DOCSLIB.ORG

The Apis Mellifera Filamentous Virus Genome

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Apis Mellifera Filamentous Virus Genome View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bern Open Repository and Information System (BORIS) Viruses 2015, 7, 3798-3815; doi:10.3390/v7072798 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Article The Apis mellifera Filamentous Virus Genome Laurent Gauthier 1;:;*, Scott Cornman 2;:;;, Ulrike Hartmann 1, François Cousserans 1, Jay D. Evans 2, Joachim R. de Miranda 3 and Peter Neumann 1;4 1 Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland; E-Mails: [email protected] (U.H.); [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (P.N.) 2 Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (J.D.E.) 3 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland : These authors contributed equally to this work. ; Current address: Fort Collins Science Center, USGS, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-584-622-155; Fax: +41-584-638-227. Academic Editors: Elke Genersch and Sebastian Gisder Received: 31 March 2015 / Accepted: 2 July 2015 / Published: 9 July 2015 | downloaded: 13.3.2017 Abstract: A complete reference genome of the Apis mellifera Filamentous virus (AmFV) was determined using Illumina Hiseq sequencing. The AmFV genome is a double stranded DNA molecule of approximately 498,500 nucleotides with a GC content of 50.8%. It encompasses 247 non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), equally distributed on both strands, which cover 65% of the genome. While most of the ORFs lacked threshold sequence alignments to reference protein databases, twenty-eight were found to display significant homologies with proteins present in other large double stranded DNA viruses. Remarkably, 13 ORFs had strong similarity with typical baculovirus domains such as PIFs (per os infectivity factor genes: pif-1, pif-2, pif-3 and p74) and BRO (Baculovirus Repeated Open http://boris.unibe.ch/82558/ Reading Frame). The putative AmFV DNA polymerase is of type B, but is only distantly related to those of the baculoviruses. The ORFs encoding proteins involved in nucleotide source: metabolism had the highest percent identity to viral proteins in GenBank. Other notable Viruses 2015, 7 3799 features include the presence of several collagen-like, chitin-binding, kinesin and pacifastin domains. Due to the large size of the AmFV genome and the inconsistent affiliation with other large double stranded DNA virus families infecting invertebrates, AmFV may belong to a new virus family. Keywords: Apis mellifera; filamentous virus; genome annotation 1. Introduction Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) was originally described as a rickettsia disease of honeybees (Apis mellifera)[1], but was later characterized as a large enveloped DNA virus [2]. It derives its name from the long (3150 ˆ 40 nm) filamentous nucleoprotein that folds in three superimposed figure-8 loops (Figure1) into a 450 nm ˆ 170 nm rod-shaped virion [2,3]. The nucleoprotein contains a central core of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) wrapped by two major nucleoproteins while the tri-laminate virion envelope contains lipids, two major proteins and several minor proteins [4]. One major diagnostic feature of AmFV infection is that the hemolymph of severely infected adult honeybees becomes milky-white due to cellular degradation and the large number of virions present, which is also a primary feature of insect ascoviruses infecting Lepidopteran hosts [5]. A. mellifera filamentous virus epizooties were identified in various parts of the world through electron microscopic examination of bee hemolymph samples [6]. AmFV was shown to multiply in different bee tissues, principally in the fat body and ovarian tissues of adult bees [7]. Highly infected bees display signs of weakness and are usually gathered at the hive entrance. Although it may occasionally induce such overt, colony-level symptoms, AmFV is usually considered a weakly pathogenic virus of honeybees, with low impact on host lifespan [7,8]. Experimental infections can be established by feeding adult bees AmFV particles, but only when co-infected with Nosema apis spores [9]. Historically, there has been a strong association between Nosema sp. and AmFV infections [7]. AmFV has occasionally been associated with winter honeybee colony mortality [3], but its annual peak incidence is mostly in spring, coinciding with the peak incidence of N. apis [9]. Filamentous viruses with similar morphology and tissue distribution have also been observed in a number of parasitic wasps, where they may be associated with super-parasitism behavior [10]. Here we present the complete nucleotide sequence and annotation of the AmFV genome, as well as insights into the distribution of this virus in honeybee colonies. Although some coding sequences are homologous with other large dsDNA viruses of invertebrates, such as baculoviruses, the size of AmFV genome, the proportion of putatively non-coding sequences and the large number of open reading frames (ORFs) lacking database matches all suggest a very distinct virus that merits classification in a new family of insect viruses. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. AmFV DNA Isolation, Sequencing, and Assembly Viral particles were purified from six infected honeybee workers, collected from a single colony in the spring of 2009 in Bern, Switzerland, that were displaying the characteristic “milky hemolymph” Viruses 2015, 7 3 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. AmFV DNA Isolation, Sequencing, and Assembly Viruses 2015, 7 3800 Viral particles were purified from six infected honeybee workers, collected from a single colony in the spring of 2009 in Bern, Switzerland, that were displaying the characteristic “milky hemolymph” AmFV clinical signs. After homogenization in 1.5 mLmL of 50 mM Tris pH 7.5 buffer, viralviral particlesparticles werewere r separated byby centrifugationcentrifugation onon aa 10%–60%10%–60% NicodenzNicodenz® (Sigma-Aldrich,(Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis,Louis, MI,MI, USA)USA) gradient.gradient. Two visiblevisible bandsbands werewere extractedextracted fromfrom thethe gradientgradient andand analyzedanalyzed byby transmission electron microscopy (TEM).(TEM). The presence presence of of AmFV AmFV enveloped enveloped virions virions (Figure (Figure 1)1 )was was confirmed confirmed in in the the lower lower band band while while the theupper upper band band contained contained mostly mostly degraded degraded nucleoproteins. nucleoproteins. Total DNA Total was DNA purified was purified from the from lower the band lower by bandphenol by-chloroform phenol-chloroform extraction extraction and precipitation and precipitation with ethanol. with The ethanol. DNA Thewas resuspended DNA was resuspended in 5 mM Tris in 5pH mM 7.5 Trisand pHquantified 7.5 and using quantified the Qubit using® system the Qubit (Lifer systemTechnologies (Life Technologies,, Carlsbad, CA, Carlsbad, USA) One CA, hundred USA) Onenanograms hundred of nanograms DNA were of sent DNA to wereFasteris sent Life to Fasteris Science Life Co. Science(Geneva, Co. Switzerland) (Geneva, Switzerland) where a paired where-end a paired-endlibrary was libraryprepared was using prepared the TruSeq using® the Nano TruSeq DNAr Nano LT kit DNA (Illumina LT kit, San (Illumina, Diego, SanCA, Diego, USA) CA,with USA)bead- withbased bead-based size selection size selectionof 550 bp of fragments. 550 bp fragments. The libr Theary was library sequenced was sequenced on an onIllumina an Illumina HiSeq HiSeq 2500 2500Analyzer Analyzer,, producing producing 100-bp 100-bp paired pairedreads that reads were that quality were filtered quality and filtered adapter and screened adapter screenedby the sequence by the sequenceprovider and provider assembled and assembled de novo atde a novorangeat of a kmers range ofusing kmers the usingVELVET the VELVET program program[11]. [11]. Alignments from the scaffold datasetdataset werewere producedproduced usingusing thethe SeqMan (Lasergene 7.0;7.0; DnastarDnastar Inc.,Inc., Madison, WI, USA)USA) software. Gaps and ambiguous regions were amplifiedamplified by PCR using a high fidelityfidelity polymerase (HIFI,(HIFI, Kapa-Biosystems,Kapa-Biosystems, Wilmington,Wilmington, MA,MA, USA)USA) andand appropriateappropriate primers.primers. The resultingresulting amplicons werewere sequencedsequenced onon bothboth strandsstrands usingusing thethe SangerSanger sequencingsequencing method.method. JellyfishJellyfish [[12]12] waswas usedused to to evaluate evaluate the the heterogeneity heterogeneity of of the the isolated isolated sample sample by by plotting plotting the the coverage coverage of allof kmersall kmers of length of length 59 occurring 59 occurring in the rawin th reads.e raw Batchesreads. Batches of kmers of were kmers assembled were assembled with CLC Genomicswith CLC v.Genomics 7.1 (Qiagen, v. 7.1 Valencia, (Qiagen CA,, Valencia, USA) using CA, USA a kmer) using of 59 a and kmer searched of 59 and by BLASTX searched againstby BLASTX the UniRef90 against databasethe UniRef90 [13]. database [13]. Figure 1.1. MorphologyMorphology of of AmFV AmFV virions virions:: ( (AA,,BB)) Electron Electron micrographs micrographs of “milky” beebee hemolymph containing characteristic AmFV nucleoproteins (np) and enveloped virionsvirions (v).(v). Approximate
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Identification of Two Major Virion Protein Genes of White Spot Syndrome Virus of Shrimp
    Virology 266, 227–236 (2000) doi:10.1006/viro.1999.0088, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Identification of Two Major Virion Protein Genes of White Spot Syndrome Virus of Shrimp Marie¨lle C. W. van Hulten, Marcel Westenberg, Stephen D. Goodall, and Just M. Vlak1 Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands Received August 25, 1999; returned to author for revision October 28, 1999; accepted November 8, 1999 White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is an invertebrate virus, causing considerable mortality in shrimp. Two structural proteins of WSSV were identified. WSSV virions are enveloped nucleocapsids with a bacilliform morphology with an approximate size of 275 ϫ 120 nm, and a tail-like extension at one end. The double-stranded viral DNA has an approximate