.65 21.92 200- 499 260 13.59 R 19.18 31.78 5.89 U 56.86 68.20 44.09 500-1,999 445 17.17 Ajmer Tehsil T 46.55 58.23 33.57 2,000-4,999 71 22.15 R 20.89 34.11 6.64 5,000-9,999 11 32.53 U 60.19 70.78 48.24 Kishangarh Tehsil T 25.39 36.33 13.39 10,000 & above R 16.30 26.03 5.80 U 46.71 59.85 31.72 Total 923 19.18 ( l\lii ) 36. At the tehsil level. if we take all the inhabited tion range 2,000- 4,999, Kekri tehsil has recorded the villages, we find that the literacy rate varies from 20.89 highest literacy rate (24.02 per cent) and Kisbangarh has per cwt in Ajmer tehsil to 15.82 per cent in Sarwar the lowest (18.54 per cent) whiie in case of population tehsil. In the population range less than 200 persons range 5,000-9,999, Kekri tehsil has again recorded the the literates vary from 20.97 per cent again in Ajmer tehsil to 5.23 per cent in Kekri tehsil. In case of popu highest literacy rate (38.04 per cent) and Ajmer tehsil lation ranges 200-499 and 500- J ,999, the highest literacy the lowest (30.83 per cent). The literacy rate by popula rate was recorded in Beawar tehsil and the lowest in tiun range of villages for various tehsils has been given Kishangarh & Sarwar tehsils respectively. In popula- in the following table: TABLE No. 21 LITERACY RATES BY POPULATION RANGES OF VILLAGES Total Number of villages in each range of population District/Tehsil Inhabited (Figures in parentheses indicate literacy rate in each range) Villages Less than 200 200-499 500-1,999 2,000-4,999 5,000-9,999 10,000 & above 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ajmer District 923 136 260 445 71 11 ( 19.18) (11.S7) (13.59) (17.17) (22.15) (31.53) Ajmer Tehsil 177 16 30 105 21 5 (20.89) (20.97) (13.84) (17.80) (23.30) (30.83) Kishangarh Tehsil 154 18 39 81 15 (16.30) (9.20) (11.14) (15.00) (18.54) (32.0c l Beawar 1 ehsil 317 83 109 III 11 ~ (19.75) (11.09) (15.86) tI9.23) (21.98) (31.63 Sarwar Tehsil 104 6 38 53 7 (15.82) (16.21 ) (11.55) (14.78) (21.82) Kekri Tehsil 171 13 44 95 17 2 (20.27) (5.23) (12.29) (17.10) (24.02) (38.04) 37. The over all literacy rate recorded for the urban eight towns in the district have lower literacy rate and areas of the district comes to 56.86 per cent. The two, namely Ajmer and Nasirabad, have the higber highe&t literacy rate has been recorded in Ajmer town literacy rate than the district average. The table below \00.47 per cent) followed by Nasirabad l58.42 per cent) indicates the literacy rate in the individual towns of the and the lowest (33.78 per cent) in Sarwar. Six out of district: TABLE No. 22 LITERACY RATES IN TOWNS Name of Town Literacy Rate Name of Town Literacy Rate 2 2 Ajrner District 56.86 Nasirabad 58.42 Ajmer 60.47 Pushkar 55.41 Beawar 54.02 Kckri 45.11 Sarwar 33.78 Kishangarh 46.71 Vijainagar 52.81 ( Iviii ) Working Population marginal workers and the remaining 53.34 per cent are non-workers. 38. On the basis of the economic activities, the population of the district has been classified in three 40. In respect of female population, 18.79 per cent categories in 1981 Census, viz., main workers, marginal are main workers, 5.55 per cent are marginal workers workers and non-workers. As per this classification, and the rest 75.66 per cent still are non-workers. In 61.22 per cent of the total population of the district rural areas, however, the proportion of female main consists of non-workers. The main workers constitute workers is 27.52 per cent, while marginal workers and 35.83 per cent, while the marginal workers are only non-workers are 8.75 and 63.73 per cent respectively. 2.95 per cent of the total population. However, in In urban areas, the proportion of female main workers rural areas of the district the proportion of non-workers and marginal workers is only 6.73 and 1.11 per cent is found to be lesser as compared to the urban areas. respectively. The highest 92.16 per cent of the total The proportion is 53.45 per cent in rural areas and female population is found to be non-workers. 71.60 per cent in urban areas. The proportion of main 41. At the tehsil level the highest proportion of workers and marginal workers III rural areas is 41.91 main workers is seen 1D Kishangarh tehsi1 (41.85 and 4.64 per cent respectively. 111 case of urban areas per cent) and the lowest in Ajmer tehsil (33.04 per cent). this proportion works out to 27.71 and 0.69 per cent Similarly the percentage of marginal workers is the for main and marginal workers respectively. highest in Kekri tehsil (5.27 per cent I and the lowest again in Ajmer tchsil (1.81 per cent). In case of non 39. In case of males, 51.54 per cent of the total workers Ajmcr tehsi! has the highest proportion of non population are main workers, 0.:6 per cent are marginal workers (65.15 per cent) while Sarwar tehsil has the workers and the remaining 47.YO per cent are non-wor lowest (54.40 per cent). kers. In rural areas, however, 55.56 per cent of the total male population are main workers, 0.74 per cent 42. The following tabie gives the dlsuibutJOn of are marginal workers, while the non-workers are 4.'