Flu Review p.36 The Arctic, Unfrozen p.12 Punk Prayers and Russian Dissidence p.19 What an outhouse’s history can Privy, then & Now teach us about ourselves. p.52 Curios at the Commons p.14 Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 Music in Terezín p.28 Admission: Impossible? p.80 Forefront: Jazz Talking p.18 johns HOPKINS magazine 2013 MCDONOGH SUMMER PROGRAMS

DON’T LET YOUR CHILD MISS OUT ON A SUMMER OF FUN! Camp Red Feather, Camp Red Eagle, Senior Camp, and Outdoor Adventure Camp all offer the traditional day-camp experience on our beautiful 800-acre campus. They include: L free transportation L free lunch L before- and after-care L multiple-sibling discount To find out about the 70 camps, sports clinics and academic programs that McDonogh offers in the summer, call 410-998-3519, visit www.mcdonogh.org or e-mail [email protected]. L Call now for early bird specials! Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 1 Recommended reading from Johns Hopkins

Tapping into The Wire Polar Bears Einstein’s Jewish Science The Real Urban Crisis A Complete Guide to Their Physics at the Intersection Peter L. Beilenson, M.D., M.P.H., Biology and Behavior of Politics and Religion and Patrick A. McGuire Text by Andrew E. Derocher Steven Gimbel featuring a conversation with David Simon Photographs by Wayne Lynch “Gimbel is an engaging writer … he takes “Living in Baltimore for most of the ve years that “This magnicent species has got the book it readers on enlightening excursions through I lmed The Wire, I was astounded to see how deserves.”—BBC Wildlife Magazine the nature of Judaism, Hegelian philosophy, closely life mirrors art for too many residents of 978-1-4214-0305-2 $29.96 (reg. $39.95) cloth wherever his curiosity leads.” this—and most other—major cities in America. —New York Times Book Review I hope the readers of this intriguing book really 978-1-4214-0554-4 $18.71 (reg. $24.95) cloth ‘feel’ the problems that are highlighted and Plants of the Chesapeake Bay emerge committed to change.” A Guide to Wildowers, Grasses, Aquatic —Michael Kenneth Williams, actor, The Wire Vegetation, Trees, Shrubs, and Other Flora The Selected Letters of 978-1-4214-0750-0 $18.71 (reg. $24.95) cloth Lytton John Musselman Anthony Hecht and David A. Knepper Anthony Hecht edited with an introduction by The Tea Party “Deserves shelf space in the library of every Jonathan F. S. Post A Brief History Chesapeake boater who would like to under- stand how our Bay’s ecosystem works.” “An entirely captivating selection of letters by Ronald P. Formisano —Chesapeake Bay Magazine one of the great poets of our time. Jonathan “A lucid and intelligently constructed primer on 978-1-4214-0498-1 $18.71 (reg. $24.95) paper Post‘s ‹awless choices and his elegant introduc- the coalition of Americans longing and lobby- tions to distinct chapters of Anthony Hecht‘s life ing for (far too) simple answers to complicated help to reveal this poet, literary critic, and man questions.”—Ellen Goodman The Better End in all of his modes and moods.” 978-1-4214-0596-4 $14.96 (reg. $19.95) cloth Surviving (and Dying) on Your Own Terms —Mary Jo Salter, Johns Hopkins University in Today’s Modern Medical World 978-1-4214-0730-2 $26.25 (reg. $35.00) cloth To Antietam Creek Dan Morhaim, M.D. The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 “After reading Morhaim’s book, you’ll D. Scott Hartwig want to be sure you have a living will or advance directive[s] in place—for Special o er! 25% discount to Johns Hopkins Magazine “By far the best work done on the Maryland your own good, for your family’s good readers with this coupon. (Discounted prices in bold.) Campaign, To Antietam Creek will set the stan- and for your country’s as well.” Please send me: dard for many, many years to come.” —Hu ngton Post —Thomas G. Clemens, Save Historic Antietam 978-1-4214-0418-9 $14.21 (reg. $18.95) paper Foundation 978-1-4214-0631-2 $37.46 (reg. $49.95) cloth U Check/money order enclosed. (Add $5.00 shipping The International for rst book, $2.00 for each additional book. Residents AIA Guide to the Architecture Traveler’s Guide to of CA, CT, DC, FL, GA, HI, MD, MO, NJ, NY, PA, TX, and Canada please add applicable sales tax or GST.) of Washington, D.C. Avoiding Infections Charles E. Davis, M.D. Bill my U MasterCard U Visa U Discover U Am. Express FIFTH EDITION G. Martin Moeller, Jr. “Provides advice about what to do Acct. # Exp. date before, during, and after a trip to Signature “Fitting easily in pocket or hand, it can guide prevent infection …Verdict: Essential people along 18 walkable tours and to a scat- for international travelers.” Name tered miscellany of sites.”—Choice —Library Journal Address 978-1-4214-0270-3 $18.71 (reg. $24.95) paper 978-1-4214-0380-9 $20.21 (reg. $26.95) paper City/State/Zip THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS c/o Hopkins Fulllment Service THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS P.O. Box 50370, Baltimore, MD 21211-4370  t QSFTTKIVFEV or call toll-free 1-800-537-5487. HA1J

2 | johns hopkins magazine I’M A PRE-COLLEGE STUDENT

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Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 3 For more information, please visit www.jhu.edu/summer/ or call 410-516-4548. CONTENTS

12 Warmer, Fresher, Worrisome 14 Tiny Treasures

FRONT DEPARTMENTS

07 Contributors 12 Idea Warmer, Fresher, Worrisome 09 Note 14 Artifact Tiny Treasures 10 Dialogue 16 Forefront Outsiders Create 26 Evidence How Are the Kids? 58 Text Post-Occupied ALUMNI 60 Who Is . . . Fannie Gaston-Johansson 62 Campus A Decade of Ideas 66 Golomb’s Gambits Categories 68 Giving Bodies and Bucks 70 Colleagues Taking Down TB 72 Friends for Life Slow Beginning, Happy Ending 73 Notebook Alumni on the Move 74 Alumni Association More Than Meets the Eye 75 Class Notes 79 In Memoriam 80 Afterwords Fully Immersed

4 | johns hopkins magazine 28 May It Go to the Heart S till i m age fro m the F il Defiant Requiem courtesy of P artisan P ictures

FEATURES

28 May It Go to the Heart 44 Mister Nice Guy Bret Mccabe dale Keiger The story of Jewish prisoners performing Verdi’s As a scathing political cartoonist, Tim Kreider Requiem at Terezín taught conductor Murry Sidlin seemed to loathe almost everybody. His essays tell a just how powerful music can be. different story.

36 Flu Scare 52 Privy to History Mat Edelson Bret McCabe Publishing scientific research might prevent the A privy, a bedpan, and 100-year-old graffiti: next pandemic, but what if critical information The Homewood Museum offers an object lesson falls into the wrong hands? in history.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 5 KKEEEEEEPEPINEPINGINGNGG ITT ININ THTHETHEE FAMILFAMAMMIMILILLYLY

“I have a deep connnection Throuugh her will, Paula Booggs will helph Johns Hopkins ass with thhe universityy,y, so well aas her familyy.. Whatt will your legacy be? puttingg Johns Hoppkins ToTo plplanan a bequest to benefitfit any in my will was nattural schoool or division of Johnss Hopkins and to become a member of the for mee. It’s tantammount Legaccy Societyy,, contact thee to sayiing, ‘Hopkinns, Office of Gift Planning toddayy..

you’ree a member oof Johns Hopkins Offfice of Gift Planning San Martin Centerr, 2nd Floor my fammily.’” 3400 North Charlees Street Paula E. Bogggs, Esq., A&S ’81 Baltimore, MD 21218 410-516-7954 or 1-800-548-1268 Johns Hopkinns Legacy Society Co-Chairr [email protected] 6 | giving.jhu.edu/giftjohnstplanning hopkins magazine Volume 64 No. 4 WINTER 2012 johns HOPKINS magazine Contributors

Editor Daniel Zender (“Warmer, Mat Edelson (“Flu Scare,” p. Catherine Pierre Fresher, Worrisome,” illustra- 36) is a Baltimore-based health, Associate Editor tion, p. 12) is a freelance science, and sports journalist Dale Keiger, A&S ’11 (MLA) illustrator and designer based in and former director of the Senior Writer Brooklyn, New York. His work Johns Hopkins Health News- Bret McCabe, A&S ’94 has appeared in the Los Angeles feed. He is a regular contributor Assistant Editor Times, the Boston Globe, to Hopkins Medicine Magazine, Kristen Intlekofer the New York Times, and Johns Hopkins Public Health, Art Director Kansas City’s the Pitch, and Johns Hopkins Nursing. Pamela Li among other publications. Alumni News & Notes Paul Sahre (“Flu Scare,” Lisa Belman Rachel Wallach (“Missing from illustration, p. 36) is a graphic Kristen Intlekofer Middle School,” p. 23; “More designer, illustrator, educator, Nora George, A&S ’11 (MA) Than Meets the Eye,” p. 74) is a and author. A frequent visual Business Manager Baltimore-area freelance writer. contributor to the New York Ann Kirchner Her work has appeared in Times, his clients also include several divisional Johns Hopkins Time, the Sundance Channel, Johns Hopkins Magazine (publication number 276-260; ISSN 0021-7255) is publications, including Johns This American Life, Knopf, published four times a year (Fall, Winter, Hopkins Engineering, Johns Beacon Press, and Simon & Spring, and Summer) by The Johns Hopkins University, 901 S. Bond Street, Hopkins Public Health, and Arts Schuster, among others. He Suite 540, Baltimore, MD 21231. & Sciences magazine. lives and works in New York. Periodicals postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland, and additional entry offices. Diverse views are presented and do not Max Hirshfeld (“May It Go to Brennen Jensen (“Bodies necessarily reflect the opinions of the the Heart,” photograph, p. 28), and Bucks,” p. 68) is a editors or official policies of the university. is a Washington, D.C.–based Baltimore-based freelance Correspond with Johns Hopkins Magazine photographer and the son of writer and a former senior Johns Hopkins Magazine Johns Hopkins University Auschwitz survivors. He has reporter for the Chronicle of 901 S. Bond Street, Suite 540 shot for a number of advertis- Philanthropy in Washington, Baltimore, MD 21231 [email protected] ing, design, and editorial D.C. His work continues to Telephone: 443-287-9960 clients, such as Canon, Johnson appear in the Chronicle, in magazine.jhu.edu & Johnson, AARP, the Washing- addition to Washingtonian, Subscribe to Johns Hopkins Magazine ton Post, Time, Vanity Fair, GQ, Baltimore magazine, and other $20 yearly, $25 foreign and Sports Illustrated. regional publications. Advertise with Johns Hopkins Magazine Clipper City Media Kristen Cooper, Director of Sales and Marketing; 410-902-2309; [email protected]

On the cover Flu Review p.36 The Arctic, Unfrozen p.12 Punk Prayers and Russian Dissidence p.19 What an outhouse’s history can Privy, then & now teach us about ourselves. p.52 Curios at the Commons p.14 POSTMASTER Artist Mark Smith created the Volume 64 No. 4 WiNter 2012 Music in Terezín p.28 Admission impossible? p.80 Forefront: Jazz Talking p.18 Please send address changes to illustration of Homewood johns ho PKIns magazIne Johns Hopkins Magazine Museum’s historic privy for 901 S. Bond Street, Suite 540 our cover. Smith is a full-time Baltimore, MD 21231 illustrator and associate lecturer Copyright ©2012, The Johns Hopkins University at Plymouth University in Devon, England. His clients include the New York Times, the New Yorker, the Financial Times, the Guardian UK, the Globe and Mail, Nature Journal, and ESPN The Magazine, among others.

| 7 8 | johns hopkins magazine NOTE | P HOTOGRA P H b y Dale K eiger

Vol. / Obviously, Johns Hopkins is an academic powerhouse. Anyone who pays attention to college sports knows the university is a lacrosse powerhouse as well. But lacrosse players aren’t the only Blue Jays bringing home trophies. 64 As the magazine went to press in November, the Office of Commu- nications was buzzing from the women’s cross-country team’s national championship win, led by freshman Hannah Oneda. Folks were excited about the football team, too, which was headed into the second round of the NCAA playoffs. (See “Jays Win, Win, Win,” page 63, for more fall sports highlights and “Bodies and Bucks,” page 68, to learn about the Forever a Blue Jay Challenge.) In fact, over the last 15 years, athletes from 23 of the university’s 24 varsity teams have qualified for NCAA championship play. That’s a lot of winning. I’m always impressed by the hard work and focus it takes to earn a Johns Hopkins degree. But I’m kind of floored that those same students manage to be similarly dedicated to their athletic pursuits. It speaks well of their time management skills. More importantly, it shows their drive to excel—a sure sign of a Hopkins mind. Dale Keiger, who has been photographing that drive at team prac­ Editor Catherine Pierre tices for a yearlong project, says he didn’t even know who Hannah Oneda was when he took the photo above. Look for his photo essay in the Fall 2013 issue, and in the meantime, visit the Hub (hub.jhu.edu) for regular Blue Jays news.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 9 DIALOGUE |

formulating an effort to look at the whole Kandel there is no mind-body discon­ The idea of a “90-year person, a departure at the time that is tinuity, as the mind is firmly seated in divide” seems to be a dated of enduring significance. Freud was en- the brain. gaged in paradigm-shifting work on the The idea of a “90-year divide” seems concept from a time when unconscious mind. Both were making to me to be a dated concept from a there was no science to valuable but very different contributions. time when there was no science that bridge complementary The authors’ “divide” also extends provided a bridge for complementary to organized psychiatry. They report efforts to understand and serve the efforts to understand the that [Johns Hopkins psychiatrists] whole human being. whole human being. [Paul] McHugh and [Phillip] Slavney The authors’ approach is entertain- question the Diagnostic and Statistical ing but, I fear, does a disservice to the Manual of Mental Disorders and are in convergence of clinical and scientific What divide? favor of a more Meyerian approach that observations around the social person takes into consideration the enduring who has both a brain and a mind. I read “The 90-Year Divide” [Fall] with aspects of the patient’s life and their Jon K. Meyer, Med ’64, HS ’64–’67, ’69 interest and concern. influences on the causation of illness. Professor Emeritus, Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis, Interest because I am a Johns Hop- Medical College of Wisconsin Psychoanalysts, too, have had objec- Past President, American Psychoanalytic kins MD and was a Phipps psychiatric tions to the DSM. In fact, a consortium Association resident, so that Hopkins and Adolf of psychoanalytic organizations pub­ Lutherville, Maryland Meyer are at the core of my profes- lished the Psychodynamic Diagnostic sional identity. Concern because the Manual in 2006, which states that Holding hospitals authors, on the one hand, trivialize the it “is a diagnostic framework that accountable differences that once existed between attempts to characterize the whole [Marty Makary’s book, Unaccountable: Freud’s psychoanalytic and Meyer’s person—the depth as well as the sur- What Hospitals Won’t Tell You and How psychobiological approaches­ and, face of emotional, cognitive, and Transparency Can Revolutionize Health on the other, overlook the current social functioning.” Care] is admirable, to say the least knowledge-driven reconciliation of the When the psychoanalytic consor- [“Hospital, Heal Thyself,” Fall]. Speak- mind-body-social, conscious-uncon- tium’s PDM seeks a fuller understand- ing as a caregiver whose children expe- scious divides. ing of mind and brain in a social con- rienced medical errors in 2010 (one There were some sharp differences text, the divide begins to disappear. event was sentinel), I think we need between psychoanalysis and psycho­ The divide vanishes in Eric Kandel’s more medical professionals willing to biology in the early days, but the per- 2012 book, The Age of Insight. Kandel, a take on transparency and openness. sonal and personnel problems between Nobel laureate for neuronal research, It’s not only good for patients and their Adolf Meyer and Clara Thompson, so demonstrates how neuroscience is illu- outcomes but healthy for doctors and emphasized by the authors, have noth- minating the brain pathways that are nurses as well. I’d like to share a short ing to do with the real differences be­ the biological substrate of the uncon- documentary, titled The House of Gort, tween Freudian psychoanalysis and scious mental processes Freud first about one of the medical errors my Meyerian psychobiology. Meyer was glimpsed in the clinical setting. For family experienced. (The film can be

Johns Hopkins Magazine’s male:female reader ratio is 55:45. How does it stack up against the other titles on your nightstand?

The New yorker SMithsonian American Cheerleader Easyriders 49:51 48:52 1:99 96:4

10 | johns hopkins magazine Connect with us Johns Hopkins Magazine 901 S. Bond St., Suite 540 Baltimore, MD 21231 HUB.JHU.EDU/MAGAZINE

viewed online at https://vimeo.com/ 46597387.) It’s tangible for medical Sources of online readers for “Structuralism’s Samson” (Fall 2012) professionals and done in a way that Avg Time on can be measured, which is something Number of Pageviews Page (min:sec) scientists love. 14,310 3:56 Arts & Letters Daily Tim Gort www.timgort.com 1,901 4:02 Direct link Marquette, Michigan Comment from hub.jhu.edu/magazine 509 5:12 Google

We need more medical 414 5:12 Twitter professionals willing to 277 5:23 Opinionator (nytimes.com) take on transparency and openness. 227 4:51 Facebook 196 7:59 The Millions 74 Getting technical 136 3:48 Book Forum I wish to compliment Bret McCabe on his well-written article “Making Notes” 74 2:18 JHU.edu [Fall]. It is good insight into the collabo- ration of a performing artist and an 18 10:25 Google Canada (google.ca) instrument maker to produce an instru- ment that meets the performer’s require- ments. It reminds me of the period of have a more gradual taper than an Advanced mixology time when I owned a French horn pro instrument with a larger valve bore. Apropos of “Sunshine with a Twist” shop and was working on a similar In that both the small-bore and the [Fall], might I suggest freezing the project with the late Glenn Janson of larger-bore B-flat trumpets are 4 1/2 lime-purified water and adding the the Philadelphia Orchestra. Unfortu- feet from the mouthpiece to the rim of resultant cubes to a tincture of qui- nately, due to his untimely demise, the the bell, the taper of the conical lead nine? London Dry seems the perfect horn never came to full fruition. pipe of the smaller-bore trumpet will solvent. Ah, the perfect summertime I wish to offer one technical clari­ reach its maximum diameter at the disinfectant! fication. The bore of a valved brass cylindrically bored main tuning slide instrument is the inner diametric with a lesser increase in inner diameter William A. Irgens, A&S ’68 Baltimore, Maryland dimension of the inner cylindrical per distance down the lead pipe than tubing coming off of the first valve. will the lead pipe of the trumpet with a Corrections Typically, the size of the valve tubing larger valve bore. The same goes for the In “Lost, Found, Restored” [Fall], we credited the is the same for the tubing of all three taper of the conical tubing from the discovery of a lost Eugene Leake painting to Michael valves. In addition to the aforemen- valve cluster to the bell. In brass instru- Sullivan of the Office of Facilities Management. As it turns out, there are four Mike Sullivans at Johns tioned cylindrical tubing, all brass ment design, the taper of the conical Hopkins and we picked the wrong one. The Leake instruments are built with a large tubing is critical in determining the painting was identified and salvaged by Michael L. amount of conical tubing referred to intonation of the instrument relative to Sullivan, director of finance and administration for as the taper of the instrument. Verbally Homewood Student Affairs. itself—in other words, the bad notes In “Class Notes” [Alumni, Summer], we mis- describing the taper of an instrument is that were found on the penultimate identified the class affiliation for P. Rea Katz. Her a rather abstract task, in that the taper prototype described in the article. correct affiliation is A&S ’77. does not fit into the constant slope of “In Memoriam” [Alumni, Fall] incorrectly listed Randolph Harrison David A. Bennett, SAIS Bol ’73 (Dipl). The correct a linear equation. A small-bore instru- Instructor of Applied French Horn and Low Brass, obituary should have been Ephraim David Bennett, ment as described in this article will Maryland Conservatory of Music SPH ’66 (PGF), February 21, London.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 11 IDEA |

Context Some of the substantial changes in the Arctic are apparent and well publi- cized. “The minimum sea ice extent is now at about half what it was, say, in the 1980s and 1990s. That can be measured from satellite quite well,” says Haine. “But you need to worry about not only extent but thickness. It’s much harder to measure, but the measure we have shows that the ice is, roughly speaking, illustration by about half as thick as it was. So it’s half the extent, half the thickness. By the end of summer­ this year, it was three-

quarters gone.” Also apparent have Daniel zen d er been rising temperatures—Arctic tem- peratures have increased at almost twice the global average rate in the last 100 years. But oceanographers like Haine have a list of less apparent changes that may be part of an omi- nous overall picture.

