George Enescu (1881-1955) Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Edward Elgar

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George Enescu (1881-1955) Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Edward Elgar Concertprogramma do 22 en vr 23 oktober | 19.00 en 21.15 uur Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest Cristian Mâcelaru dirigent Elena Stikhina sopraan George Enescu (1881-1955) Prélude à l’unisson (deel 1) uit ‘Suite nr. 1 voor orkest’, op. 9 (1903) eerste uitvoering door het Concertgebouworkest Richard Wagner (1813-1883) Wesendonck-Lieder (1857-58) vijf gedichten van Mathilde Wesendonck orkestratie Felix Mottl (1-4) en Richard Wagner (5) Der Engel Stehe still Im Treibhaus Schmerzen Träume Vioolsolo: Vesko Eschkenazy Edward Elgar (1857-1934) Variations on an original theme, op. 36 (1898-99) ‘Enigma-variaties’ Andante Variatie 1: C.A.E. – L’istesso tempo Variatie 2: H.D.S.-P. – Allegro Variatie 3: R.B.T. – Allegretto Variatie 4: W.M.B. – Allegro di molto Variatie 5: R.P.A. – Moderato Variatie 6: Ysobel – Andantino Variatie 7: Troyte – Presto 1 Variatie 8: W.N. – Allegretto Variatie 9: Nimrod – Adagio Variatie 10: Dorabella – Intermezzo: Allegretto Variatie 11: G.R.S. – Allegro di molto Variatie 12: B.G.N. – Andante Variatie 13: *** – Romanza: Moderato Variatie 14: E.D.U. – Finale: Allegro er is geen pauze Het concert van 23 oktober wordt opgenomen door AVROTROS voor uitzending op zondag 1 november om 14.00 uur via NPO Radio 4. Het concert wordt ook live gestreamd via www.concertgebouworkest.nl en de Facebook-pagina van het orkest. TOELICHTING ENESCU: PRÉLUDE À L’UNISSON Toen de jonge Roemeense violist George Enescu werd toegelaten aan het Conservatorium van Wenen was hij de eerste niet-Oostenrijker op deze pres- tigieuze school. Tevens was hij met zeven jaar de jongste student ooit. Enescu’s muzikale interesse werd als eerste aangewakkerd door de rondrei- zende Roma-muzikanten die soms zijn afgelegen dorp bezochten. Nadat zijn vader hem een viool in handen had gegeven, kon de vierjarige al snel alle liedjes feilloos meespelen. Omdat zijn ouders zeven oudere kinderen aan diverse ziektes waren kwijtgeraakt, staken ze al hun aandacht in de jonge George. Hij werd ook aangemoedigd te componeren; zijn eerste werkjes schreef hij op vijfjarige leeftijd. Na een aantal jaar in Wenen gestudeerd te hebben vertrok hij naar Parijs, waar hij compositie studeerde bij Massenet en Fauré en uitblonk in een klas 2 waar ook Ravel in zat. Naast viool en compositie maakte hij tevens interna- tionaal carrière als dirigent, was hij een gevierd vioolpedagoog en een meer dan verdienstelijk altviolist en pianist. Niemand minder dan Pablo Casals noemde hem ‘het grootste muzikale fenomeen sinds Mozart’. Enescu’s compositiestijl kenmerkt zich door veelvuldig gebruik van klassieke vormen en vaak een soort afgemeten beheersing; hij schrijft precies wat hij wil schrijven, en geen noot meer. Nooit zijn Brahms en Fauré, zijn voorbeel- den, ver weg, hoewel er ook altijd een stukje Balkan door blijft schemeren. Verreweg zijn bekendste composities zijn de twee Roemeense rapsodieën voor orkest, die hij schreef op twintigjarige leeftijd. Later in zijn leven zou Enescu echter betreuren dat juist deze licht verteerbare stukken de rest van zijn werk in bekendheid overschaduwden. De Suite nr. 1 voor orkest waarvan hier het eerste deel klinkt is uit dezelfde vroege periode, maar