size 290 kb. WSSV virions, isolated from infected shrimps, contained four major proteins: 28 kDa (VP28), 26 kDa (VP26), 24 kDa (VP24), and 19 kDa (VP19) in size, respectively. VP26 and VP24 were found associated with nucleocapsids; the others were associated with the envelope. N-terminal amino acid sequences of nucleocapsid protein VP26 and the envelope protein VP28 were obtained by protein sequencing and used to identify the respective genes (vp26 and vp28) in the WSSV genome. To confirm that the open reading frames of WSSV vp26 (612) and vp28 (612) are coding for the putative major virion proteins, they were expressed in insect cells using baculovirus vectors and analyzed by Western analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Biotehcnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses
    JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 154 Leona Gilbert Development of Biotehcnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 154 Leona Gilbert Development of Biotechnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston matemaattis-luonnontieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Ambiotica-rakennuksen salissa (YAA303) kesäkuun 18. päivänä 2005 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science of the University of Jyväskylä, in the Building Ambiotica, Auditorium YAA303, on June 18th, 2005 at 12 o'clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2005 Development of Biotechnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 154 Leona Gilbert Development of Biotechnological Tools for Studying Infectious Pathways of Canine and Human Parvoviruses UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2005 Editors Jukka Särkkä Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Irene Ylönen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Cover picture: Molecular models of the fluorescent biotechnological tools for CPV and B19. Picture by Leona Gilbert. ISBN 951-39-2134-4 (nid.) ISSN 1456-9701 Copyright © 2005, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2005 ABSTRACT Gilbert, Leona Development of biotechnological tools for studying infectious pathways of canine and human parvoviruses. Jyväskylä, University of Jyväskylä, 2005, 104 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Biological and Environmental Science, ISSN 1456-9701; 154) ISBN 951-39-2182-4 Parvoviruses are among the smallest vertebrate DNA viruses known to date. The production of parvovirus-like particles (parvo-VLPs) has been successfully exploited for parvovirus vaccine development.
    [Show full text]
  • Lack of Viral Mirna Expression in an Experimental Infection
    Núñez-Hernández et al. Veterinary Research (2015) 46:48 DOI 10.1186/s13567-015-0181-4 VETERINARY RESEARCH SHORT REPORT Open Access Evaluation of the capability of the PCV2 genome to encode miRNAs: lack of viral miRNA expression in an experimental infection Fernando Núñez-Hernández1, Lester J Pérez2, Gonzalo Vera3, Sarai Córdoba3, Joaquim Segalés1,4, Armand Sánchez3,5 and José I Núñez1* Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a ssDNA virus causing PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), one of the most important diseases in swine. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Viral miRNAs have recently been described and the number of viral miRNAs has been increasing in the past few years. In this study, small RNA libraries were constructed from two tissues of subclinically PCV2 infected pigs to explore if PCV2 can encode viral miRNAs. The deep sequencing data revealed that PCV2 does not express miRNAs in an in vivo subclinical infection. Introduction, methods, and results family with the highest miRNAs encoding capacity Porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD) is [6,7]. Other viruses belonging to the families Polyoma- a devastating disease that causes important economic viridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Baculoviridae losses [1]. The disease is essentially caused by PCV2, a and Ascoviridae encode miRNAs in low numbers single stranded DNA, non enveloped virus belonging to [8-12]. Recently, a Human Torque Teno virus, a small, the Circoviridae family [2]. The PCV2 genome encodes ssDNA virus from the Anelloviridae family, that en- four ORFs. ORF1 encodes for two proteins (Rep and codes a miRNA involved in interferon modulation has Rep’) which are involved in replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Baculovirus Nuclear Import: Open, Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) Sesame