Data In the Atlantic Ocean, warmer, saltier water moves in a northeasterly upper ocean current from subtropical waters toward Europe, helping to moderate the climate in places like Great Britain. At the end of every summer, climate scien­ This surface flow is counterbalanced Warmer, tists monitor a key indicator called the by a southerly flow of colder, deeper Arctic sea ice extent. As the name suggests, water out of the Arctic, forming an this is the measure of how much of the ocean conveyor system known as the Fresher, Arctic Ocean remains frozen at the end of meridional overturning circulation, or the warmest months. This year, the end- MOC. Scientists project the MOC will Worrisome of-summer Arctic ice cap was the smallest slow down in the 21st century. Haine on record—in the far north, there was less participates in Arctic/Subarctic Ocean Interview by Dale Keiger floating sea ice and more open seawater Fluxes, known as ASOF, an interna- than ever observed. Thomas Haine, an tional oceanographic research program oceanographer and professor of Earth established in 2000 to study fluctua- and planetary sciences in the Krieger tions in the mass, heat, ice, and com School of Arts and Sciences, has been po­sition of the Arctic and northern working to monitor and understand how Atlantic oceans. ASOF is keeping its water flows out of the Arctic, especially collective eye on several changes in the freshwater. He warns that major changes Arctic that might relate to changes in in the Arctic ice cap could be part of a the MOC, including a striking accumu- chain of effects that could alter ocean lation of freshwater. composition, Atlantic currents, and the rate of global climate change.

12 | johns hopkins magazine Statement of ownership, management and circulation (required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)

1. Title of publication: Johns Hopkins Magazine Upshot 2. Publication no.: 276-260 Haine ponders the interconnections 3. Date of filing: September 27, 2012 that are part of a complex system that 4. Issue frequency: 4 times per year scientists by no means fully under- 5. Number of issues published annually: 4 6. Annual subscription price: $20.00 domestic, $25.00 foreign stand. He points out that when Arctic 7. Mailing address of publication: Johns Hopkins Magazine, 901 S. Bond St., Suite 540, Baltimore, ice melts, this lowers the albedo, or the MD 21231 reflection of solar radiation by white 8. Mailing address of headquarters or general business office of the publisher: Johns Hopkins ice. Lower albedo means more heat University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218 from the sun is absorbed rather than 9. Names and addresses of publisher, editor, and managing editor—Publisher: Johns Hopkins reflected, which raises temperatures, University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218 increases the pace of global warming, Editor and managing editor: Catherine Pierre, Johns Hopkins Magazine, 901 S. Bond St., Suite 540, Baltimore, MD 21231 and speeds the ice melt—which further 10. Owner (if owned by a corporation, its name and address be stated to be followed immediately increases warming. Higher tempera- thereafter by the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of tures mean the air holds more water total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual vapor, and that means more precipita- owners must be given. If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual owner): Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles tion. More precipitation means more Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 freshwater entering the northern 11. Known bondholders, mortgages, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or ocean. Freshwater is lighter than salty more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities: none water, so researchers anticipate a lesser 12. The purpose, function, and nonproft status for federal income tax purposes have not changed during the preceding 12 months. volume of salty, denser water sinking to 13. Publication name: Johns Hopkins Magazine form that deepwater flow essential to 14. Issue date for circulation data below: Fall 2012 the MOC. Now add all the freshwater 15. Extent and nature of circulation: flowing from the melting Greenland ice Average no. copies Actual no. single cap. Says Haine, “We anticipate there each issue during issue nearest to will be changes in this deep-ocean preceding 12 months filing date circulation. These things are all con­ a. Total No. Copies Printed 128,272 128,546 nected and coupled in ways which are b. Paid and/or Requested Circulation not entirely clear.” (1) Paid/Requested Outside-County Mail 112,217 112,435 Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 Conclusion (2) Paid In-County Subscriptions Stated on 0 0 Changes in ocean circulation are bound PS Form 3541 to cause further changes in global cli­ (3) Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, 6,366 7,345 Street Vendors, Counter Sales, and or mate. Scientists are certain that Arctic Other Non-USPS Paid Distribution water is becoming fresher. This can (4) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS 6,941 6,800 only mean that freshwater is building c. Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation 125,524 126,580 up in the Arctic Ocean, and indeed this d. Free Distribution by Mail and Outside Mail has been measured in a portion of the (1) Outside-County as Stated on PS Form 3541 1,248 1,366 ocean called the Beaufort Sea. One day, (2) In-County as Stated on PS Form 3541 0 0 perhaps from something as simple as a (3) Other Classes Mailed Through the USPS 0 0 change in wind direction, that accumu- (4) Free Distribution Outside the Mail 0 0 lated freshwater will likely flow into (Carriers or other means) the northern North Atlantic. No one e. Total Free Distribution (Sum of 15d (1)(2)(3)(4)) 1,248 1,366 knows what that might do to the ocean f. Total Distribution (Sum of 15c and 15e) 126,772 127,946 conveyor system. Says Haine, “It’s a g.Copies Not Distributed 1,500 600 fascinating time to study the changing h.Total (Sum of 15f and g) 128,272 128,546 Arctic Ocean. We have ideas about what i. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation 99.0% 98.9% may happen and we must ensure that (15c divided by 15f times 100) the right observations are made to see I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete. the changes unfold.” —Ann V. Kirchner, Business Manager

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 13 ARTIFACT |

14 | johns hopkins magazine Tiny Treasures Railroad magnate and original university and New York artist Mark Dion included the masks as one of trustee John Work Garrett picked up these miniature Japanese many cultural and scientific curiosities in his installation for masks, called netsuke, during his second trip to Japan as a the Brody Learning Commons. Titled An Archaeology of Knowl­ member of Johns Hopkins Hospital’s medical commission. edge, it is a visual bricolage of the university’s intellectual They’re now in Evergreen Museum’s permanent collection, diversity. Bret McCabe, photo by Will Kirk

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 15 FOREFRONT

something that resonated with the three of us personally as well, just sort of feeling always a little bit different At a Glance 1 from other people.” In a series of three psychological 1 BUSINESS tests, Kim and her co-authors sub- BUSINESS jected undergraduates to a rejection Outsiders Create Outsiders Create experience (such as informing them Bret McCabe they weren’t going to be chosen for an 2 activity) and then gave them a cognitive SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY Creativity has become a management DNA Hard Drive buzzword. Everybody wants it—creativ- exercise, such as a Remote Associates ity was named the most crucial factor Test, wherein they must provide a word 3 in determining future success in IBM’s that unites three seemingly unrelated PEABODY Global CEO Study from 2010, which words. A self-construal variable—how Formanek Talks Formanek queried 1,500 CEOs from about 60 individuals perceive their place in the countries. It’s the secret sauce that surrounding world—and structured 4 separates the Apple Macintosh from imagination assessments were added HISTORY the Commodore 64. Without it there’d to the second and third runs of the Riot Girls and the Russian State be no iPhone, Human Genome Project, study, respectively, to explore how or career of Malcolm Gladwell. feelings of both independence and 5 The problem is that creativity is rejection relate to creativity and cog­ MEDICINE hard to qualify. “Creativity is this skill nitive ability. What they found is that Jimmy’s Kids that everybody cares a lot about, but independently minded participants we don’t actually know a whole lot performed more creatively than their 6 about it empirically,” says Sharon Kim, counterparts who had been included in REAL WORLD an assistant professor at the Carey the group. The Employment Games Business School. “From a business per- Their results proved the anecdotal spective, I think what makes it a valued understanding that, as they write in 7 skill is that it’s the precursor to innova- their paper, social “rejection is not EDUCATION tion, and that also it can be very helpful merely a byproduct of the fact that Missing from Middle School in problem-solving situations.” She creative people can be unconventional continues, “But there’s a lot of mythol- but that the experience itself may 8 ogy that surrounds it. My platform of promote creativity.” That’s not to NURSING research is going through and picking say that ostracizing employees is the Discipline or Abuse? these things that pique my interest and way to incubate creativity, or that then testing them empirically.” all outsiders are inherently creative In her 2012 paper “Outside Advan- people. Rather, the outsider’s per­ tage: Can Social Rejection Fuel Crea­ spective can be what enables a person tive Thought?” Kim and her co-authors to thrive and succeed. (Jack Goncalo and Lynne Vincent) “I think the hero in this story is began with the anecdotal assumption independence,” Kim says. “That is that creative types are outsiders who something that people don’t talk about feel isolated from the norm. “We were often, the benefits of being different. inspired by what we felt was a persis- I think as a society we’re more tolerant tent theme in the press, where we kept in many ways, but I still feel that hearing about people who spoke about there’s a strong pressure to conform. their previous experiences with social And I think that identifying the ways rejection as being fodder for future in which being independent can foster creativity,” Kim says. “I think this was creativity is important.”

16 | johns hopkins magazine amount of data in the tiniest amount of space, and that storage will be stable for what amounts to forever. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard Uni­ versity, has calculated that a single gram of DNA could hold 4.5 billion gigabytes of data and remain stable for millennia. “Theoretically, you could

C TA GAC C G C store everything in the universe,” Gao C C T A G TA C T C

G C CG TC T C A C

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A G C T Gao’s postdoctoral adviser. Along with Sriram Kosuri, also of Harvard, Church and Gao took a volume co-authored by Church, Regenesis: How Synthetic Biol- ogy Will Reinvent Nature and Ourselves, string of letters appears: CTACACGA converted the book’s 53,426 words, GCTCTTCCGATCT and on and on for one JavaScript program, and 11 images about 500 letters. If that sequence from HTML format to binary code—a 2 seems familiar, it is because it repre- long string of 0s and 1s—and used a sents the string of nucleotides that computer script written by Church in SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY comprise DNA: adenine (A), cytosine the Perl programming language to con- (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Gao’s vert those 0s and 1s into DNA code— DNA Hard Drive computer has taken my sentence­ and strings of ACGTs. They sent that code Dale Keiger converted it to DNA code. Were he then by email to a company, Agilent, which Yuan Gao greets me with a question: “Do to run that code through a machine ran it through a synthesizer and pro- you have a sentence you can give me?” known as a DNA synthesizer, he could duced synthetic DNA that contained We are in his office at the Lieber produce actual strands of synthetic several copies of Church’s book. Sev- Institute for Brain Development on the DNA, either in solution or as a powder, eral in this case meaning 70 billion. Johns Hopkins medical campus. Gao, that contained my sentence in the Quite the press run. an investigator at Lieber and an associ- sequence of nucleotides. If I ever Sequencing always introduces ate professor of biomedical engineering wanted to retrieve my words, I could errors—DNA typos, in a sense—which at the Whiting School of Engineering, simply run the process in reverse, could result, for example, in my retrieved waits, fingers poised over his computer using a DNA sequencer to “read” the sentence reading, “How does DNB keyboard. I respond to his request: “How code and convert it to text. encoding work?” To counter this, does DNA encoding work?” The point of using synthetic DNA the technique developed by Church Gao nods and types the sentence as a sort of double-helix hard drive is sequences the same DNA code 3,000 into the computer. On the monitor, a simple—you can store an astounding times, then compares the sequences

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 17 FOREFRONT |

to produce a consensus of the correct ideas from the music and just work Just back from a tour of Europe, code, an ingenious sort of proofread- them over time. I love playing in that Formanek spends a couple of hours ing that virtually eliminates errors. Gao environment where no one’s in a honoring a request to listen to and dis- likens it to 3,000 proofreaders reading hurry.” No one is in a hurry on the new cuss Small Places, seemingly so relaxed a text and voting on the correct place- ECM recording Small Places, which it comes as a shock when he reveals at ment of each letter and punctuation Formanek (a Peabody faculty member the end of the afternoon that the air- mark. One editor might miss some- since 2001) recently released. Pianist line has lost his custom-made bass and thing. Three thousand will not. Craig Taborn, saxophonist Tim Berne, he does not yet know where to find it. After walking me down a hall in and drummer Gerald Cleaver respond During the first notes of the title the lab to show an example of a DNA to his compositional ideas with subtle cut, he talks a little process. “Some- sequencer, which bears an uncanny explorations and elaborations, teasing times I just start pushing some notes resemblance to a microwave oven out musical possibilities and engaging and rhythms around until I find some­ attached to one of those mini refrigera- in nuanced conversations that in the thing I like,” he says. “Once I get going, tors popular in dorm rooms, Gao studio occasionally struck Formanek I forget about whatever I started with.” points out an odd aspect of sequenc- as telepathic. Taborn improvises and Formanek ing—errors can happen anywhere, but they tend to occur near the end of the string of nucleotides. “It’s like a human reading,” he says. “At the beginning, you’re focused. At the end you are tired and distracted. Sequencing is the same way. It’s amazing.” 3

peabody P hotograph Friedlander by S cott Formanek Talks Formanek Dale Keiger The dexterous bassist Michael Formanek appreciates patience in his jazz collab- orators. When he composes, he might write an opening section, then desig- nate space for improvised piano but refrain from giving further guidance about how he imagines that improvisa- tion turning out. “My attitude is to say as little as possible to the players, to have the music speak for itself,” he says. “It’s important to write music that’s provocative enough to spur ideas.” When he does spur something, he is happy when his bandmates “take small

18 | johns hopkins magazine smiles. “He can sound like three guys he scribes a circle in the air—“and a is a historian, author, and St. Peters- when he wants to. It sounds like he can smaller gear moving faster in sync burg native who appreciates the artistic split his brain, it’s pretty amazing.” with it, then there’s a third one even freedom of the all-female Russian The second piece on the record is faster, and they all exist simultaneously punk rock band that found itself in the called “Pong” because after he’d writ- in the piece.” international spotlight after a February ten it, it reminded him of the progeni- He listens to “Slightly Off Axis” and performance in a Moscow church tor computer game. “It was the slowest says of the band, “They’ll go as far into landed some of its members in jail. video game in the world,” he says. “The outer space as you want to go musi- But the music itself? Not so much. “It’s ball went back and you hit again and cally, but they’re not afraid to play maybe that I’m a little bit [of an] old- you could go to the bathroom and pretty. I love nothing more than playing fashioned professor, but for me it’s a come back, it was that slow. Then it beautiful melodies with lush harmo- little bit artistically wild style,” he says. would start to get a little faster, then it nies, but if I had to do that all the time In understanding contemporary would get hyper, and that’s how this I’d shoot myself.” The record’s last cut, Russian politics, however, Koposov tune unfolds for me.” “Pong” features “Soft Reality,” features Cleaver backing sees the Pussy Riot case as another some of Cleaver’s nimble work on the the melody with drone notes sounded example of how the Russian state cymbal. “That cymbal’s just amazing. on a shruti box, an Indian instrument polices its history. “Pussy Riot was the All through the record you find these similar to a harmonium. Formanek first really serious manifestation of the beautiful patterns of his, very melodic.” says, “I don’t use drones often, but I change of the political line, the turning “Parting Ways,” at more than 18 min­ had this strong idea. I brought in the point in the different phases of [Rus- utes the record’s longest cut, began life shruti box thinking if this was just sian President Vladimir] Putin’s poli- as a longer piano improv, Formanek’s ridiculous­ we wouldn’t try it, and it tics of institutional memory and inter- response to sorrow. “Within a couple just sounded great.” nal politics,” says Koposov, who says of years, there had been a lot of people The record ends, and before For­ the Russian state is moving from more dying and a lot of people leaving. It had manek goes back to calling the airline subtle ways of control to active censure. been that sort of time and I was think- in search of his missing bass—it He has personal experience with ing a lot about mortality, that was the arrived in the middle of the night two this change. In 1999, he became the pervasive feeling.” The piece evolves days later—he says of Small Places, “It founding dean of Smolny College of slowly. At one point, Formanek can really sounds good. At a certain point Liberal Arts and Sciences, Russia’s first be heard in the background, behind I stop thinking about it as mine and liberal arts college, a partnership Taborn’s piano, playing some eerie more as just music, and that’s a good between Bard College in New York and figures that sound electronic. “That’s feeling. It sounds beautiful. I’m very Saint Petersburg State University. He up on the D string, playing harmonics happy with it.” occupied that post until 2009, when he that center around the third, the F-sharp, and his wife, Dina Khapaeva, Smolny’s playing close to the bridge and moving first director for international relations slightly up and down so you get that and research, were invited to be guest sound that’s almost like feedback, or scholars at the Helsinki Collegium for wind whistling through trees. It’s all Advanced Studies in Finland. done with the overtone series on a 4 In May 2009, before they took their string.” During one bit of “Rising Ten­ research leave, then Russian President history sions and Awesome Light,” Formanek Dmitry Medvedev formed a commis- snaps his fingers as he says, “That sion of legislators and intelligence becomes a motor for the next section, Riot Girls and the officers to identify efforts to falsify a slow 5/2 . . . one . . . two . . . three . . . “history to the detriment of Russia’s four . . . five . . . but we’re playing faster Russian State interests.” The resultant “memory in these rhythmic layers. There’s a rhyth­ Bret McCabe laws”—initially drafted to contest mic thing I like to do where there’s a big Nikolay Koposov doesn’t much care for foreign governments’ “revisionist” slow pulse and faster pulses with­in that. Pussy Riot’s music. A visiting professor versions of World War II that diminish It’s like gear ratios—you have one big in the Krieger School of Arts and Sci- the Soviet Union’s role in liberating gear moving like this”—with his hand ences’ Department of History, Koposov Nazi-occupied territories in Eastern