.70 population in terms of main workers, marginal \\ orkers per cent. In urban areas, 46.34 per cent of the male and non-workers separately for total, rural and urban popUlation are main workers, only 0.32 per cent are areas at tehsil level : TABLE No. 23 PERCENTAGE OF MAIN WORKERS, MARGINAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS IN THE DISTRICT Total Percentage of Main Percentage of Marginal Percentage of Non- Dlstrict/Tehsil Rural workers to total population workers to total population workers to total population Urban -. "J.... ____~ Persons Males Females Persons Males Females-- Persons Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ajmer District T 35.83 51.54 18.79 2.95 0.56 5.55 61.22 47.90 75.(16 R 41.91 55.56 27.51 4.64 0.74 8.75 53.45 43.70 63.73 U 27.71 46.34 6.73 0.69 0.32 1.11 71.60 53.34 92..16 Ajrner Tehsil T 33.04 49.36 14.91 1.81 0.43 3.34 65.15 50.21 81.75 R 43.85 56.25 30.49 4.05 0.61 7.75 52.10 43.14 6h7~ U 27.28 45.77 6.42 0.62 0.34 0.94 72.10 53.89 92.64 Kisha =garb Tehsil T 41.85 55.49 26.89 2.21 0.66 3.92 55.94 43.85 69.19 R 47.38 58.22 35.70 3.00 0.87 5.29 49.62 40.91 59.01 U 28.88 49.26 5.62 0.37 0.17 0.60 70.75 50.57 93.78 ( Iix ) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Beawar Tehsil T 35.20 49.18 20.49 3.80 0.83 6.93 61.00 49.99 72.58 R 38.89 50.83 26.71 5.43 1.12 9.83 55.68 48.05 63.46 U 28.18 46.18 8.09 0.70 0.29 1.15 71.12 53.53 90.76 Sarwar Tehsil T 40.68 57.41 23.00 4.92 0.48 9.61 54.40 42.11 67.39 R 41.79 58.22 24.45 4.96 0.46 9.70 53.25 41.32 ·65.85 U 30.94 50.31 10.22 4.60 0.74 8.73 64.46 48.95 81.05 Kekri Tebsli T 37.40 55.66 18.21 5.27 0.50 10.29 57.33 43.84 71.50 R 38.39 56.55 19.41 5.72 0.50 11.17 55.89 42.95 69.42 U 28.94 48.23 7.61 1.46 0.45 2.S8 69.60 51.32 89.81 43. Agriculture is the main industry of the district females are other workers. in which about 46.53 per cent male and 76.56 per cent female working population is engaged. About 3.58 44. It is noticed from the table below that the pro per cent males and 3.15 per <,;ent females are engaged in portion of female cultivators is more than male cultiva household industry. while the remaining per cent 49.89 tors in total, rural and urban areas of the district and its males and 20.29 per cent females are other workers. tehsils except in rural and urban areas of Kekri tehsil In the rural areas of the district, 64.45 per cent males and rural area of Sarwar tehsil. On the other hand, and 71.58 per cent females are cultivators, 7.33 per cent the proportion of female workers in household industry males and per cent females are agricultural 15.42 is more than the males in urban areas of the district labourers and 3.45 per cent males and 1.58 per cent and all its tehsils except in Sarwar tehsil. In case of females are engaged in household industr), while the agricultural labourers, the proportion of female wor rest 24.77 per cent males and I 1.42 per cent females kers is higher than the male workers in total, rural are other workers. In urban areas of the district, 6. 19 and urban areas of the dIstrict and all its tehsils. per cent males and 12.34 per cent females are cultiva tors, 1. I 3 per cent males and 5.11 per cent females are agricultural labourers, 3.78 per cent males and 12.06 45. Distribution of total working popUlation enga per cent females are engaged in household industry and ged in agricultural and other economic activities IS the remaining 88.90 per cent males and 70.49 per cent brought out in the following table; TABLE No. 24 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKING POPULATIO~ BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Categories of Main Workers- Total -..J...- Rural Agricultural Household Industry DistnctJTehsl1 Urban Total Main Workers ,--___Cultivators-A- ___ , ____Labourers-L ____ --.. Other Workers r----A..---~ ,r----.J--_---.. Males Females Males Females Males Females Males FemJ.les Males FemJ.les 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ajmer District T 100.00 100.00 41.63 62.68 4.90 13.88 3.58 3.1S 49.89 20.19 R 100.00 100.00 64.45 71.58 7.33 15.42 3.45 1.58 14.77 11,42 U 10000 100.00 6.19 12.34 1.13 5.11 3.78 12.06 88.90 70.49 ( Ix ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ajmer Tehsil T 100.00 100.00 26.47 51.23 4.39 15.27 3.87 4.97 65.27 28.53 R 100.00 100.00 58.01 66.35 9.36 19.22 4.57 2.35 28.06 12.08 U 100.00 100.00 6.28 12.12 1.21 5.04 3.43 11.77 89.08 71.07 Kishangarh Tehsil T 100.00 100.00 48.85 71.57 5.12 12.42 2.72 1.31 43.31 14.70 R 100.00 100.00 65.86 75.36 6.70 12.76 2.46 0.73 24.98 11.15 U 100.00 100.00 2.96 13.28 0.86 7.25 3.41 10.26 92.77 69.21 Beawar Tehsil T 100.00 100.00 45.10 70.29 3,49 6.43 3.66 2.89 47.75 20.39 R 100.00 100.00 66.27 79.91 4.95 7.01 3.08 1.18 25.70 11.90 U 100.00 100.00 2.61 6.89 0.55 2.64 4.84 14.16 92.00 76.31 Sarwar Tehsil T 100.00 100.00 67.16 68.21 6.46 20.10 3.41 1.35 22.97 10.34 R 100.00 100.00 70.39 68.94 6.70 20.12 3.11 1.26 19.80 9.68 U 100.00 100.00 34.60 52.75 4.13 19.78 6.39 3.30 54.88 24.17 Kekri Tebsil T 100.00 100.00 62.39 62.46 7.42 21.97 3.60 2.71 26.59 12.86 R 100.00 100.00 66.84 64.41 7.99 22.67 3.40 2.17 21.77 10.75 U 100.00 100.00 19.07 18.72 1.88 6.11 5.52 14.93 73.53 60.24 Changes During the Last Thirty Years the pre-independence era. It shows tIle total popula tion, decadal variations in the urban popUlation, propor 46. Soon after the independence and ushering in of tion of urban population, changes in the density and democratic set-up in states. a lot of deveiopment took sex-ratio from decade to decade. Figures for the state place at all levels for improving the socia-economic conditions of the people. ]n the following table an as a whole have also been shown in the table with a attempt has been made to provide statistics to indicate view to have a comparative picture about these demo the trends since the turn of the period i.e., expiry of graphic aspects : TABLE No. 25 GROWTH, DENSITY, SEX-RATIO OF URBAN POPULATION IN THE DISTRICT IN RELATION TO THE STATE ...