is een veel abstracter, volwassener én onbekender werk. Deze Prélude is een lange, onafgebroken, onbegeleide melodie voor unisono strijkers, die precies het bereik van een viool omvat. De violen spelen dan ook de volledige melodie, waarbij de altviolen en celli door delen ervan te dubbelen kleur toevoegen. De melodie is geen romantisch cantabile maar eerder hoekig en volks, en geeft ondanks een gedetailleerde en zorgvuldige opbouw de indruk van een improvisatie. Als onwrikbaar anker keert de melodie telkens terug op zijn laagste noot, de open G-snaar van de violen. Halverwege het deel voegt Enescu één begelei- dingselement toe: een paukenroffel op diezelfde G een octaaf lager, om de muziek nog verder te aarden. Wanneer de melodie langzaam en verstild het einde van de viool bereikt, heeft de pauk het laatste woord. door Hugo Bouma 3 WAGNER: WESENDONCK-LIEDER Bij de naam Richard Wagner denkt men in de eerste plaats aan zijn opera’s, van Der fliegende Holländer, Tannhäuser, Tristan und Isolde en Der Ring des Nibelungen tot Parsifal. Pas in tweede instantie misschien aan de prachtige Siegfried-Idyll of de Wesendonck-Lieder, om nog maar te zwijgen van een piano sonate, een symfonie of een van de andere meer dan honderd werken die Wagner behalve opera’s nog componeerde. De Wesendonck-Lieder componeerde Wagner in 1857-58 in Zürich, waar hij en zijn eerste vrouw, de actrice Minna Planer, te gast waren bij een van zijn beschermheren, de koopman Otto Wesendonck. Wagner componeerde de liederen onder invloed van een heimelijke affaire die hij had met de vrouw van zijn gastheer, de jonge en wonderschone Mathilde Wesendonck. Zij was behalve dichterlijk begaafd ook een groot Wagner-vereerster en volledig in de ban van het project dat hij destijds onder handen had: Tristan und Isolde. Na het lezen van Wagners meeslepende tekstboek van die opera schreef Ma- thilde haar vijf gedichten die Wagner later zou toonzetten. Zowel qua inhoud als qua muziek sluiten de liederen nauw aan bij Wagners Tristan. Het derde en vijfde lied hebben zelfs als originele ondertitel: Studie zu Tristan und Isolde. Maar ook in de andere liederen klinken muzikale reminiscenties aan of vooruitwijzingen naar Tristan. Het is duidelijk wie ‘Der Engel’ in het eerste lied is, de engel die gekomen is om de geest te verheffen: Wagner zelf. In het vierde lied, Schmerzen, gebruikt Mathilde Wesendonck dezelfde symboliek van dag en nacht als in Tristan (zalige pijn!), aangevuld met boeddhistische elementen van wedergeboorte. De oorspronkelijke pianobegeleiding van de liederen heeft inmiddels plaats gemaakt voor een begeleiding door orkest, waarschijnlijk ingegeven door Wagners eigen versie voor klein orkest en soloviool van het lied Träume. De meest gebruikte versie voor groot orkest is van de grote Wagner-dirigent Felix Mottl. door Clemens Romijn 4 ZANGTEKSTEN WESENDONCK-LIEDER Halte an dich, zeugende Kraft, Der Engel Urgedanke, der ewig schafft! In der Kindheit frühen Tagen Hemmet den Atem, stillet den Drang, Hört’ ich oft von Engeln sagen, Schweiget nur eine Sekunde lang! Die des Himmels hehre Wonne Schwellende Pulse, fesselt den Schlag; Tauschen mit der Erdensonne, Ende, des Wollens ew’ger Tag! Dass, wo bang ein Herz in Sorgen Dass in selig süssem Vergessen Schmachtet vor der Welt verborgen, Ich mög’ alle Wonnen ermessen! Dass, wo still es will verbluten, Wenn Aug’ in Auge wonnig trinken, Und vergehn in Tränenfluten, Seele ganz