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 19 FOREFRONT |

that “emphasizes the unity of the people and the state, not the state’s violence against the people.” Now, the state’s narrative is being handled differently, Koposov argues. “Now

the game is just arresting, organizing AP P hoto/ S ergey P falsified trials, putting people in jail, and trying to shut them up. It’s much more straightforward.” To the West, the women of Pussy onomarev Riot may look like punk feminists in the artist/activist mold of Bikini Kill. To Russians, however, the all-women band speaks directly to notions of national identity, says Anne Eakin Moss, an assistant professor in the Humanities Center who is at work on a book that explores how women have been used in Russian and Soviet film and literature to express ideas of collectivity. “The idea of Russian vitality is linked up with this idea The Russian punk rock band Pussy Riot of women in a group together.” It’s a reading that gives Pussy Riot a slightly different symbolic power. “I Europe—also curtailed historians’ announced he would seek another think the Western media assumes that scholarly work. After Koposov, his presidential term. The Russian Ortho­ they’re a feminist group,” Eakin Moss wife, and their colleagues organized a dox Church’s head cleric, Patriarch says. “But they’re not saying that much petition against the laws, the govern- Kirill, called for parishioners to vote about women. They’re saying a lot ment said their academic writings were for Putin, even calling Putin’s era a about power relations in Russia today, a danger to Russian national security, “miracle of God.” the verticality of the power structure, and they lost their Smolny positions. The band was prosecuted for hoo­li­ and the way in which the state has Today Khapaeva is the chair of mod- ganism, defined by Russia’s criminal affiliated itself with the church and ern languages at Georgia Institute of code as a “flagrant violation of public used the church to set up its sover- Technology, and Koposov is at Johns order expressed by a clear disrespect eignty in post-Soviet space.” Hopkins. His fall 2012 course, titled for society.” To Koposov, the charge is Such actions highlight what those Why Putin? The Rise and Fall of Democ- an example of how Russia’s national old saws about history—about not racy in Russia, 1985–2012, in part ex- narrative is now being handled by the knowing it and being destined to plores the idea that history can be con- state. When Medvedev was president, repeat it, about how it’s written by the sidered a memory shared and created the deputy head of the presidential victors, etc.—have in common. How we by governments and their citizenry. administration, Vladislav Surkov, remember how we got here is continu- Pussy Riot, says Koposov, stepped dominated the ideology of the state’s ally written in the present, subject to right into that process when the group memory politics. “His game was the foibles of ordinary people who entered Moscow’s Cathedral of Christ always manipulating historical con- sometimes wield extraordinary power. the Savior and performed “Punk Prayer sciousness in indirect ways,” Koposov “This I know from my own experi- —Mother of God, Chase Putin Away!” says. The 2009 memory laws, Koposov ence,” Koposov says. “When you pro­ which directly indicts the church and wrote in a January 2011 essay, estab- nounce yourself publicly about some- state’s collusion of power. Pussy Riot lished a new mythology of Josef Sta- thing that relates to the state politics of was formed in August 2011 after Putin lin’s World War II–era Soviet Union memory, you risk to get in trouble.”

20 | johns hopkins magazine 5 MEDICINE Jimmy’s Kids

Virginia Hughes In July 1998, Robert Stone was a healthy 13-month-old baby. Then, suddenly, he wasn’t. He began having one-minute spells of muscle failure, such as abruptly dropping a toy or falling over. After a few days, that escalated into 10-minute episodes that affected muscles through­ out his body. He spent weeks in the hos- pital until doctors ruled out everything they could test for and sent him home. By age 3, Robert was confined to a wheelchair and eating through a tube. He seemed to understand everything around him but was unable to speak. For 13 years, his parents, Roger and Jen- Enjoy the best in apartment living at a eva Stone, spent thousands of dollars (even with insurance) taking him from MORGAN COMMUNITY! one hospital to another, searching for a Call today for Move-In Specials!* diagnosis. They carried a binder stuffed with reports from more than 100 diag­ nostic tests. Just four showed anything THE MARYLANDER THE CARLYLE Apartments out of the ordinary, and no one knew how to interpret any of them. Short-term Short-term leases available! Then, in the summer of 2011, Jeneva leases available! Furnished or unfurnished heard about the Rare Genomics Insti­ Furnished or studios, 1 & 2 Bdrm Apts, unfurnished most with Washer/Dryer! tute, at the time a nascent nonprofit studios & that sought to raise money to pay for 1-2 Bdrm sequencing the genes of children with apartments! Beautifully upgraded apartment homes. Brand new mysterious diseases. RGI creates online­ fitness center with Modern Cardio Center & lounge! fundraising campaigns for each child Elevator building with fantastic views of downtown! Across from JHU campus in Roland Park! Café & using the crowd-funding model most Located in Historic Charles Village close to the Restaurant on the premises! Balconies with associated with Kickstarter. Crowd- Inner Harbor. Laundry & Fitness Center on Site. panoramic views of the city! Roof top pool! Reserved Reserved garage parking. funding works through Web pages that garage parking. Surveillance and key lock entry describe specific projects in need of system. money and solicit online donations— 866-830-4938 866-498-6143 typically small contributions from 3501 St. Paul Street 500 West University Parkway family, friends, and friends of friends. Baltimore, Maryland 21218 Baltimore, Maryland 21210 RGI’s founder, Jimmy Lin, Med ’12 (MD/PhD), is a 33-year-old computa- www.morgan-properties.com *Certain Restrictions Apply - Limited Time Offer-On Select apartment homes! Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 21 FOREFRONT |

tional geneticist at Washington Uni­ connects them to participating scien- but that also is useful to know. “We can versity in St. Louis. He had done tists who can read genomes and root prepare ourselves and our family, and research in Johns Hopkins oncologist out possible disease-causing muta- also provide Robert with the appropri- Bert Vogelstein’s lab, sequencing the tions. Pinpointing a genetic cause can ate types of emotional and life sup- genomes of cancer tissues, and worked be a huge relief to families. But having port,” Stone says. “Information is a clinical rotations at the Kennedy a diagnosis also raises the possibility source of power.” Krieger Institute. While at Kennedy of finding treatments that have worked Krieger one day in the spring of 2011, on others with similar diseases, or even Lin met a family whose young son had developing new treatments. a mysterious, painful illness. After In July 2012, RGI completed the several hours of tests, Lin heard his sequencing of its first child—a colleagues tell the boy’s mother that 4-year-old with speech and develop- 6 they thought her son had a rare genetic mental delays who carries a mutation disease, but they couldn’t know for that’s almost certainly the cause. So real world sure. “When I heard that, I was like, far, 20 projects have launched; nine whoa, I spent my PhD sequencing have been fully funded and three The Employment genomes for cancer. Why don’t we do completed, Lin says. This kind of this for rare diseases?” Lin recalls. He analysis is still in its infancy, and Games has not forgotten the look of disap- researchers often can’t deduce which Kristen Intlekofer pointment on that mother’s face. “I mutations are benign and which cause Buy low and sell high. Sounds easy thought, there has to be something trouble. As luck would have it, the enough. You start with a $400,000 trad- that we could do for families like this.” researchers have fingered genetic ing limit and plenty of time on the clock. Some 7,000 rare diseases, most culprits in all three of the RGI children The $100/unit price offered by INITVE with genetic roots, affect 350 million who have been sequenced so far. Basing seems reasonable. A thousand units for people worldwide. Gene-specific tests his conclusions on published studies, only $100 each? You click Buy. The mar- have been developed for some rare dis- Lin estimates that the overall success ket looks like it’s going up, so, titan of eases, such as cystic fibrosis. For the rate will be between 25 and 33 percent. industry that you are, you sell your 1,000 rest, the only hope of finding a diagno- For the Stones, RGI was worth the units at $102, making a nice $2,000 sis lies in sequencing the genome. The risk. “I saw it as a last-ditch effort to profit. Easy. But then the client trades money needed to screen a handful of figure out what was wrong,” Jeneva start coming in. Buy 1,500 units from genes a few years ago can now pay for Stone says. Within six weeks, the FORTNE at $104/unit? What’s the mar- rapid sequencing of thousands of Stones’ campaign had reached the ket doing? Is it going up or down? Now genes, but it costs several thousand $7,500 goal. Nine months later, they another incoming client trade. The clock dollars per person and is not usually had Robert’s results. He carries two is ticking. Too late—you react too slowly covered by medical insurance. mutations, each extremely rare, one and both trades are can­celed. A few Lin decided to bridge that gap and on each copy of a gene called PRKRA. moves later, the market seems to be founded RGI. RGI first finds families Errors in this gene cause a syndrome going down steadily, so you sell short— whose children are most likely to bene­ called dystonia 16; Robert is the ninth 1,000 units from ARBITR for $101/unit. fit from gene sequencing. The children reported case. To make a profit, now you’ll have to buy usually have clinical features that point Like many families, the Stones for less than you sold to replace the to a genetic disease, such as anatomi- found solace in the certainty of the borrowed shares. You wait until you see cal defects, as well as a history of nega- diagnosis. They won’t be adding any RISKER offering $97. You click Buy, only tive results on other kinds of genetic more useless test results to their to see the word Rejected flash on the tests. For each child, RGI then creates binder. The diagnosis also indicates screen. INITVE is offering $99—Buy! a fundraising page on its website. Once that certain drugs are likely to work Rejected. The market is going back up . . . a family raises the $7,500 minimum— slightly better than others, and that your time is winding down . . . 3 . . . 2 . . . enough to sequence the exome, or Robert probably has a normal intelli- 1. Congratulations. You just lost $30,000. protein-coding part of the genome, gence. The discovery also revealed that The game is UltraTradr, part of a of the child and both parents—RGI his disease will most likely get worse, suite of psychometric assessments

22 | johns hopkins magazine as assessment tools is their potential TOTAL for dynamic testing as gamers hone GAIN their skills over time. This also pro- vides longitudinal data, Tanenbaum says, so the company can recommend job seekers for positions that are likely to be a good fit—a plus for the banks, hedge funds, and private equity firms

Illustrat i on by K enny C arter that make up ConnectCubed’s small but growing client base, which it is looking to expand to other industries. Through not only the games but the social interaction on the site, Connect- Cubed can collect other data on job candidates, such as response times TIME and personality types. For example, REMAINING one set of online behaviors might indi- cate that a player is well-suited for a job as a trader; another might mean he or she is a deeply analytical thinker who EXPOSURE would be more satisfied working on long-term projects. UNITS PURCHASED

TOTAL $ 7 LOSS education Missing from offered by New York–based startup firms are already doing [to screen can- Middle School ConnectCubed. Originally developed as didates], but we encourage them to use a market simulation game for aspiring games as well,” explains Tanenbaum. Rachel Wallach traders, “UltraTradr is also useful as a Part of the goal is to help employers A few years ago, education researcher psychometric assessment,” says identify the best candidates, but he says Robert Balfanz, A&S ’84, began pin- Michael Tanenbaum, A&S ’09, SAIS ’10, ConnectCubed also wants to help job pointing indicators common to middle ConnectCubed’s co-founder and CEO. seekers obtain positions on a merito- school students who eventually The company’s idea is this: Make cratic basis. Instead of relying solely on dropped out of school. Balfanz, co- fun games that generate psychometric more traditional criteria, such as educa- director of Johns Hopkins’ Everyone data for employers. To that end, it has tion and experience, candidates have Graduates Center and research scien- partnered with two consulting psycho- the opportunity to further distinguish tist at the university’s Center for Social metricians from Columbia University to themselves through their performance Organization of Schools, found some- develop a testing platform that uses on psychometric assessments. thing particularly striking: A sixth- games instead of tests. Working directly Jillian Macnaughton, A&S ’10, who grader in a high-poverty school who in with employers, it helps assess candi- works closely with applicants as Con- a school year misses a month or more, dates in a company’s hiring pool. “We nectCubed’s community manager, says or has sustained mild misbehavior work within the framework of what that another possible benefit of games issues, or is failing math or English,

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 23 FOREFRONT |

has just a 1-in-5 chance of graduating vention has meant lone adults scram- the warning indicators in the first high school on time or a year late. bling to help as many kids as possible. quarter had lost that indicator by the That is, a student who appears to be Diplomas Now helps schools create end of the first year. But in the near mostly on track but has just one of teams that share a common set of stu- term, too many students in too many these indicators already has an 80 per- dents and meet regularly to follow their schools still will be truants, and Balfanz cent chance of dropping out or falling attendance, achievement, and behav- advocates schools publishing data on behind. “That’s sort of staggering,” ioral data, and share whatever they chronically absent students, so that all Balfanz says. know about the students’ lives. A stu- parents can be alerted if the school has Further study of the problem has dent might need “nagging and nurtur- attendance problems. Only six states led him to conclude that all parents— ing”—repeated nudges about coming currently count the number of students not just the parents of truants—should to school or studying for a test. Others who repeatedly miss school. be concerned if they notice chronic may need solutions to major life situa- absenteeism in their child’s middle tions—medical issues, employment, or school. In a recent report titled The gang recruitment—that call for inten- Importance of Being in School: A Report sive case management. Teachers can’t on Absenteeism in the Nation’s Public provide all this support alone, Balfanz Schools, Balfanz likened absenteeism says, so partners like AmeriCorps, City 8 to bacteria in a hospital—something Year, Communities In Schools, and NURSING unseen that nevertheless can create Good Shepherd Services can provide havoc for those kids who are in class. additional adults to help nag, nurture, When too many students miss two or and connect students with appropriate Discipline or Abuse? more days of school per month, he says, resources to support unmet out-of- Kristen Intlekofer everyone in the class may suffer because school needs. In her 2011 book Battle Hymn of the Tiger teachers will have to repeat old mate- Collaboration and sharing of infor- Mother, Amy Chua writes that, regardless rial when chronically absent children mation can be crucial. Not long ago, of our uneasiness about stereotypes, are present, slow the progress of the Balfanz listened while a team of skepti- numerous studies have shown clear entire class to accommodate them, or cal teachers discussed indicators in a differences between Chinese and face behavioral problems from truant large New York school that was part Western parenting. In one such study, kids when they come to class and find of his study. One student kept cutting she explains, nearly 70 percent of the that everyone else has moved on and his first-period class, and that class’s Western mothers interviewed said either they’re now behind. teacher was taking it personally. But that stressing academic success was not Balfanz and his colleagues had another faculty member who taught good for children or that parents should spent time implementing “whole school the same student later in the day ex- encourage the idea that learning is fun. reform”—research-based improvements plained that the boy was late to school But almost 100 percent of the Chinese to teaching, learning, and school cli- because he had to take his father to immigrant mothers disagreed. mate—and found that it helped stu- chemotherapy appointments in the “Instead,” Chua writes, “the vast dents a little but not a lot. So, armed morning. Balfanz says the first teach- majority of the Chinese mothers said with their discovery of the early warn- er’s point of view was transformed and that they believe their children can be ing indicators, they developed a com- she began working to help the student ‘the best’ students, that ‘academic plementary approach called Diplomas pass her class. “There’s no magic in achievement reflects successful parent- Now to help schools identify and assist this field,” Balfanz says, “but that felt ing,’ and that if children did not excel at kids headed for trouble, which will pretty close.” school then there was ‘a problem’ and benefit all students, as the report indi- Balfanz and his colleagues are in the parents ‘were not doing their job.’” cates. The early indicators of trouble second year of a four-year $36 million Having grown up in Hong Kong, become a focal point for school staff to federal grant to test Diplomas Now in Grace Ho, Nurs ’09, is well aware of look closely at their students. “Once 32 schools in 11 districts, covering such cultural differences. Now, as a you know the indicators, you can orga- some 40,000 students. The initial data doctoral candidate at the School of nize adults’ attention around them,” look promising, he says: Half of the Nursing, she is launching a study to Balfanz says. Too often, he says, inter- students who were flagged for one of examine how varied cultural attitudes

24 | johns hopkins magazine toward responsible parenting might minority parents—who are often from abuse. “And when you mix in the result in different definitions of physi- not part of the discipline-versus-abuse whole cultural component, it gets even cal discipline and abuse. conversation. more confusing for them.” “I think the completely important In 2010, more than half of child Better evidence-based guidelines gap is really looking at how we, or how abuse and neglect reports were made for what constitutes abuse would not parents, differentiate abuse from disci- by professionals, such as medical per- only protect child victims, Ho says, but pline,” she says. “It’s really a culturally sonnel. The problem—for parents and would also help decrease inaccurate dependent and value-laden concept in nurses alike, says Ho—is that the defini- reporting. The U.S. Department of terms of how you differentiate it.” tion of what constitutes abuse Health and Human Services Children’s During the next year, Ho plans to can be vague and varies across cul- Bureau states that in 2010, there were interview 42 Chinese-American moth- tures. “In the Chinese culture we be- more than 3.6 million reports of mal- ers as well as 40 pediatric nurses from lieve in very strict, disciplined parent- treatment (including neglect), but after Johns Hopkins about their perceptions ing,” Ho explains. “We really want to Child Protective Services agencies in- of permissible discipline versus abuse. foster obedience and harmony, emo- vestigated, four-fifths of the children Through her study, she will examine tional restraint, respect. But looking were found not to be victims of actual how definitions of discipline and abuse at Western literature, the focuses are abuse. Having a better understanding differ across and within groups. Past parental warmth, independence. So of the cultural gaps could pave the way research has documented some of it’s very different.” Nurses are required for devising interventions or educa- these differences—for example, slap- by law to report suspected abuse or tional programs for parents. It could ping a child’s face may be an accept- neglect but receive little training in also help nurses and other mandated able form of discipline to Korean identifying abuse, and training is not reporters better understand cultural parents, while Puerto Rican parents standardized across schools and insti- differences, so they can more confi- may place a tantrum-throwing toddler tutions. In talking with other pediatric dently and accurately identify child in a bathtub of cold water. Through nurses, Ho says, she has found that abuse when they do see it. “In a sense her study, she also hopes to give voice there is a sense of uncertainty, at it’s protecting the parents, but it also to parents themselves—in particular times, in differentiating discipline protects the child,” Ho says. PH OTO G RA PH I stockphoto.com

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 25 EVIDENCE |

Sickle cell: Bone marrow transplants from partial-match donors can still cure.

