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UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA BIOLOGIJO Sanja BEHRIČ RAZNOLIKOST PRAVIH SLUZAVK (Myxomycetes) V OKOLICI MENGŠA DIPLOMSKO DELO Univerzitetni študij Ljubljana, 2015 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI BIOTEHNIŠKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA BIOLOGIJO Sanja BEHRIČ RAZNOLIKOST PRAVIH SLUZAVK (Myxomycetes) V OKOLICI MENGŠA DIPLOMSKO DELO Univerzitetni študij TRUE SLIME MOLDS (Myxomycetes) DIVERSITY IN VICINITY OF MENGEŠ GRADUATION THESIS University studies Ljubljana, 2015 IV Behrič S. Raznolikost pravih sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengša. Dipl. delo (UN). Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, 2015 Diplomsko delo je zaključek Univerzitetnega študija biologije. Delo je bilo opravljeno na Oddelku za varstvo gozdov Gozdarskega inštituta Slovenije, v Laboratoriju za varstvo gozdov. Študijska komisija univerzitetnega dodiplomskega študija biologije je za mentorja diplomskega dela imenovala prof. dr. Dušana Jurca in za recenzenta prof. dr. Nejca Jogana. Komisija za oceno in zagovor: Predsednik: doc. dr. Polona ZALAR Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo Član: prof. dr. Dušan JURC Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire Član: prof. dr. Nejc JOGAN Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo Datum zagovora: Diplomsko delo je rezultat lastnega raziskovalnega dela. Podpisana se strinjam z objavo svojega dela v polnem tekstu na spletni strani Digitalne knjižnice Biotehniške fakultete. Izjavljam, da je naloga, ki sem jo oddala v elektronski obliki, identična tiskani verziji. Sanja Behrič V Behrič S. Raznolikost pravih sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengša. Dipl. delo (UN). Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, 2015 KLJUČNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA ŠD Dn DK UDK 582.241(0497.4)(043.2)=163.6 KG vrstna pestrost/sluzavke/Mycetozoa/Amoebozoa/Slovenija/Mengeš/Velika planina AV BEHRIČ, Sanja SA JURC, Dušan (mentor) KZ SI-1000 Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101 ZA Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo LI 2015 IN RAZNOLIKOST PRAVIH SLUZAVK (Myxomycetes) V OKOLICI MENGŠA TD Diplomsko delo (Univerzitetni študij) OP XXII, 153 str., 6 pregl., 303 sl., 176 vir. IJ sl JI sl/en AI Namen diplomskega dela je bil raziskati prisotnost in vrstno sestavo skupine pravih sluzavk (Myxomycetes), sprva v gozdnih habitatih okolice Mengša v osrednjem delu Slovenije, kasneje pa tudi na planoti Velike planine v Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpah. Nabrane vzorce smo determinirali z uporabo določevalnih ključev. Za natančno identifikacijo vrst smo pregledali in analizirali mikroskopske značilnosti vzorcev. Vzorce smo fotodokumentirali in trajno shranili v mikološki zbirki Gozdarskega inštituta Slovenije (GIS). Podatke smo vnesli v podatkovno zbirko gliv Slovenije, Boletus infomaticus. Terensko delo je potekalo med leti 2009 in 2011, nabrali smo 244 vzorcev in določili 77 taksonov (61 vrst, 14 podvrst, 2 vzorca do rodu), ki pripadajo 21 rodovom in 8 družinam. Osem taksonov je iz skupine nivikolnih miksomicet. Približno 46 vrst je novih za Slovenijo. Največ taksonov pripada redovoma Trichiales in Physarales, družini Physaraceae in rodovoma Physarum ter Cribraria. Najbolj pogosta vrsta na območju Mengša in okolice je bila razbarvana grahovka, Lycogala epidendrum (L.) Fr. Večina odkritih vrst je kozmopolitsko razširjenih. Glede na indeks abundance je večji delež nabranih vzorcev občasnih ali redko zastopanih. Taksonomska raznolikost je bila večja na območju Velike planine. Največje število nabranih vzorcev smo zabeležili poleti in jeseni, več v toplih in vlažnih obdobjih. Vzorce smo našli na substratih trohnečega lesa, lubja, stelje, živih rastlin, mahov in gliv. Največje število primerkov je bilo nabranih na lesnatih substratih. Nivikolne vrste smo odkrili v bližini snežnih zaplat, na posušenih ostankih rastlin ali na živih rastlinah. VI Behrič S. Raznolikost pravih sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengša. Dipl. delo (UN). Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, 2015 KEY WORDS DOCUMENTATION ND Dn DC UDC 582.241(0497.4)(043.2)=163.6 CX biodiversity/slime moulds/Mycetozoa/Amoebozoa/Slovenia/Mengeš/Velika planina AU BEHRIČ, Sanja AA JURC, Dušan (supervisor) PP SI-1000 Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101 PB University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology PY 2015 TY TRUE SLIME MOLDS (Myxomycetes) DIVERSITY IN VICINITY OF MENGEŠ DT Graduation Thesis (University studies) NO XXII, 153 p., 6 tab., 303 fig., 176 ref. LA sl Al sl/en AB The aim of this graduation thesis was to investigate the presence and species composition of plasmodial slime moulds (Myxomycetes) initially in the forest habitats in vicinity of Mengeš in the central part of Slovenia and later on also on the plateau Velika planina in the region Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe. Collected specimens were identified with determination keys. For the exact determination of species we examined and analysed microscopic features. All samples were photodocumented and permanently stored in the mycological collection of Slovenian Forestry Institute (GIS). Data were entered