-______Ajtner---A- ______District -.. ..---______Rajasthan---"- State Census Total Urban Total Urban Year population population population population 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1951 819.977 327,591 39.95 N.A. 895 j 5,970,774 2,955,275 j 8.50 N.A. 928 1961 976,547 365,607 37.44 +11.60 1,380 879 20,155,602 3;281,478 16.28 + 11.04 598 882 1971 1,147,729 432,110 37.65 +18.19 4,211 877 25.765.806 -4,543,161 17.63 +38.47 1,198 875 1981 1,440,366 616,406 42,80 +42.65 1,395 888 34,261,862 7,210,508 21.05 +58.69 1,603 877 CENSUS HOUSES A...~D DISABLED PERSONS Census b)uses and their uses were used for residential purposes, 14.53 per cent for non-residential purposes, 5.54 per cent for other purpo According to Houselisting Operations in 1980, ses and 4.76 per cent were found vacant. A comparative there wer~ 342,160 Census Houses in the district repre analysis of the uses of census houses in rural and urban senting 4.28 per cent of the total Census Houses in the areas shows that the proportion of residential and non State. Out of these total houses 204,540 (59.78 per cent) residential houses in urban arcas is higher vis-a-vis rural were located in rural areas and the remaining 137,620 areas while more houses are being used for vacant and (40.22 per cent) in the urban units of the district. other purposes in rural areas than in urban areas. The distribution of houses by the uses to which they were put in the total, rural and urban areas of the Disabled population district is given below : 3. In the district, according to Houselisting Opera tions in 1980, there were, in all 3,522 disabled persons r ABLE No.1 who constituted 4.40 per cent of the total disabled popu lation (80,043) in the State. Out of the total 3,522 disabled CE~SUS HOUSES AND THEIR USES persons 2,655 (75.38 per cent) were found in the rural areas while the remaining 687 (24.62 per cent) were Uses to which the No. of Census Houses enumerated in the urban centres of the district. The ('en;;us Hou~~~ (Percentage within brackets) are put r-*------'------distribution of the disabled per&ons by various types of Total Rural Urban disabilities to talal disabled population for total, rural and urban areas for the district and tehsils is given in 2 3 4 the table below : Total Census Houses 342,160 204,540 137,620 TABLE No.2 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) DiSABLED POPULATION 1. Vacant 22,995 16,445 6,550 (6.72) (8.04) (4.76) Distt.(TehsilfTown Total Totally Totally Totally Rural Blind Crippled Dumb Urban 2. Wholly or Pal tl)' 249,760 146,305 103,455 2 3 4 5 residential Houses (72.99) (71.53) (75.17) Ajmer District T 1,984 1,110 428 3. Houses put to 32,6<)5 12,705 19,990 R 1,592 760 303 U 392 350 non-residential uses (9.56) (6.21) (14.53) 125 Ajmer Tehsil T 569 454 172 4. Others 36,710 29,085 7,625 R 291 224 87 (10.73) (14.22) (5.54) U 278 230 85 Pushkar Town (M) U 18 10 5 2. It will be seen from the above table that 71.53 per Ajmer City (M) U 252 193 77 cent of the houses in the rural areas of the district were being used for residential purposes, 6.21 per cent for Nasirabad (C.B.) U 8 27 3 non-residential uses e.g., hotels, shops, business houses, Kishangarh Tehsil T 345 108 59 factories, restaurants, places of entertainment and wor R 319 77 50 ship etc., 1,,\.22 per cent houses for other purposes and U 26 31 9 the remaining 8.04 per cent were vacant. Similarly in tile urbJ.ll areas of the district 75.17 per cent houses Kishangarh T 0wn (M) U 26 31 " ( bit ) 1 2 3 4 S 1 2 3 4 S Beawar Tehsil T 370 307 93 Sarwar Tehsil T 223 S9 34 R 201 49 28 R 314 243 12 U 22 10 6 U 56 64 21 Sarwar Town (M) U 22 10 6 Kekri Tehsil T 477 182 70 Beawar Town (M) U 42 63 20 R 467 167 66 U 10 15 4 Vijainasar Town (M) U 14 Kekri Town (M) U 10 IS 4 4. A glance at this table would indicate that blind three types of disabilities, blindness is the major afflic persons alone constituted 56.33 per cent of the total tion both in the rural as well as urban areas of the disabled persons in the district followed by the crippled district, blind persons being less than double the number (31.52 per cent) and dumb (12.15 per cent). Among the of crippled persons and about five times of the dumb. ANALYTICAL NOTE-VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORIES A. VILLAGE DIRECTORY There are 939 villages in district Ajmer of which 5. About two fifth of the villages in the district 923 or 98.30 per cent are inhabited and the remaining enjoy the post and telegraph facilities. Among tehsils, I 70 per cent (16 villages) uninhabited. Ajmer occupies the first place with the di,tinction of having postal facilities in more than S3 per cent of its 2. Educational facilities are available in 679 inhabi villages. Tehsil Beawar which has such facility only in ted villages. About 26 per cent of the villages still do 29.65 per cent of its Yillages. stands at the bottom not have any educational institutions. Among tehsils. among the tehsils, Ajmer has the highest percentage (R8.70 per cent) of inhabited villages served with educational facilities 6. Only 239 (25.89 per cent) of the Villages are while Beawar with only 54.89 per cent ranks last. approachable by pucka roads. From the communica tion point of view, 343 villages in the district are connect Only \'illages constituting 19.72 per cent of 3. Ib2 ed either by bus or rail route. while the people in the the lotal inhabit\.J villa!