Bang: Right-to-carry gun laws do not inhibit violent crime. left: S tockbyte Right: Photo by Gr aham B ea r ds

How are the Kids? discovered. The tiny, compact galaxy is 13.2 billion light-years from Earth and Sociologists tracked 11,000 U.S. children was spotted by the Spitzer and Hubble as they progressed to adulthood and orbiting telescopes. The light captured by discovered that foreign-born children the telescopes would have left the source and children of immigrant parents out­ By Dale Keiger when the universe was only 500 million performed the offspring of native-born For more information years old, making the galaxy, in the words on these Johns Hopkins parents. The study measured academic of one astronomer, “not even a toddler.” research findings, go to achievement and adult psychological hub.jhu.edu/magazine. well-being. Engineers created a computer model that mimicked with 98.7 percent accuracy how Among parents who suffer from anxiety, the brain distinguishes the timbre of vari­ those diagnosed with social anxiety ous musical instruments. The model could disorder (the most prevalent) are more lead to substantial improvement in how likely to trigger a genetic predisposition hearing aid technology reproduces music for anxiety in their children. Researchers for the hearing impaired. found that moms and dads with social anxiety disorder showed less warmth and affection toward their kids, leveled more DANGEROUS ENVIRONS criticism, and more often expressed Researchers recently ran the numbers doubts about their children’s abilities. on gun violence in the United States and reported that right-to-carry gun laws do LIGHT AND SOUND not inhibit violent crime. Only five of the 50 states prohibit 18- to 20-year-olds Astronomers detected light from what from owning guns even though that is the may be the most distant galaxy yet age group most likely to commit homicide,

26 | johns hopkins magazine Sounds good: Computer accurately models how the brain distinguishes musical instruments.

left: M ichael T r ight: P LOS C om p utational B iology Germs: People who live near livestock have more drug- resistant staph bacteria in their noses. aylo r

and easy access to high-capacity ammu­ IN PROTEIN NEWS . . . IN THE BLOOD nition magazines leads to higher casual- Metastatic breast cancer begins its dead­ Researchers demonstrated that bone ties in mass shootings. ly advance by invading lymph nodes. Re­ marrow from a donor who is only a Live near livestock and you are more searchers­ have found that a protein, partial match to the recipient still can likely to have MRSA in your nose. A team HIF-1, can launch the cancer’s spread to eliminate sickle cell disease in some of scientists from the United States and the lymph system. The dense packing of transplant patients. The finding could Holland found that doubling the density cancer cells in a tumor creates a low- make bone marrow transplants available of pigs, cattle, and veal calves in a geo­ oxygen environment. To survive, the malig­ to the majority of patients who require graphic area results in a 24 percent to nant cells activate HIF-1, which promotes the procedure. 77 percent increase in nasal carriage of growth of new blood vessels to bring Medical researchers discovered that either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus oxygen to the cancer. The same protein a low-carbohydrate or low-fat diet not only aureus. MRSA in the nose correlates to now has been found to activate a gene has the power to trim the dieter’s waist- an increased risk of eventual infection. implicated in the spread of the cancer line, it also reduces systemic inflamma- to lymph nodes. Medical students have used modified tion, thus lowering the risk of heart attack open-source software to create a secure Drug-resistant tuberculosis bacteria form and stroke. The low-carb diet group lost electronic medical records system for thick, triple-layered cell walls that allow more weight in the study, but both groups use by community free clinics that lack the bacteria to fight off antibiotics. A single reduced the sort of whole-body inflam- the money to buy a commercial EMR protein is responsible for creating essential mation that has been found to promote system. The digitized records will allow chemical bonds within these unique cell the formation of blood clots, interfere clinics to deliver more thorough and walls, and scientists wielding X-ray crystal- with the blood vessels’ ability to control appropriate care to the inner-city home­ lography have figured out that protein’s blood flow, and cause plaque to break less and uninsured patients served by shape, an essential step in designing drugs away from arterial walls. those clinics. to kill the resistant bacteria.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 27 28 | johns hopkins magazine May It Go to the Heart

Rafael Schächter formed a choir of Jewish prisoners that committed Verdi’s choral Requiem to memory and performed it 16 times at the Terezín concentration camp. Hearing their story taught conductor Murry Sidlin just how powerful music can be.

n 1994 Murry Sidlin, Peab ’62, ’68 (MM), was walking down Minneapolis’ Hennepin Avenue past the Bryn Mawr Book- store when an outdoor display of $3 books caught his eye. One was Joza Karas’ Music in Terezín, 1941–1945, a primer about the musical life in the military fortress north of Prague that the Nazis turned into a concentration camp. One of its two-page stories concerned a Jewish conductor and pianist named Rafael Schächter, who during his three years at the camp organized a volunteer choir of 150 prisoners and taught them to perform Giuseppe Verdi’s choral Requiem Iby memory 16 times. It floored Sidlin, who knows the choral Requiem is difficult to mount under ideal circumstances. He bought the book, and Schächter’s achievement boggled his mind: Sixteen performances in a concentration camp? It was staggering to consider. Who was this man and why did a Jewish conductor turn to a choral requiem of a Catholic mass in the face of the Nazi Final Solution? The mystery occupied the next decade and a half of his life, during his time at the Oregon Symphony in Portland and as a faculty member at

Bret McCabe | Photograph Max Hirshfeld

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 29 Catholic University. He learned Schächter was played in their lives has forever altered Sidlin’s deported to Auschwitz and then sent to three relationship to his art. “It was the most profound other camps before dying on a death march about lesson I have ever received in music, which always a month prior to Czech liberation in April 1945. leads me back to the damned schools of music “What kind of He sought out Schächter’s relatives and Terezín that are teaching [music theory’s] secondary dominants—and not what music can be, what it people were survivors who either sang in the choir or heard the work performed. As he began to see this as an act must be, how to get there, and what it’s all about,” they? What of obdurate resistance, Sidlin was inspired to cre- he says. “It’s the circle that envelops the techni- kind of people ate Defiant Requiem, a concert drama that weaves cal. And it’s not how we teach it. I think that to were they that the story of Schächter and his choir into a perfor- leave kids in practice rooms where the accom- they could mance of Verdi’s Requiem. He debuted the piece plishment is all that matters instead of the mean- respond to the in 2002, and when, a few years later, he traveled ing behind it, I’m afraid that is not why we signed hideous nature with orchestra and choir to perform the work at on as their teachers.” of the worst of Terezín, he was accompanied by a film crew. Johns Hopkins Magazine sat down with Sidlin, man with the Director Doug Shultz’s ensuing documentary, a 2010 recipient of Johns Hopkins University’s best of man?” Defiant Requiem, debuted in August as part of the Distinguished Alumnus Award, at his Chevy International Documentary Association’s Docu- Chase, Maryland, home to talk about what he’s Murry Sidlin Weeks festival. Since then it has played the Reel learned from people who know music in ways Music Film Festival in Portland, Oregon; the Van- most people never will. couver Jewish Film Festival; the St. Louis Interna- tional Film Festival; the Big Apple Film Festival; In 2006, you went to Terezín with orchestra, the Atlanta Jewish Film Festival; the Jewish Film chorus, and film crew and performed Defiant Festival in San Antonio; and it is scheduled to be Requiem. What was it like to present this piece broadcast nationally on PBS in April. of music in a place where, for no small number It’s a story in which every chapter illuminates of people, it was quite possibly the last piece a sublime display of humanity. Consider the time of music ever heard? Schächter and the choir were forced to perform It was staggering. It was humbling. It was a privi- for the Nazis, on June 23, 1944. SS officers escorted lege. And it was heart wrenching. None of which, an International Red Cross team inspecting when you’re the conductor of an army of perform- Terezín; in the weeks prior to this visit, the Nazis ers, are you allowed to exhibit. We had our final had forced the inmates to make the camp look rehearsal just a couple of hours before the perfor- upbeat and happy. Flowers and gardens were mance. Then in my dressing room there were a planted. A playground was built for children. A lot of people, and I just said, “Everybody get out soccer match was staged. Parks that Jews were not of here. I need a half-hour by myself.” So I sat allowed to use were beautified. A film crew fol- down and looked out, and there was the top of the lowed the Red Cross delegation around, and the building that was the little apartment that Rafael footage was turned into the propaganda film Der Schächter shared with Mr. [Edgar] Krasa, who was Führer schenkt den Juden eine Stadt. Translation: in the chorus and at the performance. And so “The Führer gives the Jews a town as a gift.” there was no way to disassociate yourself from the This visit lasted six hours, and Schächter reality: This was a place where people were mur- was ordered to assemble his choir and perform dered. This was a place where one group of sup- for them. SS officers and other Nazi handlers posedly cultured and civilized human beings were in the audience. In the face of this choreo- decided to annihilate another. And part of that graphed lie, Schächter and his choir were going annihilation scheme was to put them in here, and to stand up and sing an act of defiance in the face the response of those people was, among other of their oppressors. And then the Red Cross rep- things, 2,400 lectures, 16 performances of the resentatives left. That October Schächter was Verdi Requiem, 38 performances of [Czech com- deported to Auschwitz. poser Bedˇrich Smetana’s opera] The Bartered Getting to know Schächter, the creative peo- Bride, 50 performances of [Czech children’s ple imprisoned at Terezín, and the role music opera] Brundibár, and performances of Mendels-

30 | johns hopkins magazine sohn’s Elijah and [Puccini’s opera] Tosca and came clean and said, “I don’t know. I’m a conduc- [Mozart’s opera] The Magic Flute, and so forth. tor in Portland, Oregon. I came across this and I And you sit there and you think, “What kind of cannot believe there isn’t more to the story.” people were they? What kind of people were they Another 10 days or so pass and nothing. And that they could respond to the hideous nature of then, whoever that was must have contacted this the worst of man with the best of man?” woman in Jerusalem who was the niece of Rafael Schächter. Her mother, his sister, was still alive Do you think Nazis in the audience understood and in Israel. She had been in Terezín for a very what they had just been hit with? short time. The niece writes to me and says, “My No, I don’t. Even though there was a lot of wishful mother thinks that my Uncle Rafael may have had thinking—Can the Red Cross understand? Can a companion in the camp who would have been they read between the lines?—I think it was not in the chorus. She thinks his name is Krasa, and very realistic to think they would have gotten it. I warn you, that’s a very common Czech name. What was more important than the Nazis getting She wants to say initial E, and she says she thinks it was the Jews doing it. It was so critical for them she heard a story that he went to Israel but he may to stand up and to shake their fists figuratively be in the States. He kept talking about Boston.” I through the “Dies Irae” [section of the Requiem, mean, this was never going to work out. corresponding to a liturgical rite in the requiem I called area code 617 and asked for informa- mass], through everything else. It was so impor- tion and asked, “Do you have an E. Krasa in the tant for them to say to the Nazis in the front row Boston area?” They said, “I have an Edgar in New- that you simply can’t succeed. You may be our cap- ton.” So I called the number. [affects a deep voice] tors, but we are free. We are energized, we are valid “Hello?” I thought, Oh my God. Right accent, humans and see through your unspeakable behav- right age. “Mr. Krasa, this is the craziest phone ior and respond to it with the best of mankind. call you’ve ever got. I’m calling from Portland, Oregon. . . . Does the name Rafael Schächter How did this journey begin for you? You mean anything to you?” After a pause, he says, first came across this story in a book. What “Well, I named one of my sons after him.” I came next? started to shake a little bit and I was beginning to The first thing I did was look for corroborating perspire and I said, “May I assume that you were statements. What I found was essentially the interned in Terezín?” And he said, “Yes, Rafael same paragraphs paraphrased in several differ- was my bunkmate for three years.” This was on a ent sources. [Note: Soon after this he moved to Tuesday. I said, “Mr. Krasa, if I came to Boston, Oregon, where he had become resident conduc- could I take you to lunch this Friday?” tor of the Oregon Symphony. While there, he was So I went to Boston and he picked me up at offered a position at Pacific University, a small the hotel. I’m a complete stranger and he puts me college outside of Portland.] Pacific University in his car and drives to Newton, where his wife has two Holocaust scholars. Neither is Jewish, greets me like a long-lost relative, and I was there and they made a point of telling me that because, for six hours. I said to him, “I had a kind of bolt- they said, everything they read about the Holo- upright epiphany some nights ago that I thought caust is fraught with too much emotion. There may give me a clue to all this. So at 4 o’clock in the cannot be any mistakes, they said, there must be morning I ran down to my studio and took out the no invalidation. So they became coaches for me. Verdi Requiem plus an English translation of the I went to them and I said, “I’m striking out.” Latin to be certain and I’m just wondering if there They taught me how to post on a Holocaust isn’t a double meaning in everything.” And he website. [I posted] that I’m looking for either said, “Yes, of course. That was the whole point.” I relatives of Rafael Schächter, people who sang in said, “So ‘libera me’ is ‘liberate’ and ‘day of wrath’ the choir, or people who attended performances. is to the Nazis and ‘everything will be avenged’— Well, time went on and no response. And then I this was all you people singing this to the Nazis?” do get a response from Israel that simply said, And he said, “With raised fist.” “What do you want them for?” That’s all. So I So that’s how it began.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 31 How important was it to visit Terezín? There’s a difference between reading and hearing about something in the abstract and seeing it with your own eyes. I know where they rehearsed, I’ve been there. And when they went into rehearsal at whatever time they had gotten back from work and had some gruel if there was any that day, they would come out and they said it was very common to walk over bodies—people who had, in the meantime, col- lapsed and died in place. So no matter how much Photogra p h by M arta T they escaped through the Verdi and how impor- tant that was for them to get to know music in a way that most of us will never understand, still they came out and they were immediately brought into a reality. obolova/shutterstock There was one thing that I would like to share with you. Schächter himself became my teacher in absentia because I began to understand what he did. Krasa told me that [Schächter] was merci- less—he used that word many times—in rehearsal. He would pound his fist and say, “Don’t take your eyes off me.” That was not being a lunatic conductor. It was that he could not allow them to go back into their hunger, into their ill- ness, into the place where they begin to cry for the lost people, to worry, Where are my children? Where is my wife? He could not allow that. The purpose of [the Verdi] was to get past all that and do something bigger and broader and more life affirming. After all, they worked 12, 13 hours a This sign above a gate in the Terezín camp reads, “Work will make you free.” Prisoners worked 12 hours a day, says Sidlin. “They’re tired, they’re sweaty, their clothes are day. They’re tired, they’re sweaty, their clothes are dirty, their hands are dirty, they can’t brush their teeth, they can’t do the things that dirty, their hands are dirty, they can’t brush their just make one feel at least basically civil. They can’t—and yet he was making them be that kind of focused human being for a larger purpose.” teeth, they can’t do the things that just make one feel at least basically civil. They can’t—and yet he was making them be that kind of focused human being for a larger purpose. The other great teacher was a pianist, and she was in the camp. Her name was Edith Steiner- Kraus. I met Edith in Jerusalem, and I had a won- derful conversation with her. It started like this: “My years in the camp were the most wonderful years of my life.” She must have used that line before because she smiled and said, “Yes, I know what you’re thinking, The old lady is batsy.” She said, “Here’s what I mean. When I went into the camp, I was 18, 19. My career had just started to take off. I was attracting attention. What did that mean? It meant critiques, contracts, contact with conductors, engagement, re-engagement,

32 | johns hopkins magazine recordings, and all the business of music. I go to so art begins. In this case, here is one of the Terezín. Every day for those years I played for great works of all time in concert hall composi- somebody—for three people, 10 people, 30 peo- tions. And it was borrowed by people—you ple, one person—and I reminded myself why I know, the Catholics borrowed the Songs of David became a musician. I was free of all that non- to construct the mass, so these people are sense of the business. I remember Terezín borrowing the mass back. And they’ve found a because I know what music can be. I saw that way that this work can serve them. I kid you not, when people came and sat down; when I finished from what we know about Verdi, he’d be on they walked with a little bit stronger step.” bended knee with tears to know that those peo- So I said to her, “Edith, you’re such an urbane ple—oppressed as they were—reached out for his musician, tell me: When you heard the chorus of music. And so what changed me about it is to real- the Verdi Requiem, what did they sound like?” ize, this is the way to communicate about music— And she gave me one of those penetrating looks to tell these stories. that must’ve lasted all of three seconds but felt like a weekend and she said, “You know, you You said that Schächter became a teacher for would’ve been proud of this chorus in any urban you in absentia. What did you learn about him setting, but the superficial nature of that ques- as a man and, being a conductor, could you tion troubles me terribly.” And so I began to—you talk a bit more about what he did, given this know the Yiddish word schvitz? volunteer choir of prisoners committing a piece of music to memory? To sweat? Yes. One of the major things [for me] was that when OK, I began to schvitz, but this is not a schvitz in instructions were given to Jews who were the ninth inning with a no-hitter going. This was deported to Terezín of how much they could like Niagara Falls. She said, “You want to know bring with them, 110 pounds, when he filled up about all those musicianly things. Did they sing that suitcase, he went to his shelf and he put in a in tune? How about the choral balances? What couple of scores. Now, there was no chance in the about the rhythmic precision? Was there good world at that time that he could know that this phrasing? Choral color? Was there an under- was going to be possible. So he selects The Bar- standing of the text? Was there a relationship tered Bride because it’s the Czech national opera. between the performers and did it get to the audi- And then he takes the Verdi Requiem. Like every ence? All that stuff, as if any of that matters.” And conductor he probably had shelves end to end of then, here’s the line, this is what the late nights scores and he looks and he reaches for the Verdi would call the punch line. She said, “We were so Requiem. He makes a choice. deeply inside the music that we had returned to Why Verdi? Because he can’t be without it. My Verdi’s desk.” And at that moment I realized with guess is that if he could have he would have cut all my wisdom, with all my artistic elocution and himself open and put this score next to his heart elegance and profound performances, I had and then fixed himself back up, that’s what it never even been close. meant to him. At night, he could look at it for reassurance. He didn’t know what they were up How has this experience changed your rela- against, but he did know he was being resettled tionship not just to Verdi’s Requiem but to and relocated—that can’t be good. That can’t be understanding music and what it can do? good. They had no idea where they were going or The Verdi Requiem, next to [Handel’s] Messiah, what was up ahead. So he gets there and he’s glad must be the most-performed oratorio in the he’s got it because he’s amidst degradation and world. Audiences know it and love it. But this filth and attitudes that are hideous and inhu- gives context to it. There’s context and psychology manity and all the things, all the adjectives that to every piece. When you listen to music you’re we can use to describe what loosely is called the listening to a mind, heart, and vision. You’re Shoah. We have no words. We have Shoah, Holo- listening to the experiences of the person for caust, genocide. Does any one of those three whom common language no longer can serve, words suffice? It’s because language was not