    Viruses 2013, 5, 1885-1900; doi:10.3390/v5071885 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Review Baculovirus Nuclear Import: Open, Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC) Sesame Shelly Au, Wei Wu and Nelly Panté * Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.A.); [email protected] (W.W.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-604-822-3369; Fax: +1-604-822-2416. Received: 30 May 2013; in revised form: 17 July 2013 / Accepted: 17 July 2013 / Published: 23 July 2013 Abstract: Baculoviruses are one of the largest viruses that replicate in the nucleus of their host cells. During infection, the rod-shape, 250-nm long nucleocapsid delivers its genome into the nucleus. Electron microscopy evidence suggests that baculoviruses, specifically the Alphabaculoviruses (nucleopolyhedroviruses) and the Betabaculoviruses (granuloviruses), have evolved two very distinct modes for doing this. Here we review historical and current experimental results of baculovirus nuclear import studies, with an emphasis on electron microscopy studies employing the prototypical baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus infecting cultured cells. We also discuss the implications of recent studies towards theories of nuclear transport mechanisms. Keywords: baculovirus; AcMNPV; nuclear import; nuclear pore complex; viruses 1. Introduction Baculoviruses are a large and diverse group of rod-shaped, enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus of their host cells. They are pathogenic to arthropods, mainly insects, and are ubiquitously found in the environment. Members of the Baculoviridae family have been isolated from more than 700 host species.
    [Show full text]
  • And Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus Djiddensis)
    VIRAL DISCOVERY IN BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS) AND GIANT GUITARFISH (RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS) BY HISTOPATHOLOGY EVALUATION, METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS AND NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING by JENNIFER ANNE DILL (Under the Direction of Alvin Camus) ABSTRACT The rapid growth of aquaculture production and international trade in live fish has led to the emergence of many new diseases. The introduction of novel disease agents can result in significant economic losses, as well as threats to vulnerable wild fish populations. Losses are often exacerbated by a lack of agent identification, delay in the development of diagnostic tools and poor knowledge of host range and susceptibility. Examples in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and the giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) will be discussed here. Bluegill are popular freshwater game fish, native to eastern North America, living in shallow lakes, ponds, and slow moving waterways. Bluegill experiencing epizootics of proliferative lip and skin lesions, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, papillomas, and rarely squamous cell carcinoma, were investigated in two isolated poopulations. Next generation genomic sequencing revealed partial DNA sequences of an endogenous retrovirus and the entire circular genome of a novel hepadnavirus. Giant Guitarfish, a rajiform elasmobranch listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List, are found in the tropical Western Indian Ocean. Proliferative skin lesions were observed on the ventrum and caudal fin of a juvenile male quarantined at a public aquarium following international shipment. Histologically, lesions consisted of papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia with myriad large, amphophilic, intranuclear inclusions. Deep sequencing and metagenomic analysis produced the complete genomes of two novel DNA viruses, a typical polyomavirus and a second unclassified virus with a 20 kb genome tentatively named Colossomavirus.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Various Treatments on White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) from Penaeus Japonicus (Japan) and P. Monodon (Thailand)
    魚 病 研 究 Fish Pathology,33(4),381-387,1998.10 Effect of Various Treatments on White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) from Penaeus japonicus (Japan) and P. monodon (Thailand) Minoru Maeda*1, Jiraporn Kasornchandra*2,Toshiaki Itami*1, Nobutaka Suzuki*3, Oscar Hennig*4, Masakazu Kondo*1Juan D. Albaladejo*5 and Yukinori Takahashi* 1 *1Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan *2National Institute of Coastal Aquaculture, Songkla 90000, Thailand *3 Department of Food Science and Technology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan *4Faculty of Fisheries , Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8131, Japan *5Bureauof Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture, Quezon, Metro Manila 3008, Philippines (Received February 27, 1998) Two causative agents of white spot syndrome (WSS), penaeid rod-shaped DNA virus (PRDV) from infected kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) in Japan and systemic ectodermal and mesodermal baculovirus (SEMBV) from black tiger shrimp (P. monodon) in Thailand, were tested for their sensitivities to chemicals, temperature, drying and singlet oxygen (1O2). The infectivity of the treated PRDV and SEMBV was determined by challenge tests in kuruma shrimp and black tiger shrimp, respectively. Sodium hypochlorite inactivated PRDV at 1 ppm for 30 min and at 5 ppm for 10 min. SEMBV was inactivated by sodium hypochlorite at 10 ppm for 30 min. Povi done-iodine inactivated these viruses at a concentration of 10 ppm for 30 min. A high concentration of NaCl (12.5%) inactivated PRDV in 24 h at 25•Ž, and 15% NaCl inactivated SEMBV in 24 h at 28•Ž. PRDV was inactivated by heating at 50•Ž for 20 min, by drying at 30•Ž, and by using ethyl ether.