into a database of Slovenian fungi, Boletus infomaticus. Fieldwork took place between 2009 and 2011. We collected 244 samples and determined 77 taxa (61 species, 14 subspecies, 2 samples to genus level), belonging to 21 genera and 8 families. Eight taxa were from the group of nivicolous myxomycetes. Approximately 46 species are new for Slovenia. Most taxa belonged to orders Trichiales and Physarales, family Physaraceae and genus Physarum and Cribraria. Most of the identified species is cosmopolitan. The most common species in the area of Mengeš and surrounding is Lycogala epidendrum (L.) Fr. According to abundance index most of the collected specimens were occasional or rarely represented. Taxonomic diversity was higher in the region of Velika planina. Maximum number of collected samples was in summer and autumn, more in warm and humid periods. Samples were found on substrates of rotting wood, bark, litter, living plants, mosses and fungi. Most samples were observed on woody substrates. Nivicolous specimens were discovered near patches of melting snow, on dried residues of plants or on living plants. VII Behrič S. Raznolikost pravih sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengša. Dipl. delo (UN). Ljubljana, Univ. v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, 2015 KAZALO VSEBINE KLJUČNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA INFORMACIJA .................................................. V KEY WORDS DOCUMENTATION .............................................................................. VI KAZALO VSEBINE ....................................................................................................... VII KAZALO SLIK ................................................................................................................. IX KAZALO PREGLEDNIC ............................................................................................. XIX SLOVARČEK .................................................................................................................. XX 1 UVOD................................................................................................................. 1 2 PREGLED OBJAV .......................................................................................... 2 2.1 PREDSTAVITEV OBMOČJA NABIRANJA ................................................... 2 2.1.1 Geografska oznaka ........................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Geološka oznaka ............................................................................................... 3 2.1.3 Sestava tal .......................................................................................................... 6 2.1.4 Hidrološke značilnosti ...................................................................................... 7 2.1.5 Klimatske razmere............................................................................................ 8 2.1.6 Fitogeografska in vegetacijska oznaka ........................................................... 9 2.2 PREUČEVANJE PRAVIH SLUZAVK ........................................................... 13 2.2.1 Zgodovina preučevanja pravih sluzavk v Evropi in širše ........................... 13 2.2.2 Zgodovina preučevanja pravih sluzavk v Sloveniji ..................................... 15 2.3 BIOLOGIJA PRAVIH SLUZAVK .................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Življenjski krog ............................................................................................... 19 2.3.1.1 Eksosporne vrste ............................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Načini razmnoževanja .................................................................................... 25 2.3.2.1 Razširjanje ........................................................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Morfologija ...................................................................................................... 26 2.3.4 Identifikacija ................................................................................................... 32 2.3.5 Sistematika ...................................................................................................... 32 2.3.6 Filogenetske raziskave .................................................................................... 36 2.3.6.1 Filogenetska postavitev
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    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Protein secretion and encystation in Acanthamoeba Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2018 Abstract Free-living amoebae (FLA) are protists of ubiquitous distribution characterised by their changing morphology and their crawling movements. They have no common phylogenetic origin but can be found in most protist evolutionary branches. Acanthamoeba is a common FLA that can be found worldwide and is capable of infecting humans. The main disease is a life altering infection of the cornea named Acanthamoeba keratitis. Additionally, Acanthamoeba has a close relationship to bacteria. Acanthamoeba feeds on bacteria. At the same time, some bacteria have adapted to survive inside Acanthamoeba and use it as transport or protection to increase survival. When conditions are adverse, Acanthamoeba is capable of differentiating into a protective cyst.