_?es have at least one unit provi other villages have to travel long distances to catch il dlDg medICal facilities to its residents and thus in 81.28 train or a bus to reach their desired destination. The per cent \ TABLE No.1 DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES ACCORDING TO THE AVAILABIIJTY OF 'DIFFERENT AMENITIES No. of No. (with percentage) of villages having one or more of the following amenities DistrictfTehsil Inhabited ------Villages Education Medical Drinking Post and Marketl Commu- Approach by Power water Telegraph hat nication pucka road supply 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 389 Ajmer District 913 67~ 181 918 367 343 239 (73.56) (19.72) (99.46) (39.76) (37.16) (25.89) (42..15) Ajmer Tehsil 177 157 51 175 94 79 65 98 (88.70) (28.81) (98.87) (53.11 ) (44.63) (36.72) (55.37) ( lxiv ) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kishangarh Tehail 154 131 46 153 64 71 31 118 (85.06) (29.87) (99.35) (41.56) ; 46.10) (20.13) (76.62) Beawar Tehsil 317 174 34 316 94 104 82 95 (54.89) (10.73) (99.68) (29.65) (32.81) (25.87) (29.97) Sarwar TehaU 104 79 15 104 32 26 17 14 (75.96) (14.42) (100.00) (30.77) (25.00) (16.35) (13.46) Kekri Tehsil 171 138 36 170 83 63 44 64 (80.70) (21.05) (99.42) (48.54) (36.84) (25.73) (37.43) 8. Despite massive efforts to provide school faci mOVe out of their villages to avail this facility. Drin lities during the post independence period, about 7 per king water is available to 99.85 per cent of the rural cent of the rural popUlation still does not have any popUlation. The drinking watcr facility is available to school. The highest proportion of rural population all the persons of Sarwar tehsi!. Post and telegraph (98.41 per cent) served with educational facilities is in facilities are available within the village premises to Ajmer tehsil while the lowest is in Beawar tehsil where 69.30 per cent of the rural population while 50.29 per 84.24 per cent of the rural people avail of this facility cent of the popUlation has been benefited by power within their villages. supply so far. Only 56.67 per cent of the rural popUlation enjoys communication facilities while pucka approach 9. Medical aid is another important facility needed road facility from the nearest Bus Stand or Railway Station is available to only 41.39 per cent of such popu by everyone at the shortest possible distance, but only lation. Details about proportion of rural population 46.92 per cent of the rural population has this facility served by different facilities at district and tehsil level within the village and the remaining population has to have been presented in the following table: TABLBNo.l PROPORTION OF RURAL POPULATION SERVED WItH DIFFERENT AMENI TIES Percentage of rural population served with the amenity of !''.strict/Tehsil Total population ..J..- of inhabited Education Medical Drinking Post & Marketl Communi- Approach Power villages water Tele- hat cation by pucka _supply graph road 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 AJmtr District 823,960 93.23 46.92 99.85 69.30 56.67 41.39 50.29 Ajmer Tehsil 223,188 98.41 55.86 99.73 79.14 64.16 53.44 76.64 Kisbangarh Tehsil 145.472 96.43 54.51 99.71 66.92 61.56 28.43 8.90 Beawar Tehsil 200,246 84.24 33.00 99.95 61.79 50.43 42.94 53.91 Sarwar Tehsil 80,751 90.88 35.08 100.00 54.04 41.74 29.33 31.54 Kekri Tehsil 174,303 95.33 50.60 99.94 74.39 57.09 40.60 55.62 t lxv ) 10. There are several villages in the district, where villages and beyond a distance of 10 kms. to 65 villages. various facilities are not available. An attempt has The drinking water facility is not available in only 5 been made to collect information about the distance villages of which the people of 3 villages have to walk from such villages to those nearest places where such upto 5 kms. to get it. In only One village the drinking facilities exist. There are in all. 244 villages where no water is available at a distance of 5 to 10 kms. and in educational facility is available but among them, chil another one village it is available at a distance of l(} dren of 231 villages (94.67 per cent) can reach a 5chool kills. and more. Tne p0St.i! and COmmUlllC.ltlOll faci within a radius of 5 kms. There are only 11 villages lities are not available in 60.24 and 62.84 per cent where the school going children have to cover a distance villages respectively. There is not even a single market/ of 5 to 10 kms. and in case of only 2 villages, they have hat in any village in the dl~trict. The following table to negotiate a distance of more than to kms. in order to r each their school. Similarly, among 741 villages, gives at the district level, the distribution