    [Show full text]
  • A Systematic Review of Human Pathogens Carried by the Housefly
    Khamesipour et al. BMC Public Health (2018) 18:1049 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5934-3 REVIEWARTICLE Open Access A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.) Faham Khamesipour1,2* , Kamran Bagheri Lankarani1, Behnam Honarvar1 and Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti3,4 Abstract Background: The synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is a mechanical vector of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites), some of which cause serious diseases in humans and domestic animals. In the present study, a systematic review was done on the types and prevalence of human pathogens carried by the house fly. Methods: Major health-related electronic databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched (Last update 31/11/2017) for relevant literature on pathogens that have been isolated from the house fly. Results: Of the 1718 titles produced by bibliographic search, 99 were included in the review. Among the titles included, 69, 15, 3, 4, 1 and 7 described bacterial, fungi, bacteria+fungi, parasites, parasite+bacteria, and viral pathogens, respectively. Most of the house flies were captured in/around human habitation and animal farms. Pathogens were frequently isolated from body surfaces of the flies. Over 130 pathogens, predominantly bacteria (including some serious and life-threatening species) were identified from the house flies. Numerous publications also reported antimicrobial resistant bacteria and fungi isolated from house flies. Conclusions: This review showed that house flies carry a large number of pathogens which can cause serious infections in humans and animals. More studies are needed to identify new pathogens carried by the house fly.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris Spelaea)
    viruses Article Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) Ian H Mendenhall 1,* , Dolyce Low Hong Wen 1,2, Jayanthi Jayakumar 1, Vithiagaran Gunalan 3, Linfa Wang 1 , Sebastian Mauer-Stroh 3,4 , Yvonne C.F. Su 1 and Gavin J.D. Smith 1,5,6 1 Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; [email protected] (D.L.H.W.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (Y.C.F.S.) [email protected] (G.J.D.S.) 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore 3 Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore; [email protected] (V.G.); [email protected] (S.M.-S.) 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore 5 SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 168753, Singapore 6 Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 7 March 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: Bats are unique mammals, exhibit distinctive life history traits and have unique immunological approaches to suppression of viral diseases upon infection. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has been used in characterizing the virome of different bat species. The cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea, has a broad geographical range across Southeast Asia, India and southern China, however, little is known about their involvement in virus transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Evolution of Novel Invertebrate DNA Viruses Revealed by Meta-Transcriptomics
    viruses Article Diversity and Evolution of Novel Invertebrate DNA Viruses Revealed by Meta-Transcriptomics Ashleigh F. Porter 1, Mang Shi 1, John-Sebastian Eden 1,2 , Yong-Zhen Zhang 3,4 and Edward C. Holmes 1,3,* 1 Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; [email protected] (A.F.P.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (J.-S.E.) 2 Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia 3 Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 201500, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Zoonosis, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-2-9351-5591 Received: 17 October 2019; Accepted: 23 November 2019; Published: 25 November 2019 Abstract: DNA viruses comprise a wide array of genome structures and infect diverse host species. To date, most studies of DNA viruses have focused on those with the strongest disease associations. Accordingly, there has been a marked lack of sampling of DNA viruses from invertebrates. Bulk RNA sequencing has resulted in the discovery of a myriad of novel RNA viruses, and herein we used this methodology to identify actively transcribing DNA viruses in meta-transcriptomic libraries of diverse invertebrate species. Our analysis revealed high levels of phylogenetic diversity in DNA viruses, including 13 species from the Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, and Genomoviridae families of single-stranded DNA virus families, and six double-stranded DNA virus species from the Nudiviridae, Polyomaviridae, and Herpesviridae, for which few invertebrate viruses have been identified to date.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Large DNA Viruses of Invertebrates ⇑ Trevor Williams A, Max Bergoin B, Monique M