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 33 meant to go there. But he could open this score Gideon Klein had lived, he would have been up at night and get solace and get reassurance the Leonard Bernstein of Eastern Europe. that humans can create this and recreate it and There’s no question about it. A, he was handsome co-create it. This is his Shakespeare. to beat the band. B, he was a brilliant pianist starting to conduct and already a recognized Could you talk about the difficulty of what he composer. He had everything. And he was did—16 performances in a concentration camp? murdered at 25. Yes, 16—and there were three choruses. After the So that’s the kind of talent that’s gone. But it’s first performance, two-thirds of the chorus is not only in the musical arts. It’s in the visual arts. deported [to Auschwitz]. With deportations come Peter Kien. Phenomenal man. In addition to importations, so he recruits again. Now he’s got being a librettist and a poet, what a painter. For- “Springsteen a third of the chorus from the first time, so it goes tunately, in Terezín, in the museum, they have several of his paintings—and he also was not 30 says, ‘Empty a little faster. Then x number of performances, when he was murdered. So these painters, these the tank.’ That’s [and members are] sent to Auschwitz again, and now he’s left with the final 60. And he doesn’t poets and writers—the professional level of [Ter- what we must do. want to do it anymore because he’s lost the power ezín] was astonishing. In many ways, it was one of We must empty of the sound but he was ordered to do it so they the most vibrant and active artistic centers in the tank every gave one hell of a performance and those who occupied Europe because of the number of places time we go out.” sang it said the Verdi was incredible. It was the Jews couldn’t perform and halls were shut Murry Sidlin smaller, yes, but it was incredible. down and so forth. So what does it teach me? It teaches me that every night when you go out to perform there are So what’s next for you? You’re bringing Defiant going to be several different people in that audi- Requiem to Peabody in the spring. ence. Some are going to hear this work for the Yes, we’re going to perform it at Peabody [April 23 first time, and their impression of it forever is and 24, 2013] and then a few nights later we’ll do going to be what you gave in those few moments. it at Avery Fisher Hall in New York. One of the Some are there at enormous sacrifice. They had things that Schächter said to his chorus many to go through all kinds of leaps and bounds to get times was that all of this is a rehearsal for when to this concert, and they deserve your utmost. we sing Verdi in Prague in a beautiful concert hall And then there are those who are hearing a per- with a grand orchestra in freedom. OK, so we’ve formance for the last time. Nobody knows who done it on Terezín grounds three times, but we they are, but they’re there. And their last musical have not done it in Prague. And now Cardinal event is your performance. You owe a thousand [Dominik] Duka of the St. Vitus Cathedral, which percent. Beethoven said, “From the heart may it was the site and setting of the Velvet Revolution, go to the heart.” That was complete passion. has asked us to come to the cathedral to do Defi- Springsteen says, “Empty the tank.” That’s what ant Requiem this June. we must do. We must empty the tank every time we go out. Congratulations. That’s very cool. FIND IT ALL. Yes. He’s that kind of guy. He’s a beautiful man. Since I’ve learned about Schächter I’ve become Someone told him about [Defiant Requiem], and a little bit familiar with the number of creative his immediate reaction was, “I want to talk to minds who came through Terezín. What did we this person.” He was here at the Czech Embassy lose culturally from this intentional extermina- maybe a year or so ago, and he gave me the Medal tion of a generation? of St. Agnes because of my work in illuminating We lost the next generation of Czech composers, the legacy of Terezín, which moves him very and that’s the line that was from [Bedˇrich] deeply. That’s when he said to me, “Let’s talk Smetana and [Antonín] Dvoˇrák through [Leoš] about bringing this to Prague.” I said, “From Janáˇcek and [Bohuslav] Martinu˚ into the current, your lips to God’s ears.” And he said, “That can hub.jhu.edu and that would have been [Viktor] Ullmann, be arranged.” [Pavel] Haas, [Hans] Krása, and Gideon Klein. If Bret McCabe, A&S ’94, is the magazine’s senior writer. What we’re thinking now.

34 | johns hopkins magazine

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Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 35

Ad 1 JH Magazine.indd 1 11/16/12 11:42 AM 36 | johns hopkins magazine Flu Scare

Publishing scientific research might help prevent the next pandemic, but there is legitimate fear that critical information could fall into the wrong hands. A moratorium on flu research is giving scientists and policymakers time to hash it out. But how long can it go on?

opular culture has long fixated on the microbe that could lay waste to humankind. Just con- sider The Andromeda Strain, Contagion, even Stephen King’s ode to a fictitious superbug he cheekily named Captain Trips. Consider our neurosis justified. Bubonic plague, Ptuberculosis, the Spanish flu of 1918, AIDS—all of them claimed millions of lives before running their courses or being controlled, to varying degrees, medically. Of the above quartet of misery, experts believe the one most poised for a comeback is a highly contagious, potent form of influenza, which actu- ally refers to a broad array of viruses that initially Mat Edelson attack the lungs through inhalation. Many flu Illustration strains are related to the 1918 version, links that Paul Sahre were only discovered after extensive research,

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 37 including genetic recreation of the 1918 patho- the generation of viruses that are more transmis- gen from frozen and preserved tissue samples sible in animals,” a move applauded and sup- beginning in the late 1990s. ported by the U.S. government’s top research It was the kind of research that gave insight funders. “Congratulations on the voluntary mor- into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One atorium,” Anthony Fauci, director of the theory behind the 1918 version’s sudden demise National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dis- after wreaking so much devastation was that it eases, told hundreds of flu researchers at their mutated to a nonlethal form.) The same branch July Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu and Surveillance conference, before letting started in birds before passing to humans. Pars- them know the piggy bank was still shut. “But Given its ing this animal-human interface could provide NIAID, NIH, and HHS [Health and Human Ser- lethality, and clues to stopping the next potential superflu, vices] cannot go along with lifting the morato- the chance which already has a name: H5N1, also known as rium on studies . . . related to pathogenesis or it could turn avian flu or bird flu. transmission of H5N1 that is performed with into something This potential killer also has a number: U.S. government funds.” far more 59 percent. According to the World Health At its root, what has frozen the players transmissible, Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people in their tracks is the same emotion that sur- one might who contracted H5N1 since 2003 died from the rounds the specter of a pandemic: fear. Not of expect H5N1 virus, which was first reported in humans in discovery. Nor knowledge. But rather the poten- Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious out- tial for nefarious use of information gained in research to be break occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 such pursuits. exploding. and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Science has been here before. The question Europe.) Some researchers argue that those mor- becomes, Have we learned from the past? Johns tality numbers are exaggerated because WHO Hopkins researcher Ruth Faden thinks we have, only counts cases in which victims are sick and that building a consensus among both the enough to go to the hospital for treatment. Still, scientific and national security communities is compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the key to moving forward. the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of ince the days of Los Alamos, J. Rob- the number of people infected, according to a ert Oppenheimer, and the race to 2006 estimate. build the bomb, researchers have H5N1’s saving grace—and the only reason been forced to confront the so-called we’re not running around masked up in public dual use research of concern conun- right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from Sdrum: that their quest for knowledge could yield birds to humans, or from humans to humans, results that might end up in the hands of unscru- easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and pulous parties or enemies of the state. During the 359 deaths) since 2003. But given its lethality, and latter stages of World War II, the time line the chance it could turn into something far more appeared so compressed, the opponent’s aggres- transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research sion and intent so obvious, that our domestic to be exploding, with labs parsing the virus’s national security concerns demanded a full-scale molecular components to understand how it effort to unlock the secrets of the nuclear bomb. spreads between animals and potentially to If the Los Alamos scientists had qualms about humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that creating atomic weapons that might someday be could head off a pandemic. turned on their makers, they kept such concerns Instead, the research has come to a voluntary to themselves—or were too caught up in the rush standstill. Thirty-nine of the world’s top flu of discovery to overtly admit them—until it was researchers issued a joint statement in the Janu- too late. As Oppenheimer noted when the first ary 20, 2012, issue of Science announcing they Trinity bomb test turned the sky to fire, “A few were temporarily suspending all work involving [researchers] laughed, a few cried.” Many broke “highly pathogenic . . . H5N1 viruses leading to into spontaneous dance. One, a Harvard physi-

38 | johns hopkins magazine cist, sardonically summed up the mood when he pandemic before the virus entered the human shook Oppenheimer’s hand and said, with no population—for example, by killing off infected irony, “Now we’re all sons of bitches.” farm-raised poultry before the disease could At its heart, the dual-use question generally spread to human workers. comes down to opposing agendas: national Yet the very nature of such experiments security interests wanting to tightly control infor- raised security implications—so much so that a mation versus scientists who believe investiga- nearly decade-old government committee tion and achievement are based upon open dis- actually stepped in for the first time last Decem- semination, publication, and replication of ber to voice concerns that effectively halted results. While the two sides can be united, as they publication of certain H5N1 research. When were in World War II, often there is conflict. virologists Ron Fouchier of the Netherlands and This is especially true regarding emerging sci- Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wiscon- ence and technologies. A particularly gray area sin independently discovered they could inocu- has been biotechnology. The fear of bioweapons late ferrets—which sneeze like humans—with blasted onto the front page in 1995, when sarin mutated forms of H5N1 and create a potentially nerve gas attacks killed 13 people in the Tokyo airborne transmissible form of the virus, the subway system. Those concerns escalated in the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecu- month after 9/11, when anthrax-laced letters rity voiced objections. In an unprecedented caused five deaths and infected nearly two move, the NSABB, an independent body of dozen people. Talk of genetically manipulated science and biosecurity experts that consults “weaponized” anthrax began filling the airwaves, with federal agencies including the Department The fear of and it didn’t take long for both defense analysts of Health and Human Services, strongly urged bioweapons and scientists to wonder what other pathogens Science and Nature to delay publication of the blasted onto could be manipulated. papers. The NSABB wanted the authors to alter the front page in their respective papers’ language to “explain The conversation quickly turned to research 1995, when sarin on common infectious diseases, the type of work better the goals and potential public health ben- nerve gas attacks that has saved lives by the millions. Smallpox, efits of the research,” and notably, exclude the polio, TB, measles—each has been either eradi- methodology sections that are vital for replica- killed 13 people cated or greatly controlled, especially in developed tion of science. HHS agreed with the sugges- in the Tokyo countries, because research into its cause, preven- tions, with an NSABB spokesperson noting, subway system. tion, and potential cure continued unabated. “The recommendations were that the papers So, too, is the case with the flu. Research has not be published in full, that the papers be mod- shown that most modern-day strains of the flu are ified and the results be redacted so that someone slight variations on those previously experienced with malevolent intent could not exactly repli- by the public, so a good deal of the human popu- cate the results.” lation already has immunity. This, along with There was plenty of potential fear of bioterror- annual flu shots for common seasonal strains, ism surrounding Fouchier’s research, much of limits yearly cases of influenza. But with avian flu it generated by the researcher himself. In and its relative lack of human exposure lurking in November 2011, he told Science that the mutated the background for the past decade, H5N1 form of H5N1 that he injected into ferrets was researchers faced a particular dual-use challenge. “probably one of the most dangerous viruses They felt compelled to determine how the flu you can make,” and NSABB members agreed. could move from animals to humans, mainly by Debate erupted throughout the scientific and manipulating different genes within H5N1’s gene national security communities about whether sequence. The idea was to see if a mutated H5N1 the experiments should have been conducted in form that transmitted well in a lab setting the first place. In the midst of the tumult, between animals actually resembled something Fouchier and Kawaoka, backed by 37 of their already occurring in nature. If that were the case, colleagues, gave themselves the equivalent of a public health officials could test birds for the time-out: the research moratorium they agreed to transmissible mutations and attempt to stop a in January 2012.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 39 t didn’t take long for Johns Hopkins’ was not given the job of developing a system Ruth Faden to find herself in the middle for distributing sensitive information. But if that of the fray. The public first heard from is the case, then this remit should have been Faden on the subject on NPR’s nationally given to some other identified entity when the syndicated Diane Rehm Show last Decem- NSABB was established.” ber,I where she joined Anthony Fauci, Science If the authors sound annoyed, their frustra- Editor-in-Chief Bruce Alberts, and NSABB tion is understandable. Faden, one of the member and infectious disease policy expert most respected bioethicists in the country, was Michael Osterholm. A bioethicist and head part of the 2001 National Academy of Sciences of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of committee called in the wake of the anthrax Bioethics, Faden deftly laid out some of the attacks. The committee’s charge was to perspectives of the scientific and defense balance dual-use research concerns regarding communities. “We are not a zero-risk culture,” possible bioterrorism with continuing biosci- she told Rehm. “We have to assume some level ence advancement. of risk when we’re pursuing something of great The committee issued its Fink Report (named [scientific] importance. The question is, Do after Massachusetts Institute of Technology we have the mechanisms in place to assure genetics professor Gerald R. Fink, who chaired that we are properly assessing the benefits the report) in 2004, published under the and risk and that we have the plans to manage ominous title Biotechnology Research in an Age the risk?” of Terrorism. The report recommended establish- For Faden, looking at the potential effect of an ment of the NSABB and also called for experiment before the first gene is spliced is vital numerous other steps, including “harmonized for the proper handling of dual-use research of international oversight.” concern. That wasn’t the case with the Fouchier “One of the things we had to acknowledge was and Kawaoka studies. In an editorial published in that even if the U.S. had a perfect system—and Science just weeks after the NPR appearance, right now we have a nonsystem—but even if it Faden and Ruth Karron, director of the Bloom- were perfect it really would not make for a secure berg School of Public Health’s Center for Immu- world if other countries didn’t have systems and nization Research and the Johns Hopkins if the systems didn’t work together,” says Faden. For Faden, Vaccine Initiative, took the NSABB to task for “This is about collective global action: One of the looking at the not being able to look at controversial research roles of the NSABB we envisioned would be as the potential effect when it was in the formative stages. They also lead entity on the U.S. side to be working with of an experiment noted that, in the case of Fouchier and Kawaoka, counterparts in other countries to create a global before the first the NSABB did not accompany its recom­ governing structure at the intersection of science gene is spliced mendations for holding back full details of and biodefense.” is vital for the the scientists’ works with a proposal as to who in Such is not the case, with Faden and Karron proper handling the scientific and public health communities noting in their essay that “in the eight years since of dual-use should have total access to the science to judge its [the Fink Report], no coordinated system for over- merits and concerns. research sight of dual-use research, either national or By waiting until the ferrets were sneezing international, has been implemented.” of concern. across their cages, Faden and Karron essentially Faden is careful not to take sides in either argued, the NSABB was put in the difficult the publishing or investigators’ moratorium— reactive position of having to quash infor­mation as an ethicist without access to the NSABB’s and media rumors of a “superflu” just a security inner workings, she says, “I don’t have the exper- breach away from becoming a terrorist weapon. tise on my own to make that call. This is where “This question [of what to do with informa- science and technical experts in this area tion in papers the NSABB finds concerning] have to be thinking this through with national should not have caught the NSABB or NIH by security people to make the judgment.” However, surprise,” the authors wrote in Science. “Accord- she notes that scientists have used moratoriums ing to the chair of the NSABB, that committee profitably in the past, particularly during the

40 | johns hopkins magazine Estimated global fatalities from flu pandemics Spanish flu, 1918-1919: 50 million Asian flu, 1957-1958: 2 million Hong Kong flu, 1968-1969: 1 million Swine flu, 2009-2010: 150,000-575,000 Next pandemic (WHO estimate): 2 million–7.4 million

development of the pioneering use of recombi- it. These issues of safety and biocontainment are nant DNA. In the early 1970s, researchers important to us. began introducing DNA from different gene “That’s why the moratorium was a good idea,” sources—viruses, plants, or bacteria—into host Pekosz continues. “We need to send the message cells to see what grew. Lack of institutional safe- out to the general public that there are issues guards at the time potentially exposed lab people want answers about, and rather than just workers—and perhaps the general public, if a going on like we are, let’s all take a break and dis- genetically modified virus escaped the lab—to cuss this and not have pressure of continuing the unknown hazards. The concerns grew great research and having somebody censor the mate- enough that a National Academy of Sciences com- rial before it’s released.” mittee in 1974 called for a halt to all recombinant Interestingly, the research moratorium may DNA research until a comprehensive framework have played a role in resolving the NSABB’s for safely conducting such experiments could publishing dilemma. At the time when Science be established. This occurred in the landmark and Nature announced they were putting a Asilomar Conference seven months later, and the temporary hold on the Fouchier and Kawaoka moratorium was lifted. papers, their move created deep divides, includ- ing some surprising responses from notorious he success of Asilomar isn’t lost on free-speech advocates. “We nearly always flu investigators who agree with champion unfettered scientific research and the current temporary work stop- open publication of the results,” wrote the New page. Andrew Pekosz, an associate York Times Editorial Board. “[But] in this case it professor of molecular biology and looks like the research should never have been immunologyT in the Bloomberg School, who undertaken because the potential harm [from was not a signatory to the moratorium because accidental or intentional release of the virus] his flu lab does not work with H5N1, nonetheless is catastrophic and the potential benefits from supports the move as a way of restoring studying the virus so speculative.” public confidence in both the researchers Former Johns Hopkins infectious disease and the research. “When [Fouchier’s and expert Thomas Inglesby, now at University of Kawaoka’s] research came out, there were Pittsburgh Medical Center, bluntly agreed. He a lot of people who didn’t realize this research told CNN that, in dealing with the mutated virus, was being done under strict containment “we are playing with fire. . . . It could endanger the conditions. That unknown contributes to fear. lives of hundreds of millions of persons.” I think this speaks to the fact that we as scientists Mount Sinai microbiologist Peter Palese need to do a better job of communicating offered a countering view, worth noting since not only what we are doing but how we’re doing his lab helped reconstruct the 1918 influenza

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 41 virus in 2005 with NSABB’s approval. “During their colleagues are willing to tread lightly for our discussions with NSABB, we explained the the time being. The September/October issue importance of bringing such a deadly pathogen of mBio, the journal of the American Society back to life,” Palese wrote in Nature. “Although for Microbiology, was dedicated to the topic, these experiments may seem dangerously with an editorial calling the research pause “a foolhardy, they are actually the exact opposite. historic moment for science.” One contributor, They gave us the opportunity to make the Stanford infectious disease expert Stanley world safer, allowing us to learn what makes the Falkow, supported continuing the moratorium, virus dangerous and how it can be disabled.” arguing that it should have started “once the Palese claimed publishing the work allowed first ferret sneezed.” He noted that cloning of other researchers to show that the 1918 flu, certain genes was held up for several years while “This is about should it return, can be combated using safety and other concerns were addressed and recognizing “seasonal flu vaccines [and] common flu suggested that the same should hold true of and ensuring drugs”— vital information for public health H5N1 research. the public’s workers and emergency planning. On the other hand, in that same issue, Fouch- con­tinued trust Both of the controversial flu research ier and Kawaoka, along with moratorium in science.” papers were eventually published. Upon further signatory Adolfo García-Sastre, called for the review, the NSABB cleared Kawaoka’s paper immediate resumption of H5N1 research: “Now Ruth Faden and it appeared in full in the May issue we know it is possible that these viruses could of Nature. NSABB recommended “further adapt to mammals, but without more data, we scientific clarification” of the Fouchier research, cannot fully assess the risk or implement appro- and it appeared, with WHO and NIH support, priate containment measures,” they wrote. “To in the June issue of Science, with a clarified contribute meaningfully to pandemic prepared- methodology section. ness, we need to conduct more experiments . . . in For their part, Science’s editors, in a magazine a timely manner.” issue completely devoted to H5N1, reflected Perhaps there’s an awareness that, going Faden and Karron’s concerns that the NSABB forward, what is needed is both standards of needed international and domestic strengthen- practice and, most importantly, transparency ing. The editors added that they agreed with of process for the real shareholders in this the NSABB “mechanism,” calling the eight- research. As Ruth Faden notes, “This is about month delay in publishing “a ‘stress test’ of the recognizing and ensuring the public’s con­tinued systems that had been established to enable the trust in science. Being a scientist is an awesome biological sciences to deal with ‘dual-use privilege, and scientists have an individual research of concern.’” moral obligation to reduce the likelihood While the publishing moratorium has ended, that their work will bring about bad conse- the research moratorium goes on. Originally quences for the world.” scheduled for 60 days, it is now on an indefinite And getting there, says Faden, means opening extension. NIAID’s Anthony Fauci has announced dual-use research concerns to all and sharing a conference, scheduled for this month, to bring the burden for its proper application among together scientists, biosafety experts, NSABB per- both scientists and nonscientists. Karron agrees sonnel, and the public to further discuss the risks that building consensus is key. “My thought is in and rewards of continued H5N1 research. Interna- this day and age it’s important to broadly engage tional experts have also been invited, with their individuals outside your area of expertise when cooperation absolutely essential to future these questions arise,” Karron says. “[NIAID’s] research: Indonesian scientists have been Tony Fauci said, ‘You must engage civil society.’ involved in an ongoing quarrel over the withhold- We can learn from each other. It is important to ing of vital local strains of H5N1 from global listen, to hear about potential opportunities or researchers if they are not party to data obtained threats you may not have considered.” from those strains. But someone else has. At this point, some scientists appreciate that Mat Edelson is a freelance writer based in Baltimore.