of villages not medical facillties are available within a distance of having various facilities by distance ranges from the 5 kms. to 399 villages, within 5 to 10 kms. in case of 277 place where these are available: TABLE No. 3 OISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES NOT HAVING CERTAIN AMENllIES. ARRA'IoIGED BY DlSTA1\CE RAl'\GES FROM THE PLACE WHERE THESE ARE AVAIL.4BLE Number of villages where the amenity Number of villages where the amenity VIllages not is not available and available at a Villages not is not availabie and available at a having the distance (in km) of having the distance (in km) of amenity of amenity of ~ Total Total Less than 5 5-10 10 & above (Cols.2-4) Less than 5 5-10 10 & above (Cols.2-4) ------2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Education 231 II 2 244 Post & Telegraph 416 116 24 556 923 Medical 399 277 65 741 Market/Hat 77 104 742. Drinking \Vater 3 5 Communication 364 185 31 580 11. Proximity to urban centres plays an important post and telegraph. This indicates that great efforts have role in the social and economic life of the rural masses. been made by the government for providing for these In the district the largest proportion (57.10 per cent) of basic needs to the people living in distant places. ()n villages arc located v, ithin a di',tance range of 16 to 50 the other hand, It is also observed that most of the kms. from the nearest town. A total of 23 villages villages located at least 50 kms. away from any town constituting 2.49 per ccnt of the total inhabited villages ship have not yet been served With the facility of pucka are located at a distance of more than 50 kms. from approach road, medical. communications and power the nearest town. There are 305 villages (33.04 per supply. Thus out of 23 villages III this category, only 4 cent) within a distance range of 6 to 15 kms. from the have bus stand or railway station, 3 have medical faci nearest town while another set of 68 villages (7.37 per lity, 5 have communication facility and 3 have power cent) arc 110t very far from the nearest town being supply facility. Pucka approach road facility is availa s.ituated within a convcniwt dJ~tancc of less than 5 kms. ble in greater measure in those villages which are com paratively nearer to towns. J he following table pre 12. It is quite interesting to observe that the vtliages sents the distribution of villages according to various m the interior areas far away from the towns have more distance ranges from the nearest town and availability of facilitie& such as educational. drinking water and of different facilities in such villages: ( lxvi ) TABLE No.4 DISTRmUTION OF VILLAGES ACCORDING TO THE DISTANCE FROM THE NEAREST TOWN AND AVAILo\BILITY OF DIFi-ERENT A:\IENITIES Distance range Number of Number (with percentage) of villages having the amenity of (rom the nearest inhabited ,-- J,_ town (in km) villages in Education Medical Drinking Post & Market/ Commu- Appro- Power each range water Tele- hat nication ach by supply graph pucka road 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Upto 5 68 47 6 67 18 23 32 38 (69.12) (8.82) (98.53) (26.47) (33.82) (47.06) (55.88) 1'i-15 lOS 223 S7 304 117 117 81 117 (73.11) (18.69) (99.67) (38.36) (38.36) (26.56) (38.36) 16-50 527 391 116 524 224 198 122 231 (7··U9) (22.01) t99.43) ( 42.50) (37.57) (23.15) (43.83) 51 & above 23 18 3 23 8 5 4 3 (78.26) (13.04) (100.00) (34.78) (21.74) (17.39) (13.04) Total 923 679 182 91S 367 343 239 389 (73.56) (19.72) (99.46) (39.76) (37.16) (25.89) (41.15) 13. There is a large number of villages with small above 5,eOO persons. It may, therefore, be summari size population. The majority of villages (48.54 per sed that the higher the population range the larger is cent of the total inhabited villages) have population the percentage of villages having various facilities or conversely the lower the population range the lesser between 5(JO to 1,999. About 42.58 per cent of villages is the popUlation of villages enjoying as facilities may have popUlation of less than 500 persons In the be seen from the following table presenting distribution higher population range of more than 2,000 persons, of villages according to population range and facilities then: are. in all, S2 villages of which 12 have popUlation available: TABLE No• .5 DlqRIBUTlON OF VILLo\GES ACCORDING TO POPULHION RANGE AND A~lENITIES AV:\ILABLE Number of Number (with percentage~__._ of villages having the amenity of inhabited r----~ ------. Population range viIlagesin Education Medical Drinking Post & Marketl Commu- Approach Power each range water Tele- hat nicatioD by pucka supply graph road 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 Upto 499 393 156 13 388 42 81 61 83 (39.69) (3.31) (98.73) (10.69) (20.61) (15.52) (21.12) 500-1.999 448 441 9.5 448 243 191 120 227 (98.44) (21.21) (100.00) (54.24) (42.63) (26.79) (50.67) ---. - - -- ( !xvii ) 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2.000-4.999 70 70 62 70 70 S9 47 67 (100.00) (88.S7) (100.00) (100.00) (84.29) (67.14) (95.71) 5,000 &. above 12 12 12 12 12 1~ 11 12 (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (91.67) (100.00) Total 923 679 182 918 367 343 239 389 (73.56) (19.72) (99.46) (39.i6) (37.16) (25.89) (42.15) 14. Wheat