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DEVELOPING a STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK for NATIONAL MARINE CONSERVATION AREA ESTABLISHMENT in the BAY of FUNDY by Victoria K. Sheppar

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DEVELOPING a STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK for NATIONAL MARINE CONSERVATION AREA ESTABLISHMENT in the BAY of FUNDY by Victoria K. Sheppar DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR NATIONAL MARINE CONSERVATION AREA ESTABLISHMENT IN THE BAY OF FUNDY by Victoria K. Sheppard Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia December 2004 © Victoria K. Sheppard, 2004 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL FOR RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR NATIONAL MARINE CONSERVATION AREA ESTABLISHMENT IN THE BAY OF FUNDY” by Victoria K. Sheppard in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies. Dated: December 3, 2004 Supervisor: ______________________________ Dr. Martin Willison Committee Members: ______________________________ Dr. Fay Cohen ______________________________ Neil Munro External Examiner: ______________________________ Dr. Graham Daborn ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: December 3, 2004 AUTHOR: Victoria K. Sheppard TITLE: DEVELOPING A STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR NATIONAL MARINE CONSERVATION AREA ESTABLISHMENT IN THE BAY OF FUNDY DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: School for Resource and Environmental Studies DEGREE: MES CONVOCATION: May YEAR: 2005 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. ______________________________ Signature of Author The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material appearing in the thesis (other than the brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged. iii For L & P iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures...............................................................................................................ix List of Tables ................................................................................................................xi Abstract....................................................................................................................... xii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... xiii 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 2. Research Methods......................................................................................................8 2.1 Purpose..................................................................................................................8 2.2 Literature review....................................................................................................8 2.3 Interviews............................................................................................................10 2.3.1 Why interviews? ...........................................................................................10 2.3.2 Why face-to-face? .........................................................................................12 2.3.3 Formulating questions ...................................................................................13 2.3.4 Selecting study participants ...........................................................................15 2.3.5 Contacting interviewees ................................................................................17 2.3.6 Conducting the interviews .............................................................................18 2.4 Data analysis........................................................................................................20 2.5 Limitations in methodology .................................................................................23 3. Marine Conservation in Canada.............................................................................26 3.1 Federal Programs.................................................................................................26 3.1.1 Environment Canada .....................................................................................26 3.1.1.1 Parks Canada and National Marine Conservation Areas..........................26 3.1.1.2 Canadian Wildlife Service and Marine Wildlife Areas............................33 3.1.2 Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Marine Protected Areas..................35 3.1.3 Summary and Comparison ............................................................................41 3.2 Public participation in marine conservation..........................................................42 3.2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................42 3.2.2 How the public can be involved.....................................................................43 v 3.2.3 Where does ‘public consultation’ fit into NMCA legislation and policy?.......45 3.2.4 How presence or absence of public consultation has affected the success of marine conservation area establishment: Parks Canada case studies .......................46 3.2.4.1 Unsuccessful ..........................................................................................46 3.2.4.2 Successes ...............................................................................................49 3.2.4.3 Comparisons...........................................................................................52 4. The Bay of Fundy ....................................................................................................56 4.1 Natural History ....................................................................................................57 4.1.1 Biophysical Features .....................................................................................57 4.1.1.1 Fish populations .....................................................................................57 4.1.1.2 Marine mammals....................................................................................58 4.1.1.3 Seabirds and shorebirds ..........................................................................59 4.1.1.4 Invertebrates...........................................................................................60 4.1.1.5 Geology and associated benthic communities .........................................60 4.1.1.6 Phytoplankton and seaweeds ..................................................................61 4.1.1.7 Salt marshes ...........................................................................................61 4.1.2 Significant Areas...........................................................................................62 4.2 Human History ....................................................................................................70 4.2.1 Aboriginal context.........................................................................................70 4.2.1.1 Current distribution of First Nations around the Bay of Fundy................70 4.2.1.2 Current fishing agreements.....................................................................72 4.2.1.3 Aboriginal involvement in marine conservation initiatives......................74 4.2.1.4 Aboriginal references in the CNMCA Act................................................77 4.2.1.5 Where to go from here…what does this mean for the Bay of Fundy?......78 4.2.2 Current human use patterns ...........................................................................83 4.2.2.1 Natural resource extraction.....................................................................83 4.2.2.2 Aquaculture............................................................................................91 4.2.2.3 Tourism and recreation...........................................................................94 4.2.2.4 Tidal power generation...........................................................................96 4.2.2.5 Shipping.................................................................................................97 vi 4.3 Other recent marine or coastal national conservation initiatives in the Bay of Fundy ......................................................................................................................100 4.3.1 Right whale conservation areas ...................................................................100 4.3.2 Proposed Musquash MPA ...........................................................................102 4.3.3 Biosphere Reserve Projects .........................................................................104 4.3.3.1 Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve Initiative.......................................104 4.3.3.2 Upper Bay Biosphere Reserve Initiative ...............................................107 4.3.4 Atlantic Coastal Action Program .................................................................108 4.3.5 National Wildlife Areas and Migratory Bird Areas......................................110 4.3.6 Nature Conservancy of Canada ...................................................................114 4.3.7 Inner Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon conservation and recovery initiative....115 5. Results and Discussion – Location ........................................................................116 5.1 Outer Bay of
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