42 | johns hopkins magazine ABUNDANT THINKING ABOUT SCARCITY by Mat Edelson

If a pandemic were to strike Balti- people who would be affected by allocation. Two have already taken more, how would hospitals and pub- whatever policies we adopted. We place, and what’s impressed Daugh- lic health officials fairly allocate needed to get the community’s per- erty and Faden is the ability of people scarce resources such as vaccines spective on how they think difficult from all walks of life, regardless of and ventilators? This isn’t a com- ethical issues should be handled.” their educational background, to pletely hypothetical inquiry: One Faden and colleague Lee Daugh- grasp complicated moral principles need only look back to 2009. H1N1, erty, a pulmonologist, have focused and ask informed, insightful ques- “swine” flu, had spread so quickly on the availability of ventilators, tions that further the debate. Faden that President Obama declared a which are critical for flu victims who sees this public give-and-take with nationwide state of emergency, yet have gone into respiratory distress. decision makers as being far more barely half of the expected 40 million There are just over 60,000 full-fea- effective—and ultimately yielding far doses of vaccine had shipped from ture ventilators available for a nation- more meaningful dialogue—than “if manufacturers. That stressed the wide crisis, far too few “by orders of we just commissioned a telephone health care system up and down the magnitude,” says Daugherty. poll that called 1,000 Marylanders line; at Johns Hopkins people showed In a collaboration led by Daugh- and asked, ‘If there aren’t enough up seeking the vaccine only to be told erty, researchers from the Berman ventilators to go around in a pan- a triage system had been put in place Institute of Bioethics, the School of demic, which of the following ethical placing pregnant women, toddlers, Medicine’s Division of Pulmonary and principles would you choose to and health care workers in high-risk Critical Care Medicine, the Program decide who gets one?’ How much situations, and people with compro- for Deliberative Democracy at Carn- confidence would you have that these mised immunity at the top of the list. egie Mellon, and others began craft- people knew anything about the Fortunately H1N1 didn’t become so ing key ethical concepts for public choice they made? Why would they virulent and potent as to cause a panic consumption and debate. These have even given it any thought previ- or overwhelm the hospital and secu- include the intriguing “Fair Innings” ous to the question?” rity. But it did leave university faculty principle for allocating health Faden’s hope, which really is a such as Ruth Faden thinking about the resources. Taken originally from deep faith in the human condition, is next inevitable pandemic and how, by baseball’s ancestor sport, cricket, the that these kinds of planning forums doing serious advance work, the pub- metaphor is that everyone deserves a are the best way to keep pandemics lic could have increased confidence in certain number of turns at bat in life, manageable given the reality of who would get immediate care—and and if you’re in the bottom of your scarce resources. The difference, in who would have to wait. proverbial ninth inning while some- that heat of the moment, between “[The H1N1] shortage left us with one else is just getting their first ups, panic and restraint could well be the clear realization that, rather than well, as a society, we owe them a shot razor-thin, “so we need to think ahead make difficult decisions under intense at quite a few more at bats. and in consultation with the public pressure,” says Faden, “we should be All told, seven community meet- about principles that make good eth- doing that kind of planning work now, ings throughout Maryland are set ical sense to everybody whose lives when we have time to consult with the to discuss the ethics of ventilator could be saved . . . or lost.”

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 43

Mister Nice Guy

As a cartoonist, Tim Kreider seemed to loathe almost everybody. His essays tell a different story.

is simplistic but not entirely inaccu- rate to say that essayist Tim Kreider drank his way through his 20s, drew his way through his 30s, and has been writing his way through his 40s. As a drinkerIt in his 20s he was, by his own testimony, depressed, though by his friends’ testimony still fun to be around. As a misanthropic cartoonist in his 30s he was an adept caricaturist whose drawings were fre- quently obscene and savagely funny, unless you count yourself among the right wing of the Republican Party, in which case you probably regard them as filthy, blas- phemous, treasonous, and worth collecting just in case the day comes when he can be prosecuted. As a writer, however, Kreider, A&S ’88, reveals him- self to be well-read, smart, and a fundamentally decent

Dale Keiger | Illustration Timothy Kreider

| 45 and kind man possessed of rare candor, a pitiless concealed from the world but which is, in fact, sense of his own shortcomings, and a gift for pitifully obvious to everybody who knows us. Con- friendship that makes you wish your number templating one’s own Soul Toupee is not an exer- were stored in his cellphone. This summer, Kre- cise for the fainthearted.” On friendship: “This is ider published We Learn Nothing, a collection of one of the things we rely on our friends for: to 14 essays the author describes as mostly thoughts think better of us than we think of ourselves. It about friendship and loss. There is indeed much makes us feel better, but it also makes us be bet- about friends he still sees and friends who have ter; we try to be the person they believe we are.” drifted out of touch or cut him off, eccentric friends, and friends who were flat-out nuts. There reider splits time between an is also an account of the author trying to feel apartment in New York and a some empathy for people he despises at a Tea cabin in Maryland that he often Party rally, his discovery in his 40s of two half- calls the Undisclosed Location. sisters he did not know he had, and a lovely, fond Off a back path off a back road, the remembrance of a deceased friend who was Kcabin is hard to find even after he has disclosed beloved for the elaborate lies he told. There are its location. Formerly used by his family as a vaca- rueful tales of Kreider’s hopeless love life; a tough tion house, it is a ramshackle A-frame that as a and unsparing account of an uncle who died in habitable structure may be approaching its expi- prison; and yet another version of what he ration date. Kreider shares it with stacks of books, describes as the story he cannot escape telling an increasingly fitful well pump, and his 18-year- and retelling, about the time he was nearly mur- old feline companion, who is formally known as dered in Crete. The book provides substantial The Quetzal but is more often called simply “the evidence that while Kreider is a fine cartoonist, cat” or, in deference to her age, “Mrs. Cat.” He he is a superb essayist, a funny and fluent story- has been known to rent goats to keep the weeds teller who wears his cultural literacy lightly, capa- surrounding the cabin in check. Much of We ble of references, in the same paragraph, to Fried- Learn Nothing was written here. rich Nietzsche, The Dude from The Big Lebowski, He says he’s never done an honest day’s work and writer Rebecca Solnit, all without affectation. in his life. That’s not true, but it is true that rather To read “The Creature Walks Among Us,” “The than pursue a writing career, he pretty much sat Czar’s Daughter,” “Escape from Pony Island,” or back and let a writing career come to him. For “An Insult to the Brain” is to appreciate a mor- more than a decade, he earned a few thousand dant but affectionate observer of life’s rich pag- dollars a year as a cartoonist—emphasis on few— eant, and a craftsman who almost never puts a and was going nowhere professionally, supported word wrong. year after year by money from his parents, living For example, here he is on the sudden recog- in friends’ apartments when the weather turned nition of falling in love: “Someone shows you the too cold for comfort in the drafty Undisclosed rabbit’s foot she just bought, explaining, ‘It was Location. He wrote brief essays to accompany the the last green one,’ or simply reaches out and drawings in his three cartoon collections pub- takes your lapel to steady herself as the subway lished by Fantagraphics Books (The Pain: When decelerates into the station, and you realize: Will It End?, Why Do They Kill Me?, and Twilight of Uh-oh.” On political intolerance: “One reason we the Assholes), plus the occasional piece of detailed rush so quickly to the vulgar satisfactions of judg- film criticism (Kreider is a film buff), but he did ment, and love to revel in our righteous outrage, not think of himself as a writer. Then, in 2009, the is that it spares us from the impotent pain of New York Times started a blog called Proof, empathy, and the harder, messier work of under- devoted to writers musing on the consumption of standing.” On embarrassment, derived from alcohol, something Kreider knew. He sent an observing a man with a very bad toupee: “Each of unsolicited piece that the Times titled “Time and us has a Soul Toupee. The Soul Toupee is that the Bottle,” about his extended youthful dissipa- thing about ourselves we are most deeply embar- tion and the temperance he had eased into as he rassed by and like to think we have cunningly grew older: “I don’t drink like that anymore. My

46 | johns hopkins magazine old drinking buddies fell victim to the usual trag- costumes that involved fake blood,” she remem- edies: careers, marriage, mortgages, children. As bers. She also recalls the time he took a pen and my metabolism started to slow down the fun-to- secretly put two red dots on the neck of her Rag- hangover ratio became increasingly unfavorable. gedy Ann doll—mark of the vampire. I was scandalized to learn that alcohol is a depres- Kreider recalls that he liked to sketch comic sant. And I don’t miss passing out sitting up with book figures, sometimes inventing his own with a drink in my hand, or having to be told how the combined features of various characters—for much fun I had, or feeling enervated and example, Captain America, Pruneface, and Satan wretched for days. Being clearheaded is such a in one sketchbook mashup. In middle school, he peculiar novelty that it’s almost like being on and a friend would amuse each other by compet- “Each of us has a some subtle, intriguing new drug.” ing to draw the most hideous faces they could Soul Toupee. The A literary agent named Meg Thompson read imagine. After Star Wars appeared in 1976, he Soul Toupee is the piece. “I too was getting a little bit older and devoted himself to elaborate, detailed renderings that thing about drinking was becoming not as fun, or rather a of space battles. His dad nudged him into sum- ourselves we are little more painful the next day,” she recalls. “The mer art classes at the Maryland Institute College most deeply way he articulated that, and that sort of state of of Art, and after watching him use the family embarrassed by arrested development, I thought it was beauti- movie camera to make little animated films, his and like to think fully put. I just sort of knew he was a star the min- parents bought a more sophisticated Bell & How- we have cunningly ute I read that piece.” She got in touch with him— ell Super 8 with single-frame capability that was “We met for drinks, of course”—and suggested better suited to animation. In high school, he concealed from he put together a proposal for a book of essays. used the camera to make short films with his the world but He did, Simon & Schuster liked it for its Free Press buddies. “These were not good movies,” he which is, in fact, imprint, and one day he found himself in New recalls. “They were much influenced by the pitifully obvious York signing an author’s contract, which he humor of Pink Panther films—detective films to everybody who describes as one of his life’s better moments. about bumbling detectives—and I remember we knows us.” did a slapstick parody of the duel between Hector Tim Kreider he adult portion of that life, in Krei­ and Achilles. That was for English class credit, der’s telling, has included a lot of and it got us out of a lot of classes. My dorky fun but not as much happiness. His friends and I drove around filming ourselves in childhood sounds sunnier. He grew dorky costumes. That’s what I did instead of dat- up in Maryland, first in Baltimore ing girls. My parents were really good about not TCounty and then on a 70-acre farm near Church- expecting me to turn out to be anybody in par- ville in Harford County, as the adopted son of Sid- ticular but recognizing my aptitudes and encour- ney and Mildred Kreider. Sidney was a physician aging those. They could tell this was the stuff I who for a time was chief of staff health at Johns was interested in and were very open-minded and Hopkins Hospital; Mildred taught nursing at the kind about it. Most artists are not so lucky. They University of Maryland. “He was an interesting get the stern patriarchal talking to about how you kid,” says his younger sister, Mary, who was also need a real job.” adopted and now is a physician in Philadelphia. When he was 14, young Tim drew up a list, a “He always had a fantastic imagination. He and I projected time line of his future life. Age 15 would play these elaborate make-believe games through 18, he planned to publish his first book together which were his creation—I was always and start selling paintings. Age 19, enroll at Johns along for the ride.” One of those creations was Hopkins. Six years later, launch a science fiction Rabbit Country, an imaginary world populated by saga by writing and illustrating a book he called superheroes and villains and the evil Skeleton The Fields of Truniei. Age 29: “Get thrown into a Brothers. When the family moved to the farm, sanatarium.” Of that one, Kreider says, “I think Rabbit Country moved to the barn, where Kreider that was a ploy. I was going to get thrown into an and his sister played out elaborate adventures asylum and then write about it. That was the plan. that tended to involve saving an imperiled uni- Not yet accomplished, though there’s always verse. “He always had these fantastic Halloween time.” The life list includes purchase of a home

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 47 in Montana, the writing of numerous books, a any good at fiction”—when the Baltimore alter- run for the U.S. presidency, and finally, at 94, “Die native newspaper City Paper began buying his of natural causes in sleep.” comics and eventually signed him up as a politi- By the time he finished high school, Kreider cal cartoonist at wages of $15 per week. “I had that plan on paper but not much else in the thought, OK, I guess I’m a cartoonist, because way of direction. What he most wanted was to be like most people, I keep doing the thing I get pos- left alone to draw, write stories, and listen to itive reinforcement for, no matter how meager music. Until the last minute, the only decision that reinforcement might be. My earnings pla- about college he could make was that he wanted teaued at $20 a week. But when you’re young, just to study writing. “I just did not want to deal with getting published and having an audience means the hassle and decision of choosing a college,” he so much to you, you’ll work for $15, happily.” says. “I still remember that awful period of my life When he talks about the decade after Johns when my parents would say, ‘Did you get a chance Hopkins, “happily” doesn’t appear much in his to look at those college brochures yet?’” He’d stories. “The 20s aren’t a great decade for most already taken writing classes at Johns Hopkins as people. They were pretty unhappy years for me.” part of the Center for Talented Youth, so he He wrote short stories that no one wanted. He applied there and was admitted. “I don’t know flirted with graduate school but can’t remember what it’s like now, but Hopkins in the ’80s seemed now if he ever applied. He read a lot of Nietzsche, like a very tense and joyless place. There were a “which is a very 20s-guy thing to read.” He went to lot of people there who were premed or prelaw Europe and nearly got himself killed in Crete, cre- because their parents had decided that’s what ating that story he’ll be telling the rest of his life. they were going to do and they weren’t the kind of During this time his parents subsidized him—he people to whom it had ever occurred to second- would not approach financial self-sufficiency guess their parents’ ambitions for them. There until a few years ago when he signed his book were people who I would genuinely want to be my contract—and let him live for free in the A-frame. “The guy who primary care physician when they finally got He loved a series of women without finding a drew all those through med school, they were good people, but partner; some of these affairs were not exactly cartoons often Hopkins was very much a sink-or-swim kind of healthy. (He wrote in We Learn Nothing, “There’s seems to me place. Nobody was taking you under their wing.” a fine line between the bold romantic gesture and He studied in the Writing Seminars with John stalking. . . . Often you don’t know whether you’re now like my Barth, Mark Crispin Miller, and Jim Boylan, who the hero of a romantic comedy or the villain on a younger, is now Jennifer Boylan (Kreider wrote a searching Lifetime special until the restraining order drunker, and very funny essay for We Learn Nothing about arrives.”) In 1991, his father died at age 56 from unhappier, accompanying Boylan to Wisconsin for her gen- colon cancer, depressing Kreider more than he more hilarious der reassignment surgery). “For decorum’s sake realized at the time. And he was drinking, appar- brother.” we had to pretend that we worked as hard as ently quite a lot. He figures he came through the Tim Kreider everyone else, and we certainly did not,” Kreider inebrious years unscathed but for the squan- says. “I was not a good student. I was a goof-off. dered time, and despite the day he and a friend They weren’t optimal learning years for me, or at were drinking on the roof of a four-story Balti- least not optimal scholarship years, let’s say. But more row house and impulsively chased a bottle I did make friends there, and some of them are that was rolling down the pitch: “We were like, still my best friends.” ‘Whew! Almost lost the Jägermeister!’ It didn’t After he graduated in 1988—thanks to an occur to me until years later to be relieved that I assortment of college credits he’d accumulated hadn’t fallen to my stupid death.” in high school, the goof-off graduated from Johns Though he made no money at it, cartooning Hopkins in three years—Kreider worked a few for him was important. “Having a thing I could years for Maryland Clean Water Action and the tell people I was—being able to say, ‘I’m a car- Center for Talented Youth and tried to write fic- toonist’—meant a lot to me.” For a while, the tar- tion. He also drew comics. He was getting get of his drawings was mostly the absurdity of nowhere with his writing—“I was basically never men’s lives, including his own. Then George W.