is the main staple food in the majority of villages of the district 79.56 per cent is cultivable of villages in almost all the tehsils of the district. Maize which only 17.45 per cent is irrigated. Sarwar tehsil has the highest proportion of cultivable area while the is also taken by some people along with wheat in lowest such proportion is noticed in Beawar tehsil. various pockets located in Ajmer. Beawar, Sarwar and The largest proportion of irrigated area to cultivabk Kel.ri tehsJls. In Kishangarh tehsil, barley is also being area is in tehsil Beawar while Kekri tehsil has the used as staple food. lowe~t such proportion. This is evident from the following table depicting distribution of villages accor J 5. Out of the total land available in 923 inhabited ding to land use : TABLE No.6 OfSTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES ACCORDING TO LAND USE Number of Total area Percentage of culti- Percentage of irrigated DistrictfTehsil Inhabited (in hecta res) vable area to total area to total cultivable Villages area area 2 3 4 5 ~ - -~--~ Ajmer District 923 792,078 79.56 17.45 Ajmer Tehsil 177 197,099 76.09 19.57 Kishangarh Tehsil 1.54 167,995 84.16 15.00 Beawar Tehsil 317 144,349 64.06 22.50 Sarwar Tchsil 104 103,292 88.40 17.29 Kekri Tehsil 171 179,343 86.46 14.73 D. TOWN DIRBCTORY 16. In this section the revenue and expenditure of ble in various towns. A study of the municipal revenue urban units are analysed alongwith the facilities availa- at the district level reveals that the annual per capita ( lxviii ) municipal receipts come to Rs. 45.41 of which Rs. 28.99 Jevel. At the town level, the highest per capita expen are ob;ained through taxes and Rs. 16.42 from other diture is in Ajm~r Cantt. and the lowest in Sarwar sources. At the town level the highest per capita town. The per capita expenditure is less than the per receipt is in Ajmer Cantt. and the lowest in Sarwar. capita receipts in aU the towns In the district. The per The per capita receipt is more than the district average capita expenditure is mor.; than the dlstnct average in in all the towns except in Sarwar town. Tbe highest Ajmer cantL, Beawar, Kekri, Nasirabad, Pushkar and per capita receipt tbrough taxes is in Kishangarh and Vljainagar towns and it is less than the district average the lowest in Sarwar town while the highest per capita in Ajmer, Kishangarh and Sarwar towns. It is quite receipt from other sources is reported from Ajmer surprising that no expenditure is incurred on public Cantt. and the lowest from Kishangarh. health and conveniences in Beawer and Kishangarh, on public institutions in Ajmer cantt., Beawar, Kishangarh 17. On the expenditure side, the :.nnual per capita and Sarwar and on other aspects in Kishangarh town. municipal expenditure works out to Rs. 41.97 at the The largest per capita expenditure is on General Admi district level. The maximum per capita expenditure is nistration and otha aspects in most of the urban centres. The pattern of expenditure is evident from incurred on other aspects, WhICh comes to Rs. 15.17 at the following table showing annual per capita receipts the district level. The expenditure on public institu and expenditure according to broad classification at tIOns works out to only six pai:.e per head at the district town and district level: TABLE No.7 PER CAPITA RECEIPT AND EXPENDITURE IN rOWN.; Per capita Receipt (in Rs.) Per capita Expenditure (in Rs.) Name, class & -----. ,-- -~~------'------.------civic status of rotal Receipt Receipt from Total expen- General Expenditure Public Exp~nditurc Other the town through all other diture admlllis- on public works on publIc aspects taxes sources tration health & institutions conveniences 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 j otal 45.41 28.9'} 16.42 41.97 12.73 9.20 4.81 0.06 15.17 (a) Ajmer City (M.C!.) I 35.02 25.21 9.81 33.30 4.14 11.21 2.54 15.41 (b) Ajmee Cantt. 170.80 10.52 160.28 155.56 14.63 76.47 39.92 24.54 Beawar (M.el.) II 60.69 33.62 27.07 57.77 40.43 10.46 0.06 6.82 Kekri (M) III ':3.50 35.09 18.41 51.82 6.78 12.62 0.48 0.28 31.66 Kishangarh (M) II 46.73 42.71 4.02 40.93 30.55 10.38 Nasirabad (C.B.) III 88.72 27.97 60.75 76.98 2.90 18.64 5.70 0.02 49.72 Pushkar (M)V 107.16 37.47 69.69 75.40 36.39 13.42 1.89 0.21 23.49 Sarwar (M)V 38.38 10.29 28.09 35.05 7.07 11.04 0.74 16.20 Vijainagar (M) IV 46.08 38.15 7.93 45.45 6.44 15.34 9.25 1.39 13.03 18. Educational institutions upto the level of Second~ maximum number of such institutions per ten thousand ary, Matriculation/Junior Secondary/Middle and Prim~ry 'PQPulation works out to 2.17 in Sarwar town and the education are functioning in all the urban centres of the lowest 0.33 in Beawar town. The average number of district. The number of educational institutIOns at the educational instilU[lOnS of Secondary/Marticulation level of Higher Secondary/lnterjP.U.C./College comes level per ten thousand population works out to 1.23 and to 0.68 per ten thousand population at district level and these are the maximum again in Sarwar and the min 1- ( hdx ) mum in Beawar town. At the level of Junior Secon level. At primary level, the number of educational dary/Middle, the educational institutions work out to institutions is more than the district average in Ajmer. 