  • Collecting and Recording Fungi

    Collecting and Recording Fungi

    British Mycological Society Recording Network Guidance Notes COLLECTING AND RECORDING FUNGI A revision of the Guide to Recording Fungi previously issued (1994) in the BMS Guides for the Amateur Mycologist series. Edited by Richard Iliffe June 2004 (updated August 2006) © British Mycological Society 2006 Table of contents Foreword 2 Introduction 3 Recording 4 Collecting fungi 4 Access to foray sites and the country code 5 Spore prints 6 Field books 7 Index cards 7 Computers 8 Foray Record Sheets 9 Literature for the identification of fungi 9 Help with identification 9 Drying specimens for a herbarium 10 Taxonomy and nomenclature 12 Recent changes in plant taxonomy 12 Recent changes in fungal taxonomy 13 Orders of fungi 14 Nomenclature 15 Synonymy 16 Morph 16 The spore stages of rust fungi 17 A brief history of fungus recording 19 The BMS Fungal Records Database (BMSFRD) 20 Field definitions 20 Entering records in BMSFRD format 22 Locality 22 Associated organism, substrate and ecosystem 22 Ecosystem descriptors 23 Recommended terms for the substrate field 23 Fungi on dung 24 Examples of database field entries 24 Doubtful identifications 25 MycoRec 25 Recording using other programs 25 Manuscript or typescript records 26 Sending records electronically 26 Saving and back-up 27 Viruses 28 Making data available - Intellectual property rights 28 APPENDICES 1 Other relevant publications 30 2 BMS foray record sheet 31 3 NCC ecosystem codes 32 4 Table of orders of fungi 34 5 Herbaria in UK and Europe 35 6 Help with identification 36 7 Useful contacts 39 8 List of Fungus Recording Groups 40 9 BMS Keys – list of contents 42 10 The BMS website 43 11 Copyright licence form 45 12 Guidelines for field mycologists: the practical interpretation of Section 21 of the Drugs Act 2005 46 1 Foreword In June 2000 the British Mycological Society Recording Network (BMSRN), as it is now known, held its Annual Group Leaders’ Meeting at Littledean, Gloucestershire.
  • Evolution of Developmental Signalling in Dictyostelid Social Amoebas

    Evolution of Developmental Signalling in Dictyostelid Social Amoebas

    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Evolution of developmental signalling in Dictyostelid social amoebas Pauline Schaap Dictyostelia represent a tractable system to resolve the The developmental programme has been most thoroughly evolution of cell-type specialization, with some taxa studied in Dictyostelium discoideum, a robust laboratory differentiating into spores only, and other taxa with additionally model that uses cAMP as a chemoattractant for aggrega- one or up to four somatic cell types. One of the latter forms, tion. The development of genetic transformation, gene Dictyostelium discoideum, is a popular model system for cell knock-out, targeted mutagenesis and high resolution im- biology and developmental biology with key signalling aging techniques in the ’80 and ’90s, make it the organism pathways controlling cell-specialization being resolved of choice for research into fundamental problems in cell recently. For the most dominant pathways, evolutionary origins biology and developmental biology [3]. More recently, it were retraced to a stress response in the unicellular ancestor, has also gained popularity for studies into social conflict while modifications in the ancestral pathway were associated [4], prey–predator interactions [5] and evolution of multi- with acquisition of multicellular complexity. This review cellular complexity [6]. In this review, I will first describe summarizes our current understanding of developmental the developmental signalling mechanisms that control the signalling in D. discoideum and its evolution. life cycle of D. discoideum and next summarize studies aimed to elucidate in which order specific aspects of Address complexity evolved, and how this was associated with School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD15EH Dundee, UK innovations in intercellular communication.