48 | johns hopkins magazine Bush became president and, appalled by the administration, Kreider had his subject for the next eight years. Looking back at that time in one of his essays, Kreider writes, “I was professionally furious every week for eight years.” Boyd White, a senior program manager at the Center for Tal- ented Youth and a longtime friend, says, “Tim would acknowledge that while he was drawing cartoons he spent a lot of that time drinking and being depressed, and a lot of time being very angry, and you can’t spend your entire life that way. I think he reached that point where you real- ize staying that angry is counterproductive and you can’t spend all your time drinking and not feel the cost of that.”

n 2009, the primary subject of Kreider’s political cartooning left office. Fortu- nately for the cartoonist, later that year he began to find a market for his writing through the New York Times, not necessar- ilyI the place you’d expect to embrace someone whose last book was titled Twilight of the Assholes. The 45-year-old essayist can sound wistful about the dirty-minded cartoonist he used to be. He told the writer Noah Brand, “The guy who drew all those cartoons often seems to me now like my younger, drunker, unhappier, more hilarious brother.” But his present sober, more responsible life has its merits. Comparing his current state of affairs to that list he made as a teenager, he says, “My 14-year-old self would be ecstatic. My 45-year- old self is pretty happy, too.” Though he does find himself unexpectedly and alarmingly busy these days, what with having investment of my limited time on earth was to one book to promote and another book to write spend it with people I love. I suppose it’s possible and editors calling to request magazine pieces. I’ll lie on my deathbed regretting that I didn’t Kreider lives within the tension that comes from work harder and say everything I had to say, but I being a loner who loves and values friendship, think what I’ll really wish is that I could have one and an ambitious artist who often begrudges more beer with Chris, another long talk with ambition’s demands. He wants readers and book Megan, one last good hard laugh with Boyd. Life contracts and the opportunity to finally make is too short to be busy.” some money, but prefers an empty day planner. Kreider is not sure yet what the next book will Actually, no day planner. He attracted a good bit be about. “I had 40 years of material to put in of attention last June with an essay in the Times book one, and I fear I’ve used the best stuff and titled “The ‘Busy’ Trap,” in which he wrote: “My now I got nothing,” he says. “But maybe I’m mis- own resolute idleness has mostly been a luxury taken in imagining that the way I came up with rather than a virtue, but I did make a conscious the first book has to be the way that I come up decision, a long time ago, to choose time over with the second. You don’t necessarily have to get money, since I’ve always understood that the best stabbed in the throat every time.” He’s thinking

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 49 the second book may have more to do with Macedonia and he started yelling at us in Greek, women and the “difficulty of finding something which I don’t really speak, but I’d spent enough worth loving and committing yourself to.” A time in the bars of Baltimore to know the univer- friend came up with a title that he likes: I Wrote sal language of belligerent drunks—he was trying This Book Because I Love You. He’s working on a to pick a fight with us. book proposal first because a proposal will gener- “I don’t know, maybe he misapprehended ate an advance, a framework, and a deadline. the situation and thought that I was forcing “When I was on my book tour, I went out for a her somewhere against her will, which indeed I drink with a girl who I guess is in her 20s,” he was but without depraved intentions. I wanted says. “She is mostly a photographer but not quite quite honorably to take her home and put her sure what kind of artist she wants to be, and she to bed and then resume peaceably drinking confessed to me, after a pitcher or two, that she myself. So she got into it with him and was flailing really wasn’t sure she wanted to be an artist. She out of my grasp, sitting down in the middle of just didn’t want to get a job. And I said, ‘That’s the road and refusing to get up. I finally con- what an artist is!’ We pinky-swore not to reveal vinced her that the situation was authentically that to the public. It’s a trade secret.” dangerous and hustled her out of there. I got us Friends of his talk about reading early drafts to an old mosque from the days of Moorish occu- of the essays in We Learn Nothing and finding pation of Crete, where there was a concert letting stories that, in some respects, Kreider has been out. I figured we were safe. But I guess that guy sorting out for years in letters and conversation. got away from his friend and ran up behind me The cartoonist Megan Kelso, who met him in and stabbed me in the throat with a stiletto and 1998, says, “We started corresponding soon then ran off. I never even saw him. It felt like after we met, and I quickly realized that for him getting hit by lightning. There was a very scary letter writing was the sort of early stages of ideas 10 or 15 minutes where it certainly looked like I and thoughts for future pieces of writing. He was going to bleed to death. Then an ambulance wasn’t just dashing off a note. The letter writing showed up and I felt a lot better once profession- was part of his working process.” In a four-page als turned up at the scene and I thought, ‘OK, cartoon in his book, Kreider lampoons the I kept myself alive up to now, now it’s in their development, through many retellings over hands and it’s not my fault if I die.’ They did sur- many years, of the tale of his near-fatal gery on me and I was out for a day or two and then stabbing in Crete. Part of the cartoon’s text says, I woke up and was fine. I was pleased to discover “There’s a crucial phase early in the telling of a that I was still alive. It was a pretty quick existen- story when it’s still fluid; it hasn’t yet coalesced tial scare and I was significantly cheered up for a into its canonical form. You’re still fixing the best time after that.” details, eliding certain boring or inconvenient That stiletto-induced euphoria lasted only facts, learning how to structure and time it for about a year, but Kreider cannot find much to effect.” In one panel of that cartoon, Kreider complain about with his present existence. notes, “After a few years, I realized that I was “Life happens the way it does,” he says. “I don’t never going to be done telling this story. As think life happens for a reason. It’s all a big long as I kept meeting people, I would always mess and you just try to make sense of it later. have to tell it again.” But I think things have worked out about as well He is probably right. So here, as a coda, is the as could be hoped. Much of my life has been con- story—honed, polished, and recited by request tingent. You know, I was adopted, and it was a on a late fall afternoon at the Undisclosed Loca- crapshoot who I went home with from the adop- tion: “I had just turned 28 and I was on the island tion agency, and that worked out awfully well. I of Crete. I was walking a belligerent drunk girl think of all the alternative-universe me’s, I’m back from a bar to a youth hostel. She was a bel- probably near the top. I may not be the winner, ligerent but attractive drunk. On our walk back to but I’m one of the runners-up. Things are going the youth hostel we were accosted by someone OK in this universe.” else who was belligerently drunk. He was from Dale Keiger, A&S ’11 (MLA), is the magazine’s associate editor.

50 | johns hopkins magazine PORTABLE. The Johns Hopkins Magazine iPad app goes wherever you do. It looks just like the print edition. It offers all our web extras. And it’s free. Download it now at the App Store.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 51 52 | johns hopkins magazine Privy to History The Homewood Museum offers an object lesson in history.

ugene Fauntleroy Cordell—Confederate Army veteran, medical historian, presi- dent of the Johns Hopkins Hospital His- torical Club from 1902 to 1904—co- founded the Home for Widows and Orphans of Physicians in Baltimore with his wife in 1909. It started with a Relief of Widows and Orphans fund by the Medical and Chirurgical FacultyE of Maryland in 1903; in 1909, a board was assembled to start a home. And on January 11, 1912, the board pur- chased the building at 1615 Bolton Street, a “three-and-a- half-story brick mansion with a frontage of 20 feet and depth of lot 132 feet,” Cordell wrote in a letter to the editor in the February 3, 1912, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. “It is in the choicest residence section, off the lines of street cars yet easily accessible to several of them. There is a wide alley in the rear and the surroundings are exceptionally good.” According to the January 1912 issue of the American Jour- nal of Clinical Medicine, the home was endorsed by a num- ber of prominent Americans and Baltimoreans, including Cardinal James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore, and Wil- liam H. Welch, first dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. “We desire to receive any doctors’ widows or orphans who need help and we will do the best we can for them,” Cordell wrote of the home’s purpose. “We do Bret McCabe | Illustration Mark Smith not exact any admission or other fees, but shall be glad if

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 53 applicants will aid us with any funds they may independent comic book store. The school moved possess or may be able to command.” north to Roland Park in 1910 and assumed the Little more about the home is readily ascer- name it has today, Gilman. Johns Hopkins Uni- tained. The home’s founding was noted in many versity took up residence on the 140-acre lot that professional medical journals in 1912, and it is now called the Homewood campus in 1916; the appears in various documents in the Maryland mansion served as administrative offices. State Archives, citing acts that award it fund- So depending on when, exactly, the graffito in ing—$3,000 for the 1916 fiscal year. In June 1913, question was written, it’s possible that an adoles- according to the Medical Record, vol. 82, Randolf cent boy’s puberty-primed hormones inspired Winslow of Baltimore proposed turning opera- him to sing Miss Mowen’s praises. Or maybe it tion of the home over to the American Medical was an undergraduate momentarily engaging in Association, since its “scope was already national conduct unbecoming of a Johns Hopkins student. Students aren’t and the only object in making this offer was to just learning provide for permanence.” According to the Mary- ad the above 708 words been about history land State Department of Assessments and Taxa- turned in as a paper in Catherine tion, the structure currently at 1615 Bolton Street Rogers Arthur’s Introduction to here; they get was built in 1920. Over roughly six weeks of Material Culture class as is, they to sit on it research in historical documents, letters, and would be hit with a pretty harsh and touch it and newspapers and periodicals in various digital and Hgrade. Not quite long enough to fill five double- hear about it. physical archives, little more could be deter- spaced pages, they neither adequately nor accu- mined about the home, and even less about who rately tell a story of one example of the privy’s might have lived there. graffiti. And it’s definitely too long yet insuffi- Little, that is, if bathroom hearsay doesn’t cient for a 150-word wall text that would accom- count. On one wall of the privy built just to the pany its inclusion in a museum exhibition. north of the mansion that now houses the Home- “When you’re limited to a roughly 150-word wood Museum is a rather coarse announcement label you’ve got to get at this pretty fast,” Arthur, written in pencil: “If you want to get a piece of the director and curator of the Homewood nice ass you can call at Miss Mowen 1615 Bolton Museum, tells the 11 students in her fall 2012 Street Baltimore, Maryland.” class. “This is why you have to do the paper, The graffito dates from when the mansion because until you write it as five pages, you really served one of two roles. In 1897 it became the don’t know enough about it to be able to write a home of the Country School for Boys in Baltimore, meaningful short label. I’ve tried it that way, and started by Anne Galbraith Carey, the grandmother what people give me for a 150-word label is not of philanthropist William Polk Carey for whom the worthy of the wall.” Carey Business School is named, with help from Arthur stands in the guesthouse showroom of then Johns Hopkins President Daniel Coit Gil- Stiles T. Colwill’s interior design practice, which man. The school took up residence in the mansion is located on his family’s farm northwest of Balti- that Declaration of Independence signer Charles more. Her students sit in a living room outfitted Carroll of Carrollton had built as a wedding pres- with enough furniture, paintings, prints, maps, ent for his son in 1801. From 1897 through 1910, rugs, ceramics, and books to give a museum an whenever nature called, students—and, presum- instantly enviable collection of early American art ably, teachers—would scurry the roughly 200 feet and design. from the northern door to the privy. Arthur has brought the students to hear Col- The writing is surrounded by other graffiti will talk about selected prints in his collection; that appear particularly the purview of young each student will choose one to research. Since male minds: other recommendations and 2006 the Museums and Society minor in the thoughts on the fairer sex, a few rhymed lines Department of the History of Art has offered written in what might kindly be called the vernac- Arthur’s Material Culture class. The matriculat- ular, and the sort of anatomical drawings that ing students, usually about 12, spend the fall wouldn’t be out of place in the adult section of an semester researching some aspect of early life in

54 | johns hopkins magazine Maryland, the time in which Homewood man- standpoint of it. How did they do that? How did sion’s original occupant, Charles Carroll Jr. they make it? Why does it look that way? And what (1774–1832), lived. Working with Arthur, the stu- can we learn about how we live now from how dents become assistant curators, researching and they lived then?” assembling museum exhibitions. The first class created the 2007 show Feathers, Fins, and Fur: The t helps that the stories that come out of Pet in Early Maryland. Welcome Little Stranger: researching Homewood are sometimes Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Family in Early Mary- funny. Colwill told the class that the land followed in 2008. Next to Godliness: Cleanli- archaeology excavation around the man- ness in Early Maryland opened in 2009; it featured sion in the 1980s uncovered a site riddled the privy and other scatological items, but more withI thousands of pieces of broken glass. It was a on that in a moment. small heap not too far from a side window that This year the student curators are working on opens to an office off the master bedchamber. Portrait of a City: Views of Early Baltimore, which The glass pieces were determined to be wine bot- opens December 4. It’s an effort to put together tle shards from the time, and given the weight of prints, paintings, and fiber works that might sug- an empty wine bottle, the pile’s location was con- gest what Baltimore looked like when Charles sistently about a good toss from the window. And Carroll Jr. was alive. Hence this visit to Colwill’s Charles Carroll Jr. was a famous alcoholic. “It gorgeous showroom. He doesn’t merely have a became very clear that Mr. Carroll was in that The people private collection of works suited to the subject room half passed out and he’d finish [a bottle of who lived at matter. Colwill, the former director of the Mary- wine] and just fling the bottle out the window,” the time are land Historical Society, was one of the consul- Colwill says. as recognizably tants who helped turn the Homewood mansion That’s the kind of casual entry point when flawed as we into a museum. Students aren’t just learning thinking about the history of the not-that-long- are today. They about history here; they get to sit on it and touch ago: The people who lived at the time are as rec- needed to eat. it and hear about it. ognizably flawed as we are today. The technology They had pets. Mounting an exhibition is one of the subtle that they used was different, and the surround- They loved each ways Arthur encourages her students to under- ings looked different, but on a basic level they stand history as an active process that requires had the same wants and desires. They needed to other. They had both rigorous research and creative storytelling. eat. They had pets. They loved each other. They kids. They drank “How do you get the essence of [your chosen] print had kids. They drank too much. too much. in a way that is going to be meaningful to the visi- And, well, they eliminated waste. The city of tor and viewer?” Arthur asks the class. “Let this Baltimore was late to plan and build a citywide stuff float through your head, and while you’re sewage system, a type of municipal infrastructure here today, see which images you keep being that started to emerge in the United Kingdom drawn back to because that’s an important clue.” and United States in the mid-to-late 19th century. In the process, Arthur’s approach to exhibi- It wasn’t until after the Great Fire of 1904 that tion design in the class allows students to con- Baltimore began construction on the system that sider that history doesn’t have to be long ago and serves the city today. These large-scale city works somewhere else. There are stories to be told came about because of the population booms in about that building sitting over there right next to urban centers in the 19th century, when issues of the Milton S. Eisenhower Library. “I really like the sanitation and public health became intertwined historic house museum setting because in that and the traditional manner of handling waste— sort of model, the building is your primary collec- emptying outhouses/privies into streets and tions object,” Arthur says during an interview at nearby waterways or having their contents col- the Homewood Museum. “Because a house is a lected by night soil men—proved untenable. place for people to live, it lets you talk and think According to the 1940 U.S. census, 45 percent of about and research all these aspects of daily life, the population lacked complete indoor plumbing the timelessness of the human condition, and facilities. By the 2000 census, that percentage had then cool antique objects and the craftsmanship dropped to less than 1 percent, and the indoor

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 55 slow down the deterioration of the wood paneling and plaster dome, but even to somebody accus- tomed to porcelain toilets that whisk everything out of sight, these 1801 facilities are pretty posh. w PHOTOGRAPH by Will K irk/home Even so, nearly 200 feet is a long enough jaunt in the middle of the night to discourage anybody from wanting to make the journey out the door, down the steps, and across the grounds simply to tend to a biological function. Fortunately, the time period afforded other options—such as a

circa 1815 pewter bedpan (see image at left) bear- oodphoto.jhu.edu ing the marks of Baltimore pewterer Samuel Kil- bourn. It’s a deep, circular pan with a handle, and knowing what it is makes its function pretty clear. Without that knowledge, well, its use could be open to interpretation. That’s one of the exercises Arthur runs through with her students at the beginning of the class. She’ll bring out an object from the Home- wood collection and ask the students to look at it and try to think about what it was used for. The plumbing question wasn’t asked on the 2010 cen- bedpan is one of her perennial favorite examples. sus. As commonplace as the tub/shower and toi- One year a student made a reasoned argument let being located in the same room may be to us that it was a different sort of pan. The scratches now, that living arrangement is of very recent vin- on its underside? Those would come from its tage. In fact, to many of our 19th-century fore- being moved over a burner on a stove. The curved bears, the proximity of the place where you get lip at the top of the pan? That keeps liquids from clean and the place where you do the other would splattering out. Surely this was something used not compute. to, say, make breakfast. In the case of Charles Carroll Jr. and his family, “And I cannot keep it glued together, and they they were quite well-off, and their external privy start laughing because I’m laughing,” Arthur would have been a luxury at the time. In fact, it’s recalls. “I said, ‘It’s not for cooking. It’s sort of actually two privies—one chamber for men and after that part.’” one for women and children. There’s a curious Sometimes how the Carrolls lived then nicely geometry to its location: The Homewood mansion dovetails with how we’re trying to live now. Last is 128 feet wide, and the mansion and privy fall on year the class curated Federal Foodies: From Farm the arc of a circle with a radius of 128 feet. It’s a to Table in Early Baltimore. “It had a kind of rele- 10-by-13 rectangular building done in the man- vance to current thinking about sustainability,” sion’s stately Federal-style architecture: red bricks, Arthur says. “What they were trying to do here with white window trim and doors, a slate roof. Inside Homewood as a farm was to make it semi-self- are hardwood floors, gray wood paneling, and a sustaining, at least self-sustaining with other Car- domed plaster ceiling that is currently reinforced roll family properties.” In their research, Arthur by temporary support. Imagine a luxuriant state and the students came across newspaper clip- building’s domed entryway scaled down to the size pings and advertisements that addressed food of an efficiency apartment’s kitchen. Now, build a supplies and cooking. They shared those clippings seating area against one wall that is topped with a with Spike Gjerde, the owner and chef behind Bal- wooden plank featuring a series of oval cutouts. timore’s farm-to-table restaurant Woodberry The Homewood Museum recently restored Kitchen, who catered the exhibition’s opening. the privy’s roof and external structure. Funding “A lot of things that we’re trying to do, some of and work are still needed for the ventilation, to the clearest guidelines on how to do it are 100, 200