2.95 per ten thousand at the district level. These are Beawar, Kishangarh, Nasirabad, and Sarwar towns. as the maximum in Ajmer and the minimum in Beawar may be seen from the following table giving number of town. At the primary level the educational institutions various types of educational institutions per ten thou come to 3.49 per ten thousand population at district sand population in towns at the district and town level: TABLE No. 8 SCHOOLS PER 10,000 POPULATION IN TOWNS Number per 10,000 population Number per 10,000 population Name, class & r- Name, class & civic status of the town Higher Secon- Junior Pri- civic status of the town Higher Secon- Junior Pri- SecondarYI daryl Secon- mary Secondary/ daryl Secon- mary Inter/P.U.C./ Matri- daryl Inter/P. U .C.; Matri- daryl Junior culation Middle Junior culation Middle College College 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 S Total 0.68 1.23 2.95 3.49 Nasirabad (C.B.) III 0.87 0.87 1.16 4.04 Ajmer (M.C!.) I 0.77 1.65 4.13 3.78 Pushkar (M)V 1.07 1.07 1.07 3.20 Beawar (M.Cl.) II 0.33 0.44 0.89 3.56 Sarwar (M)V 2.17 2.17 2.17 5.43 Kekri (M) III 0.49 0.49 1.96 3.43 Kisbangarh (M) II 0.98 0.98 2.94 4.90 Vijainagar (M) IV 0.66 0.66 1.32 1.32 19. Analysmg medical aid, we find that the average number of beds per one thousand of population comes to 3.60 at district level, and the largest number is available in Nasirabad (6.47) while the lowest is at Sarwar town (0.43) as may be seen from the following table : TABLE No.9 NUMBER OF BEDS IN MEDICAL INSflTUTIO:-.lS Name, class and civic status Number of beds in Medical Name, class and civic status Number of beds in Medical of the town institutions per 1,000 of the town institutions per 1,000 population population 1 2 1 2 Total 3.60 Nasirabad (C.B.) III 6.47 Ajmer (M.Cl.) I 4.35 Pushkar (M)V 2.56 Beawar (M.C!.) II 1.96 Sarwar (M)V 0.43 Kekri (M) III 1.47 Kishangarh (M)U 1.48 Vijainagar (M) IV 2.37 20. Scientific instruments, cable conductor, oil, cloth and cotton yarn are the most important commo powerloom cloth. soap stone, craft goods, cotton dities manufactured in the district. Moondbas (Reed ) chairs); ,cotton, wool; powerloom cloth, rose flower which are, imported in the dtstrict.- ihe-[.olldwing ,tabie and cotton cloth ara among the important commodities indicates the most important commodities manufac~ which are e:l'ported from the district. F oodgrains, tured, exported and imported in various towns of the soap. jaggery; and raw material gota are commodities district. TABLE No.lO MOST I:\lPORTANT COMMODITY MANUFACTURED, EXPORTED AND IMPORTED IN TOWNS Most important commodity Name, class and civic status J- of the town Manufactured-- Exported Imported 2 3 4 Ajmer (M.CI.) I Scientific instruments Moondhas (Reed chairs) Foodgrains Beawar (M.Cl.) II Cable conductor Cotton Soap Kekri (M)1Il Oil Wool Jaggery Kishangarh (M) II Power loom cloth Power loom cloth Foodgrains Nasirabad (C. B.) III Soap Stone Wool Foodgrains Pushkar (M) V Craft good Rose flower Oil Sarwar (M) V Cotton cloth Cotton Raw Material gala Vijainagar (M)IV Cotton yarn Cotton cloth Cotton 21. Ajmer, Beawar and Kishangarh have slum areas 3.95 per cent of the total population of this town. The in the district. But the data is available only about density of population in this town comes to 13.665 Kishangarh town. The proportion of population living in the slum areas of Kishangarh town works out to persons per sq. km. TABLE No. 11 PROPORTION OF SLUMS POPUL.\TION IN TOWNS . Name Class. and Proportion of the slums • Density in slums civic status of population to total (per sq. kID.) ,the town population of the town 2 --'loW, 3.95 13,665 Ajmer (M. Cl.) I Bea~ (M. Cl.) II 3.95 13,665 Kishangarh (M.) II ------__ --- fiR=rT \ifij'iI{!t;:rT qf~ctrr ~ f~{11 ~~"{ \ifilif~Frr 1 lfTiifilTOfiHT R"~n 5f!1l'r~ ~nFr -'l;l"~'f iifi1'f~Fn ~f~CfOfiT ~ ~q If ~rn~ fCfilt m ~ ~ I ~-.li mcrm t: fCf; li ~ffirOfiTt:t ~r"TGfi1rf~T, '5I"'!1Tm~ 1 fwm '!1TTn~<.ff t:l; >l"(it~ fJf~r 'lFf'f~;H ~ffcrc.nT ~ ~T +fPT ~ : +fT'f-~ it ~'fi" 'XTl=r/'!1TQ:"{ it \Iq~;s;er Gf'f-~f'l'6[ml ~ tf"if'1:T(T \!:;:r,n (T~T +fTif -<;f if iifil«~ln Ff; l:fT'f G~T :J;frlf ~t~ f~lr 'flr ~ I ~rr ~ff(T~T:J;fT it 5fcit~ lJTlT j'!1TQ:"{ lr fq-~~ ~fT qql it ~CT~ lf~ Gfil-~f'Fn:J;f! q; "YT=t if +1"1 ~ ~fcrf"{Ui \!:' ~T t1iq~r:[ ~Tcrr~Cfq, f~'!1T'fi 1 iifrr'f~rrT ~T<:fTiifrr, "{T'lT~~T'f t1;~ \lift t1Q:lf-t f'fti! ~ ~rr fqfCl(T cr~T \lq '-tIlfT ~f(TCf.T Cfi) fTiT:!f q"{ 9;"{l Cfi"{~ it, Cfif iTQ"TrrT J CfCf; :J;f!GfCf; qf"{~l=f fCfi7..TT ~ I t:l;'fi trl=f:!f"Y;& Cf;T~"fjl=f ~ :J;f:!~H trQ:1 ~rrTt:t 5ff~Cf 'fI(~ t ~1it ~ ~* ;;rerT~ t qr:;r ~ I ~, ~", $, '1m "t~'(, ~~ ij"fqq ~cr<:1 26, 19~3 ~Tm:ltTTif m:: iiJ;pr~ ~ e:n:r ~\ilf ~ru it fuit ~a- fiiJm ~~~T ~f~~T, ~~ ~T ~Cfi" ~g~ ffi'I'lft ~ ~ I zfT~ f.:rlffmm, SI QII eCfll, fcnn;iT ~ ~milCfimm Cfl1 ~ \ij"i'f~~T ~fi:a- ~ iiI"1.I(!I'H ~a 1981 ~rra+T 'RICI~Cfi'CfT ~iJ ~1 'RICIliLliha'rm ;tf ~fu 1 98 1 1981 "liT f\if~ \ifilift!J lf~ SlCfiTW'l ~ «"{ Cfir~ ~ ~TCfC{ 1J;;:r. "fT. ;:rT~ 1 ~q -~T"{f"f~T"{ (ffiifTf\ifCfi ~&rlf;:r fGfllW) IiHT f"lilfT ~lfT %: I ~TCfC{ qT, ~. "{Tlf, ~-lfQnf\if@"{ (ifAf"f'~) it ;rr;:rf:;:pfT ~ iilfT~ rn it CfCfi'lT'liT mm;:r f"li'lT ~ I \if'f~t!J'lT frr~wmlff ~ SlP::a- trf ;:r{ ~r q)o ~q;nl1 ',F'rC{'"{T 2 6 , 1 9 8 3 m-nt ~ lf~"{f~r< "''141~FlT ctT ~ 'fiT~-!I,l m<:a ~ 11W<::~ ~cf ~"fT m~m, ~T qr. q-q;ll"fT f"f~T 9;ftG'liT "l' ~~lr<: f;;R ~r~"f ~Nf mq:; ~CfiT"flfl:r'flJ if l:ffue-n:JJT~ i1[T~ ~ ~cr ~r n:~. m<:. ~i'ITf~llT I "3'qf~i.fi' ~ srT~fll'·!i ~t'li~r if, ~'fi~i{ q Bn:~rlf.:r ifi f~CJ; ;:r ~Cf~ CfiT 5TT~fl:rt; "fi'f~i'fT m~ Cf ~ ~T~T<:!"T it JIT"f Cfi~it n:cf 5TCfim" ~ f~ \3''lir :qf~alf ~q ~~ 'fir 'foIl:{ ~.,ft Dll1T:q;:li: mQ9', ~TWfi fif~l1f'fi ~ ~l1f~ ~~~ <;1:ff'ffiq;:r q~~&1l:!.T Q; 1. '5f1' Sitll'l f6'Q ~~ 2. m ;:m:r 1. ssfi rr'("!1j'4l ( ~\jf ~ 2. m~* ~ 3. 