Film Adaptations of Oscar Wilde's the Picture of Dorian Gray
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DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Film Adaptations of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray“ Verfasserin Tanja Meissinger angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 343 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Anglistik und Amerikanistik Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Werner Huber Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Huber, for his patience and guidance throughout the writing process. Without his constructive criticism and support I would not have been able to successfully complete this thesis. I want to thank all my friends, who have given me the strength to write and finish this paper. Words cannot express my gratitude, for I know that I would never have come this far without their assistance and moral support. My very special thanks go to Barbara, Bernhard, Bryan, Dieter, Raphaela and, above all, Jay, for never giving up on me. Last but not least I want to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, who not only afforded me with the education and financial support to pursue my academic studies, but who also never stopped encouraging me to follow my dreams. Table of Contents A. Introduction................................................................................................... 1 1. Theory of Adaptation.................................................................................... 3 1.1. Defining Adaptation........................................................................... 3 1.2. Historical Overview............................................................................ 4 1.3. Adaptation Studies - Theoretical and Practical Issues...................... 6 1.3.1. Literature vs. Film.............................................................. 7 1.3.1.1. Expectations and Challenges................................. 8 1.3.2. The Issue of Fidelity and the Myth of the 'Unfilmable' 10 1.3.3. Types, Modes, and Ways of Adaptation........................ 15 1.3.4. Intertextuality................................................................... 18 1.3.4.1. Origins and Dialogism.......................................... 18 1.3.4.2. Transtextual Relationships................................... 19 2. Screening Dorian Gray............................................................................... 22 2.1. The Picture of Dorian Gray – The Novel..........................................23 2.1.1. Plot – Character Relationships – Structure................. 26 2.1.2. Themes and Motifs…..................................................... 29 2.1.2.1. Dandyism............................................................ 29 2.1.2.2. Aestheticism........................................................ 30 2.1.2.2.1. Colour Symbolism…….........................31 2.1.2.3. Hedonism........................................................... 32 2.1.2.4. Narcissism – Youth and Beauty........................... 33 2.1.2.5. Good vs. Evil – The Beauty & the Beast and the “Doppelgänger” Motif........................................... 34 2.1.2.6. Homosexuality...................................................... 35 2.2. Film Adaptations of Dorian Gray.................................................... 36 2.2.1. Silent Films and B/W Versions.................................... 37 2.2.2. Dorian in Technicolor.................................................... 39 3. Analysis....................................................................................................... 42 3.1. Selection of Films and Scenes for Analysis................................... 42 3.2. Literal Translations......................................................................... 42 3.2.1. The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945)…………………....… 43 3.2.1.1. Story.……………………………………………….. 45 3.2.1.2. Characters and Structure ……...………………… 46 3.2.1.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 47 3.2.1.4. Symbolism........................................................... 48 3.2.1.5. Transtextuality..................................................... 50 3.2.2. The Picture of Dorian Gray (1973)................................. 52 3.2.2.1. Story.................................................................... 52 3.2.2.2. Characters and Structure ……………………...… 54 3.2.2.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 56 3.2.2.4. Symbolism........................................................... 58 3.2.2.5. Transtextuality...................................................... 59 3.2.3. The Picture of Dorian Gray (1976)................................. 60 3.2.3.1. Story.................................................................... 61 3.2.3.2. Characters and Structure……………….......…… 62 3.2.3.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 64 3.2.3.4. Transtextuality...................................................... 65 3.2.4. Summary......................................................................... 66 3.3. Traditional Translations.................................................................. 67 3.3.1. The Picture of Dorian Gray (1969)................................. 68 3.3.1.1. Story.................................................................... 68 3.3.1.2. Characters and Structure ……………………...… 70 3.3.1.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 71 3.3.1.4. Transtextuality..................................................... 73 3.3.2. The Picture of Dorian Gray (2004)................................. 74 3.3.2.1. Story.................................................................... 74 3.3.2.2. Characters and Structure ……………………...… 76 3.3.2.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 77 3.3.2.4. Transtextuality..................................................... 78 3.3.3. Dorian Gray (2009).......................................................... 80 3.3.3.1. Story.................................................................... 81 3.3.3.2. Characters and Structure ……………………...… 82 3.3.3.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 83 3.3.3.4. Transtextuality..................................................... 85 3.3.4. Summary......................................................................... 86 3.4. Radical Translations....................................................................... 87 3.4.1. The Sins of Dorian Gray (1983)..................................... 87 3.4.1.1. Story.................................................................... 88 3.4.1.2. Characters and Structure ……………………...… 89 3.4.1.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 91 3.4.1.4. Transtextuality..................................................... 92 3.4.2. Dorian Gray im Spiegel der Boulevardpresse (1984)... 93 3.4.2.1. Story.................................................................... 93 3.4.2.2. Characters and Structure ……………………...… 95 3.4.2.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………......... 95 3.4.2.4. Transtextuality..................................................... 97 3.4.3. Pact with the Devil (2004).............................................. 98 3.4.3.1. Story..................................................................... 99 3.4.3.2. Characters and Structure ………….…………..... 100 3.4.3.3. Themes and Motifs………….………………........ 101 3.4.3.4. Transtextuality.................................................... 102 3.4.4. Summary........................................................................ 103 B. Conclusion................................................................................................. 105 C. Bibliography............................................................................................... 107 D. Deutsche Zusammenfassung................................................................... 118 Curriculum Vitae............................................................................................. 120 1 A. Introduction “Those who go beneath the surface do so at their peril.” (DG1 4) Oscar Wilde’s works have fascinated writers, directors and audiences all over the world. Despite the fact that he has been criticised for his immoral lifestyle and his relationships with young men, his literary output, including plays, poems and a novella, still inspires the masses. In his introduction to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Irvine Welsh states that [a]s a writer, Oscar Wilde has never gone out of fashion and, indeed, is probably now as popular as ever. His devastating wit, his sense of the artist as an aesthete and his personal life as an unlikely martyr for sexual liberation; they all serve to keep him at the front of our collective consciousness in a way that very few authors have matched. (DG ix) In this context, it is Wilde’s only novel Dorian Gray which entices filmmakers over and over again to adapt the work for the screen; adaptations are ranging from television productions to major motion pictures. But why is it that more than one hundred and twenty years after it was published the book still attracts so much interest? What is more, following the assumption that “’[t]he book is always better than the movie’” (Cahir, Approaches 13), the question arises whether a film adaptation of Dorian Gray can do justice to its source text and how directors attempted to achieve this. Basically, this thesis is divided into three main sections. Section 1 is based on the question: what defines an adaptation and what advantages and disadvantages are connected to the choice of the medium of film? This paper will provide an overview over the theoretical approaches regarding the topic of adaptation in order to create a methodological