    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 147 (2017) 4–22 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Diversity of large DNA viruses of invertebrates ⇑ Trevor Williams a, Max Bergoin b, Monique M. van Oers c, a Instituto de Ecología AC, Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico b Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, Faculté des Sciences, Université Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France c Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: In this review we provide an overview of the diversity of large DNA viruses known to be pathogenic for Received 22 June 2016 invertebrates. We present their taxonomical classification and describe the evolutionary relationships Revised 3 August 2016 among various groups of invertebrate-infecting viruses. We also indicate the relationships of the Accepted 4 August 2016 invertebrate viruses to viruses infecting mammals or other vertebrates. The shared characteristics of Available online 31 August 2016 the viruses within the various families are described, including the structure of the virus particle, genome properties, and gene expression strategies. Finally, we explain the transmission and mode of infection of Keywords: the most important viruses in these families and indicate, which orders of invertebrates are susceptible to Entomopoxvirus these pathogens. Iridovirus Ó Ascovirus 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Nudivirus Hytrosavirus Filamentous viruses of hymenopterans Mollusk-infecting herpesviruses 1. Introduction in the cytoplasm. This group comprises viruses in the families Poxviridae (subfamily Entomopoxvirinae) and Iridoviridae. The Invertebrate DNA viruses span several virus families, some of viruses in the family Ascoviridae are also discussed as part of which also include members that infect vertebrates, whereas other this group as their replication starts in the nucleus, which families are restricted to invertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • PRODUCTION of CYDIA POMONELLA GRANULOVIRUS (Cpgv) in a HETERALOGOUS HOST, THAUMATOTIBIA LEUCOTRETA (MEYRICK) (FALSE CODLING MOTH)
    PRODUCTION OF CYDIA POMONELLA GRANULOVIRUS (CpGV) IN A HETERALOGOUS HOST, THAUMATOTIBIA LEUCOTRETA (MEYRICK) (FALSE CODLING MOTH). A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of RHODES UNIVERSITY By CRAIG BRIAN CHAMBERS December 2014 ABSTRACT Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Family: Tortricidae), the codling moth, is considered one of the most significant pests of apples and pears worldwide, causing up to 80% crop loss in orchards if no control measures are applied. Cydia pomonella is oligophagous feeding on a number of alternate hosts including quince, walnuts, apricots, peaches, plums and nectarines. Historically the control of this pest has been achieved with the use of various chemical control strategies which have maintained pest levels below the economic threshold at a relatively low cost to the grower. However, there are serious concerns surrounding the use of chemical insecticides including the development of resistance in insect populations, the banning of various insecticides, regulations for lowering of the maximum residue level and employee and consumer safety. For this reason, alternate measures of control are slowly being adopted by growers such as mating disruption, cultural methods and the use of baculovirus biopesticides as part of integrated pest management programmes. The reluctance of growers to accept baculovirus or other biological control products in the past has been due to questionable product quality and inconsistencies in their field performance. Moreover, the development and application of biological control products is more costly than the use of chemical alternatives. Baculoviruses are arthropod specific viruses that are highly virulent to a number of lepidopteran species. Due to the virulence and host specificity of baculoviruses, Cydia pomonella granulovirus has been extensively and successfully used as part of integrated pest management systems for the control of C.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Salivary Gland Proteomes of Two Glossina Species That Exhibit Differential Hytrosavirus Pathologies
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 09 February 2016 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00089 Comparative Analysis of Salivary Gland Proteomes of Two Glossina Species that Exhibit Differential Hytrosavirus Pathologies Henry M. Kariithi 1, 2, 3*†, Ikbal˙ Agah Ince˙ 4 †, Sjef Boeren 5 †, Edwin K. Murungi 6, Irene K. Meki 2, 3, Everlyne A. Otieno 7, Steven R. G. Nyanjom 7, Monique M. van Oers 3, Just M. Vlak 3 and Adly M. M. Abd-Alla 2* 1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya, 2 Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 3 Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands, 4 Department of Medical Microbiology, Acıbadem University, Istanbul,˙ Turkey, 5 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Edited by: Netherlands, 6 South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa, Slobodan Paessler, 7 Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya University of Texas Medical Branch, USA Reviewed by: Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV; family Hytrosaviridae) Jianwei Wang, is a dsDNA virus exclusively pathogenic to tsetse flies (Diptera; Glossinidae). The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China 190 kb GpSGHV genome contains 160 open reading frames and encodes more than Cheng Huang, 60 confirmed proteins. The asymptomatic GpSGHV infection in flies can convert to University of Texas Medical Branch, symptomatic infection that is characterized by overt salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH).
    [Show full text]