5J,fT €tMiij·<;: ~) ~ 4. >it ~·\;ff.r~ru wm mfuffi ~~ 1. m mm-a'o ~'i'I(1fq~ 2. m ;:rcror ~: 1. ;it ~~ ------~1Il't Q~ ~f~ 1981 ij' i~~ 5I'finImrT 197J-81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 34,261,862 IOO.GO 24.38 919 30.48 ~ 342,239 3 5.93 26.03 874 29.48 l.~ 20,634 2,029,968 +4M2 2. m;m 27,244 848,749 20 2.48 +48.08 28.20 891 29.31 16,830 1,179,466 16 3.44 +34.88 2J.86 954 Z9.~ 3. ~ 1,211,583 15 3.54 +30.39 28.61 9S6 4. It 1ft 5,92R 8,380 1,771,173 5 5.17 +27.32 26.53 892 Ui.73 1,884,132 4 5.50 +36.43 26.05 831 27.27 6.~ 8,100 7.~~ 10,527 J,535,870 9 4.48 +28.68 23.23 867 28.86 14,068 3,420,574 9.98 +37.79 31.40 894 29.37 8.~ 7,732 1,377,245 11 4.02 +32.09 25.43 963 24.62 10 4.20 JO.~ 8,481 1,440,366 +25.50 35.30 922 35.8) II. m 7,194 783,635 22 2.29 +25.21 20.56 928 33.87 12. ~wit< 38,401 24MB2 26 0.71 +45.77 15.80 811 32.09 13. ~ 22,850 1,667,791 6 4.87 +44.68 26.64 909 30.59 14. ;ntih 17,718 1,628,669 7 4.7j +29.04 19.38 958 33.11 IS. tmft' 12,387 1,274,504 13 3.72 +31.39 21.87 946 32.07 16. ~~ 28,387 1,118,892 17 3.27 +44.41 12.29 904 31.85 17. ;;m;rl';; 10,640 903,073 18 2.64 +35.20 13.70 942 29.41 J8.~ 5,136 542,049 25 1.58 +27.90 20.07 963 29.46 19. 1f~ 10,455 1,310,379 12 3.82 +24.22 19.79 942 38.50 20. ~ 17,279 2,356,959 2 6.8& +30.68 22.01 977 30.13 21.~ 10,856 1,232,494 14 3.60 +30.32 21.94 951 37.81 22. ~'tJW 3,770 682,845 23 1.99 +28.78 18.52 1,045 27.19 23.~ 5,037 886,~OO 19· 2.59 +35.44 16.85 984 27.97 24. ,'~ 5,550 586,982 24 1.71 +30.72 20.14 887 33.93 25. lim' 12,436 1,559,784 8 4.55 +36.36 32.33 888 30.40 4 6,219 784,998 21 2.29 +26.21 22.11 926 35.% a~~1C"1fi aflfil ~ ",m Uiill ~ ~l!Il1 ~ 34,261,862 1,440,366 17,854,154 749.362 ~ ~t 16,407,708 691,004 IJfqfoJ ~m; 27,051,354 823,960 ~!lI 14,013,454 422,904 mi 13,037,900 401,056 ifI'I~~ ~lIf<5 7,210,508 616,406 3,840,700 326,458 ~ mi 3,369,808 289,948 {~ crril:q :JRmsll"T ~f:[ in: 197 J _g 1 +32.97 +25.50 ~~'ll<1 (q;f f ;:;rrrmr opT er.,(Cf (:lffa 91T f'1i. ~r.) 100 170 Ri1-g<;q ~'lTd (:lfEr 1,000 !!w) tf<: f~);f,t ~T) Yl~ 922 24.311 35.30 mar{aT ~ Olfhti 36.30 47.65 ~ f~r 11.42 21.92 21.05 4ViO ~"J ;;r ~ <5fil;;fliln 'fiT 9}'filT if srm!!1m'fT : 30.48 35.03 (i) ~ "fi111 'fi<:it cn~ Qt{f"ffi 49.92 51.54 ~mJ f@it 9.32 18.79 (ji) e-1+rrf(fifl 'Ii1lT rn c:rrn Qlffui 6.13 2.95 0.98 0.56 ~ furlit 11.74 5.55 (iii) 'tinT ~Q;r 'Ji<:ij" cn~ Qlffffi 63.39 61.22 49.10 47.90 ~ f~!I"r 78.94 75.66 ~1It1 ~ ~ ~l1til «t(I";f1{11l : ~ 'fiIlf ~ (i) 'l\111 (ji) iitfm!"{ ff~ Slffu'i 7.32 7.16 5.89 4.90 ~ f"iiI7li' 15.67 13.88 ( H ) acVlqn=qlfi "ilfi,' ~ ~ QR f,;nn (iii) qlf«llf<'Ii ~ &Iffm 3.26 3.47 ~ 3.33 3.S8 ·ffiRt 2.82 3.15 (iv) qNI" ifil1'I' rn omf ~ 27.83 42.44 ~ 30.08 49.89 mm 14.76 20.29 ~ ~ ~ ~T ;tT WI'll" ij ~ ;;y;;;;rrfu ;tT ~ 'tiT srfCl1!TG" qfu; 12.21 2.23 ~ 12.05 2.25 fuRi 12.39 2.22 ilr.m marrntlf 1f'fiFfl ;tT ~~ 5,726,680 252,046 ~ 83 4 ~ 197 5 1ffi'!!"G ~f;rfu 236 8 iflllT;tT ~ trm 37,124 939 mil~ 34,968 923 ~·NIT~ 2,156 16 if1l<:T :it ~ 201 8 ~ f«ffif ~ (~WR ij) (1979-80) 3,308,273 117,631 l!Wf~ (~ ~ srrtffi:r'li mm (~) (1979-80) 5,175 220 lml"flv.f; !l; 'f~tfi (fif;. "1ft. it) (1979-80) 40,399 1,676 ~/1ITlr mr..~a (31-3-80 11ft wmr) 13,831 501 'I!tt ~{f~ (1979-80 ~) 183,238 7,069 ~ (~) mws (v.) mm'{ (19) qf{"CI4Icl1'fl ~ nv.) ~~~ mr-~ f ~T" -v VT" C( 'l"~ f'lifu~T ~ I-Wi fuifW'flT ~m f'lif~'fl'T iT fcrf+T?T ~fqm~t 'fl'T ~T~ ~~ >r~ffi f.t;~ lf~ u~ 5 IDl1 f"if~ (~~~ffi ~ l1Hf"f?f Q;ct q III - m ;;~ f.Rfuenr 1t fqfmi ~fcr'1:TTm 'fit ~llT~ ~~ ~ f~ ~~ ~ 142 ~ Ai"fm>r ~ I >rfi:~fu ~ <[fu ~m~ 144 fqCR:~ II ;;lfU fqq~~ IVl~)- ~f'1:T~f:qa if~ arftCfll'f I 197 <} J trT ~ fq.n:~ V ftrfV('ffT, WarfWifi, li;:ft"{~ ~Tt UTf~fu'fi ~futfnt 1979 154 ~VI ClIT'1R, ~, ~)ij" 'R'R ~Cp, 1979 158 qfd~rtSC ~ifu ~fQ:o iil'f( ;r firm m~fl:f1fi "f~;I(tF11 ~ 164 ~ SIT~f% :::If~.I(tl I '!'C~ qRf~ q-Rf1rrtz I - ~f:qa mR ~f"fCf ;;rrf(f tzci ~~~ \jFf"fTRr ~ ~off~ f,:rWIl m~fl:rcp \iR f"f~lS?: a¥,f'1~ Q'fTlffl ~fl1fcrc:IR ~Tll Aifu'fiT q m~r:ri'fi "f~;:rT ID't ~ 287 f r.f:;.nlfa «fl:jfa-lfT fer Cf<:PfH ~"~<1T Cfl) JJ:Cfi il"rlf ;;efril fCffl1J1)~ar lf~ ~ f~ ~ 1981 ~;;'f~rrr ~ ~T~ il"tifi~i ofT forfwrr ~mlfT ~f~r it f?r"l1ffi ~~ "l!" f~r ;;;l~ f", ~ «lIT~ ~ Cfi~<: oriT ~ Ofg1=ITf CfiT 3ffufilfewr "Rlf Offill il"~ftn=r 'JfTfff ~q' ~~ltffm i~Ff\jfTffflfr ~ Ul='i{f.:c:rcr 'iTilij'WT ~t ~Tm 5. ~nr 'tf~R fl q-u~a rn if; qffiil; ~~ f;;ffi ~R Cfi1~U it F,T~ @ It SfTtCf ~~ ~l1"{T «mCT ~CTT ~ f'fi I 287 ~ 0 it q~Gfrr 'liT 1f~ ~ ~'ifrq: :J;fiifiT"{ f;;r~ 'liT !l;ffq - ~~ ~~ it ~'lqT ~ sr~f~~ Ofirn' ~ ~1 ll~lf mfa- l:f~t 'ii"Tl1T et-:;r <:~p.:;~~)"{ 1:1; ~~+rT<: ~cr 'ifTQTi'f lnU $'1: ~RFra '1J{ T~CTT l!:fT I +rT~il\il~¥t ~';"lfCfT 2. ~TffBl (~'f.~r a~~T<1) if ~~ gl1; ~ fl1~ ~ ~ il'UoT ~ iI''l:1Til ~T ~lfT I ~1 1 8 U1 ~ 0 it lf~ firfrn m~" ~r ~ s