in Seele versinken; Wesen in Wesen sich wieder findet, Dass, wo brünstig sein Gebet Und alles Hoffens Ende sich kündet; Einzig um Erlösung fleht, Da der Engel nieder schwebt, Die Lippe verstummt in staunendem Schweigen, Und es sanft gen Himmel hebt. Keinen Wunsch mehr will das Inn’re zeugen: Erkennt der Mensch des Ew’gen Spur, Ja, es stieg auch mir ein Engel nieder, Und löst dein Rätsel, heil’ge Natur! Und auf leuchtendem Gefieder Führt er ferne jedem Schmerz, Im Treibhaus Meinen Geist nun himmelwärts! Hoch gewölbte Blätterkronen, Baldachine von Smaragd, Stehe still Kinder ihr aus fernen Zonen, Saussendes, brausendes Rad der Zeit, Saget mir warum ihr klagt? Messer du der Ewigkeit; Leuchtende Sphären im weiten All, Schweigend neiget ihr die Zweige, Die ihr umringt den Weltenball; Malet Zeichen in die Luft, Urewige Schöpfung, halte doch ein, Und der Leiden stummer Zeuge, Genug des Werdens, lass mich sein! Steiget aufwärts süsser Duft. 5 Weit in sehnendem Verlangen Und gebieret Tod nur Leben, Breitet ihr die Arme aus, Geben Schmerzen Wonne nur: Und umschlinget wahnbefangen O wie dank’ ich, dass gegeben Öde Leere nicht’gen Grauss. Solche Schmerzen mir Natur! Wohl ich weiss es, arme Pflanze: Träume Ein Geschicke teilen wir, Sag, welch wunderbare Träume Ob umstrahlt von Licht und Glanze, Halten meinen Sinn umfangen, Unsre Heimat is nicht hier! Dass sie nicht wie leere Schäume Sind in ödes Nichts vergangen? Und wie, froh die Sonne scheidet Von des Tages leerem Schein, Träume, die in jeder Stunde, Hüllet der, der wahrhaft leidet, Jedem Tage schöner blüh’n, Sich in Schweigens Dunkel ein. Und mit ihrer Himmelskunde Selig durch’s Gemüte ziehn? Stille wird’s ein säuselnd Weben Füllet bang den dunklen Raum: Träume, die wie hehre Strahlen Schwere Tropfen seh’ ich schweben In die Seele sich versenken, an der Blätter grünem Saum. Dort ein ewig Bild zu malen: Allvergessen, Eingedenken! Schmerzen Sonne, weinest jeden Abend Träume, wie wenn Frühlingssonne Dir die schönen Augen rot, Aus dem Schnee die Blüten küsst, Wenn im Meerresspiegel badend Dass zu nie geahnter Wonne Dich erreicht der frühe Tod; Sie der neue Tag begrüsst, Doch ersteh’st in alter Pracht, Dass sie wachsen, dass sie blühen, Glorie der düstren Welt, Träumend spenden ihren Duft, Du am Morgen neu erwacht, Sanft an deiner Brust verglühen, Wie ein stolzer Siegesheld! Und dann sinken in die Gruft. Ach, wie sollte ich da klagen, tekst: Mathilde Wesendonck Wie, mein Herz, so schwer dich sehn, Muss die Sonne selbst verzagen, Muss die Sonne untergehn? 6 ELGAR: ‘ENIGMA- VARIATIES’ Vooropgesteld: het is helemaal niet nodig om je in het raadsel achter de ‘Enigma- variaties’ te verdiepen om te genieten van dit ‘sleutelwerk’ – ook in letterlijke zin hét sleutelwerk in Elgars oeuvre en in de renaissance van de Engelse concertmuziek van rond 1900. Het was zelfs nooit de bedoeling van de componist de oplossing te geven, het raadsel moest een raadsel blijven: ‘The Enigma I will not explain – its ‘dark saying’ must be left unguessed, and I warn you that the connexion between the Variations and the Theme is often of the slightest texture; further, through and over the whole set another larger theme ‘goes’, but is not played (…) So the principal Theme never appears, even as in some late dramas (…) the chief character is never on the stage.’ Maar natuurlijk sloeg de muziekwereld meteen aan het raden.
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