56 | johns hopkins magazine years old,” Gjerde says. “We don’t give [early Amer- “Most [open-air defecation] is in South Asia, icans] enough credit for how sophisticated their but even in Niger you have over 80 percent of the approach to food was. [Arthur] showed newspa- population engaging in [the practice], which is pers that advertised, essentially, for CSAs [commu- linked to diarrheal disease. We have an estimated nity-supported agriculture] in the 1800s. Some- 1.7 million under the age of 5 dying each year body was actually offering to grow on a subscription from diarrheal diseases. So without sanitation basis fresh produce for you and your family.” you have this fecally contaminated environment It’s not just the culinary arts that are looking that helps to contribute to these diseases.” back to how we once lived. As it turns out, the Combating that behavior is a strategy called large-scale centralized sewage systems of Western Community-Led Total Sanitation, which involves urban cities are not practical or economically fea- rallying a local population to understand how sible in the developing world. What’s needed is a much human waste is seeping into their water more self-contained and easily constructed sys- supplies. One method involves taking a hair, dip- tem that doesn’t need to be connected to a large ping it into feces, dropping it into a glass of clean public water supply and decontamination system. water, and offering people a drink of it. “You can’t What’s needed, in other words, is a new kind really see the hair, and once it’s been dipped in of privy. In October 2011 the Bill & Melinda Gates the water, the water still looks very clean,” Gra- Foundation announced its Reinventing the Toilet ham says. “And at some point a light bulb goes off campaign to deal with the estimated 2.5 billion and they go, ‘We are eating each other’s shit and people worldwide who don’t have a safe, sanitary we have to stop this.’ Then as a community they way to deal with human waste. It stipulated a few decide they want to become open air–defecation constraints: The new toilet needed to work with- free. And then they build pit latrines, basically. out electricity, a septic system, or running water. This is a big movement, and it’s the only thing It shouldn’t discharge pollutants and, ideally, that’s really giving us hope in the sanitation sec- should convert waste into energy. And it should tor because we’re seeing large numbers of people cost about 5 cents per day to operate. In August a begin to value sanitation after this process. So design team from the California Institute of we’re making progress in rural areas—we’re beat- Technology was awarded a $400,000 grant for its ing population growth.” “A lot of things design, which harnesses solar energy to trans- Such are the cycles of technological innova- that we’re trying form waste into hydrogen gas that can be used in tion: Sometimes what’s old becomes new again. to do, some of fuel cells, water that can be used for irrigation, Eugene Fauntleroy Cordell understood that. and organic matter that can be used as fertilizer. In a 1904 address to the Medical and Chirurgical the clearest In some parts of the world, though, an old- Faculty of Maryland titled “The Importance of guidelines on fashioned privy will do. Pit latrines, privies in the Study of the History of Medicine,” he how to do it public health jargon, are the preferred method of observed that “since history is ever repeating are 100, 200 curbing the practice of people finding any old itself, it is manifestly the part of wisdom to make years old.” place to eliminate in rural areas the world over. it the object of our closest study, that we Spike Gjerde “We still have an estimated 1.1 billion people may profit by its lessons, both of success and of engaged in open-air defecation,” says Jay Gra- failure; for what others have done or have failed ham, SPH ’07 (PhD), a former Johns Hopkins to do should point the way to their successors, Center for a Livable Future fellow and an assis- whether in search of individual, social, or tant professor at George Washington University’s national guidance.” School of Public Health and Health Services. His He learned that lesson from experience. work focuses on water supply, sanitation, and His 1903 book Medical Annals of Maryland, hygiene in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh. 1799–1899, a history of early Maryland medicine, He recently completed an analysis of 34 sub- runs nearly 900 pages. For specific thoughts on Saharan countries in an effort to determine female anatomy of the late 19th and early 20th which ones may be able to meet a goal of ending centuries, however, it may be entertaining to open-air defecation by 2015. Currently Angola is consult a different text. the lone country that he studied on track to do so. Bret McCabe, A&S ’94, is the magazine’s senior writer.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 57 TEXT |

We Are Many The Great Persuasion Kate Khatib, Margaret Killjoy, Angus Burgin and Mike McGuire

cuited the switchboard. Noise was the message because the usual buzzwords and search-engine-optimized head- lines no longer sufficed. Such is the passionate argument of We Are Many: Reflections on Movement Strategy from Occupation to Liberation (AK Press, 2012). Co-edited by Kate Khatib, a doctoral candidate in intellectual history at the Johns Hopkins Humanities Center; activist writer/photographer Margaret Killjoy; and organizer Mike McGuire, this 400-plus-page primer brings together roughly 50 writers, artists, and photog- raphers to explore the ideas that shaped the Occupy movement. The book is organized under loose the- matic umbrellas, allowing for every- Politics thing from discussions of class and Business race in activism (such as “Occupy and Post-Occupied the 99%,” co-written by editor McGuire Free Market Musing From the outset, the Occupy Wall Street and Lester Spence, an associate In The Great Persuasion: Reinventing movement was hard to digest. Initially professor in the Krieger School of Arts Free Markets since the Depression (Har- branded an anti-capitalist protest, it and Sciences’ Department of Political vard University Press, 2012), Depart- soon became more nebulous. Neither Science) to overviews of creative labor ment of History Assistant Professor side of the American political spectrum that came out of Occupy camps. Angus Burgin masterfully explores how could quite define it, nor could the Interspersed throughout are first- economic reckonings of free markets media, but that didn’t stop anyone person stories from Occupy experi- have influenced the currency of ideas, from criticizing it. Occupy lacked lead- ences—the personal glue that holds from John Maynard Keynes declaring ership. It produced no singularly articu- the political discussions together. the end of laissez-faire in 1924 through lated demands. It had no clear political Together, they remind us that although Milton Friedman’s advocacy of deregu- agenda. What do these people want? people may not always agree—and to lated free markets in the 1960s and Such frustration is fair enough—it the editors’ credit, the book’s authors 1970s. Burgin recognizes economics is difficult to have a political discus- don’t all see eye to eye—common theory as a philosophical imperative, sion with an agitprop Tower of Babel. ground will never be found via the showing how free markets’ moral But ask: Does this noise have some mutually assured destruction of today’s imperative differs in the ideas of those purpose? Occupy recognized that when current polarization. That impression two Chicago School titans, Friedrich any movement reduces itself to a makes the book feel like a pragmatic von Hayek and Friedman. Impressively sound bite, it has already acquiesced to toolkit. It’s not trying to convince read- researched and engagingly written, a status quo in which pre-existing ers what to think; instead, it advocates The Great Persuasion explores how free political platforms and news organiza- that different ways of framing Ameri- markets morphed from socioeconomic tions control the narrative. Occupy ca’s problems may be the only way to pariah to panacea over the 20th cen- challenged this norm and short-cir- start solving them. Bret McCabe tury’s latter half. BM

58 | johns hopkins magazine

The Twenty-Year Death Ariel S. Winter

Enter and drink from the gra il: all is revealed. As a baby opening

eyes for the first time, the images as opposed to the vowels may be simpler to focus on. The answer lies right in front of our noses. This scripture (arbutus) melts all darkness: war, prejudice,

disease, hatred; within womb light shines.

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Fiction Crime Stories Genre homages are annoying enough;      author homages entirely execrable. So   — it’s a minor miracle that Ariel S. 
  Winter’s The Twenty-Year Death (Hard Broadmead Resident Case Crime, 2012) doesn’t just work but is genuinely fun. Winter, A&S ’02, pens three interlocking set pieces, each taking place in a different decade and assuming a different crime EQUAL HOUSING OPPORTUNITY master’s voice: Georges Simenon for the 1930s, Raymond Chandler for the Liz has a passion for engaging others and engaging in life. 1940s, and Jim Thompson for the                1950s. While the prose mannerisms             are effective, it’s how Winter links Vibrant, charming, discerning             them together that makes Death less a        people like you. monkeys-typing-Hamlet instance of mimicry and more a sly conceptual feat, treating genre as a readymade and aiming for original territory—which         Winter damn near finds. BM Reserve your seat at our next complimentary Lunch & Learn Series. Call 443.578.8008 13801 York Rd. Cockeysville, MD 21030 | TTY/Voice: Maryland Relay Service 1.800.201.7165

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 59 WHO IS |

...Fannie Gaston-Johansson

Trivia: Gaston-Johansson is the first Do you think you would have come up African-American woman to be a ten­ with this tool if you weren’t trying to ured full professor at Johns Hopkins learn a new language? and the first nurse to be elected to the I don’t think so. I was using the wrong Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, terminology, and yet in the course of Hollis Interviews History and Antiquities, a scholarly being told the right word, I would learn organization established in 1753. something more about the patient’s Fannie Gaston-Johansson pain. A child might say, “I don’t have Professor of acute and Favorite place to travel: The west coast ache, my grandmother has ache. I have chronic care of Sweden hurt.” Every term carries different meanings that can make a difference Favorite musicals: The Sound of Music, in diagnosing a symptom. Specific Dreamgirls, and Mamma Mia! language is crucial, whatever language you are speaking. First, tell me about the Painometer! The Painometer is an easy pain assess­ Is the Painometer in wide use? ment tool that enables patients to Not yet in the United States. We’re identify the location of their pain, the using the tool in research studies, kind of pain, and how much they are primarily in research into chronic pain bothered by the pain. The Paino­meter syndrome and postoperative pain. distinguishes between the emotional Eventually it might be standard in

and sensory components of pain. The medicine cabinets at home. The pain illustration by sensory component differentiates location diagram, with numbered cramping, burning, stabbing, and regions, would allow a patient to pressing pain, for example. There are describe over the phone the specific A nje J 14 different terms. Then patients indi- location of his or her pain, which

cate how much they are affected by the would help in diagnosis. The Paino­ ager PH OTO G RA PH by pain, whether it is nagging, agonizing, meter is used pretty widely in Norway troubling, tiring, or sickening. There and Sweden and has been cited in are 11 different terms. studies there.

When did you first begin to think Your recent work is in health dispari- about issues of language and pain? ties and breast cancer? Will K irk/ H ome w Back in the 1980s, when I was working Yes, I’ve been researching disparities on my dissertation, at the University in treatment for African-American

of Gothenburg, on pain assessment women with breast cancer. I’ve been oodphoto.jhu.edu Hollis Robbins, A&S ’83, is chair of the and psychological distress. I would involved in studies of symptom man­ Humanities Department at the Peabody be working with patients and asking agement, chemotherapy, and pain Institute; she teaches courses in about pain symptoms, and they would management. We’ve been looking literature, drama, film, and aesthetics. say things like, “Oh, I don’t feel pain, at the coping strategies of African-

She has a joint appointment in the I feel ache.” I was learning Swedish at Center for Africana Studies at Home- American women after cancer treat- wood, where she teaches African- the time and, as in all languages, the ment, including studies that involve American poetry and civil rights. different words for pain, such as ache their significant others—husbands, and hurt, meant different things. brothers, partners, parents. It’s very

60 | johns hopkins magazine satisfying work. After his mother died of breast cancer, President Bill Clinton put a substantial sum of money into the Department of Defense to study breast cancer. This was out- side the National Institutes of Health; he was looking for new approaches to research.

You’ve divided your time between Baltimore and Gothenburg, Sweden, for decades. How did you manage this? I have four children. They were getting older and I wanted them to learn more about American culture and my heri­ tage, so we moved to the States after I had lived 16 years in Sweden. I was happy to be home again and the kids loved the USA, so we stayed. I have, however, traveled back to Sweden many times during my tenure at Johns Hop- kins University, and I served as dean of nursing at the University of Gothenburg.

When you aren’t working, what do you like to do? I like musicals! I like the one with the songs by Abba—Mamma Mia!—I’ve seen it on stage and also the movie version, with Meryl Streep and Pierce Brosnan.

Do you think the Painometer would be helpful in describing relationship heartache? Yes, absolutely!

Fannie J. Gaston-Johansson is a University Distinguished Professor and former chair of the Department of Acute and Chronic Care in the School of Nursing, and director of the Center on Health Disparities Research.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 61 CAMPUS

A Decade of Ideas In his February 22, 1876, inaugural address, Daniel Coit Gilman, Johns Hopkins University’s first president, delivered an expansive overview of the state of higher education in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. The address included 12 “determined points,” general agreements about what univer­ sity education­ should be. The 12th included a practical reminder that excellence doesn’t on laurels rest: “Almost every epoch requires a fresh start.” President Ronald J. Daniels recog­ nizes our current epoch as a time of great change in higher education, and he’s outlined his vision to sustain Johns Hopkins’ role as an institution of discovery and innovation. Inspired by earlier universitywide efforts to envi­ sion the university’s future, Daniels has launched the Ten by Twenty initia­ tive, which identifies 10 goals for the university to achieve by 2020. And he wants to know what you think. When the Office of the President announced the plan in November, the president’s website (web.jhu.edu /administration/president) made ca’s oldest music conservatory, the to cultivate a culture of individual available a PDF of the working draft numerous recognitions of its faculty­ excellence, and a commitment to the of the goals. “Through the remainder and alumni (19 Nobel Prize winners, communities in which the university of the year, I will be seeking your six Pulitzer Prizes, 38 Lasker Awards, resides. In Ten by Twenty he adds insti­ thoughts on how to shape the vision etc.)—Daniels appeals to the industri­ tution building to those three goals, in the document,”­ Daniels writes on ous creativity that has forged the uni­ and the draft begins to outline the the site. “I invite you to contribute your versity’s legacy. He acknowledges the combination of economic, administra­ ideas about the Ten by Twenty and your challenges facing higher education tive, and intellectual strategies for aspirations for our university through today, particularly the need for inter­ achieving them. the feedback form on the website or disciplinary collaborations and the As Daniels notes, Johns Hopkins’ by emailing [email protected].” paradigm shifts wrought by technol­ “lists of firsts is not yet complete,” and It’s a sincere opportunity to provide ogy, before identifying how he envi­ this initiative taps into the same drive feedback about the university’s path sions Johns Hopkins’ future. that Gilman noted as higher education’s in the years to come. By citing Johns The themes are the same ones he why in 1876: “a reaching out for a better Hopkins’ distinctions—its founding outlined as the goals for his presi­dency state of society than now exists.” In 136 as America’s first research university, in his September 2009 inaugural years, the particulars have changed, but its role in shaping modern medical address—the call to become one single the university’s determination to move education, its relationship with Ameri­ Johns Hopkins University, continuing forward has not. Bret McCabe

62 | johns hopkins magazine Jays Win, Win, Win Cross-country’s triumph is Johns season and was named conference Hopkins’ first national championship player of the year. Head coach Leo On the third Saturday in November, in any women’s sport. But the big day Weil was named conference coach Johns Hopkins athletics experienced for women did not end in Indiana. of the year. the finest 10 hours in program history. That evening in Pennsylvania, women’s Cross-country’s championship Three teams participated in NCAA soccer went up against unbeaten was announced at halftime of the postseason competition. All of them Lynchburg College in the Sweet 16 of football team’s first-round NCAA won. But women’s cross-country the NCAA Division III soccer champi­ Division III playoff game. Coach brought home the biggest prize of onship and ended the Hornets’ season Jim Margraff’s team had already all—a national championship. with a 3-1 victory. Kelly Baker, Jenny won its fourth straight Centennial At the NCAA Division III national Hall, and Emily Nagourney scored for Conference championship and come meet in Terre Haute, Indiana, three the Jays. Johns Hopkins’ season came within two points of a second con­ Johns Hopkins runners placed in the top to a halt the following night as the top- secutive undefeated season. In the 32 (out of 277 runners) to lead the team ranked team in the nation, Messiah playoff game, the Jays dominated to victory by the largest points margin College, defeated the Jays in the national Washington & Jefferson College, since 2002. Hannah Oneda completed a quarterfinals, 3-0. Johns Hopkins’ ster­ amassing 595 yards of total offense phenomenal freshman season by com­ ling season ended at 18-5-1. Sopho­more in a 42-10 victory. At press time, the ing in 10th, earning all-American honors Hannah Kronick added to the list of Blue Jays were set for a second-round along with teammates Holly Clarke and accomplishments by Johns Hopkins encounter with the University of Mount Annie Monagle. Clarke became the pro­ athletes named Hannah when she Union, the nation’s top-ranked team, gram’s first two-time all-American. broke the school record for goals in a in Alliance, Ohio. Dale Keiger

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Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 63 CAMPUS |

Ferrari’s View Hill Steps Down Bernard T. Ferrari Martha N. Hill Left: P H O Right: P H O T O G RAP H by W I LL KIRK T O G RAP H by Davi d A aron Troy w /home oo d pho t o.jhu.e d u

Ferrari’s View Hill Steps Down Bernard T. Ferrari was 81 days into his us in the business of business educa­ When the School of Nursing was estab­ job as dean of the Carey Business School tion are compelled to ponder what has lished as a full-fledged division of Johns when he stepped up to a lectern to out­ brought us to this pass.” Hopkins University in 1983, Martha line what he had in mind for the school’s In response, he said, business N. Hill, Nurs ’66, SPH ’86 (PhD), was direction. The subtitle of his address schools must train future leaders one of its first four faculty members. was “A Humanistic Approach to Busi­ who can navigate with agility not only Nineteen years later, Hill became the ness and Business Education,” an indi­ business but government and social school’s dean. During the ensuing cation that he intends to continue the sectors, and who “understand the decade, she oversaw a 440 percent program’s emphasis on training busi­ consequences of their behaviors on growth in the school’s research fund­ nesspeople to understand that, as he the greater stage called market, called ing, the revamping of its undergradu­ put it in his speech’s conclusion, “busi­ community, called society.” Going ate curriculum, and the elevation of the ness success should not be an end forward, the Carey Business School, school’s graduate programs to a No. 1 strictly unto itself but rather the means he said, will concentrate on four parts ranking this year by U.S. News & World for building a more successful society. of the American economy “that involve Report. In September, Hill announced “We aspire not just to be different alarmingly large amounts of resources”: her impending retirement as dean at from other schools, not even just to real estate and infrastructure, national the end of the current academic year. lead, but to show a new way,” he said. security, health care, and financial Hill is a fellow of the American Ferrari, who replaced founding services. He noted that the school had Academy of Nursing and serves on the Dean Yash Gupta last June, noted that recently decided to strengthen its pro­ Council of the Institute of Medicine of public faith in corporate chief execu­ grams relating to health care and the the National Academies. She became tives had declined substantially, and life sciences, and he emphasized its in 1997 the first nonphysician to serve even faith in capitalism appeared to be commitment to research: “It is among as president of the American Heart wavering, forcing the most advanced my chief objectives to see that the Carey Association. She will remain at the capitalist societies to begin redefining Business School becomes an equal School of Nursing as a faculty member the role of both public and private eco­ contributor to this university’s great and researcher. DK nomic prerogatives. He said, “Those of culture of discovery.” DK

64 | johns hopkins magazine Leading DAR Big Money for STEM Fritz W. Schroeder Barclay Elementary School students P H O T by O G RAP HY W I LL KIRK w /home oo d pho t o.jhu.e d u

Leading DAR Big Money for STEM This fall, the university named Fritz W. Supported by a five-year $7.4 million “Our aim is that this partnership Schroeder its chief development and National Science Foundation grant, will build excitement around science, alumni relations officer. In a Septem­ Johns Hopkins experts are partnering technology, engineering, and math­ ber announcement, President Ronald with Baltimore City Public Schools ematics,” says Michael Falk, principal J. Daniels described Schroeder as an to enhance teaching and learning in investigator for SABES and associate “arti­culate and inspiring leader,” citing science, technology, engineering, professor of materials science and his contributions to the university’s and math. The program, called STEM engineering in the Whiting School of annual giving, alumni relations, devel­ Achievement in Baltimore Elementary Engineering. “Our hope is that this opment, trustee engagement, and cam­ Schools, or SABES, not only will benefit model could eventually be extended to paign planning and strategy efforts. more than 1,600 students in grades other school systems around the coun­ “His passion for and loyalty to Johns three through five in nine city elemen­ try to foster STEM educational achieve­ Hopkins are legendary,” Daniels wrote. tary schools, but could also become a ment among all students, including Schroeder has been with the univer­ national model for STEM education. those of different ethnicities, language sity for 16 years, having first served as The project will engage more than proficiencies, and income levels.” director of annual giving. In 2010, he 40 teachers in three local communities According to Falk, it’s vitally im­por­ was named vice president for develop­ and will involve parents, after-school tant to engage today’s elementary­ -age ment and alumni relations. He holds a care providers, local businesspeople, students in STEM learning at a high bachelor’s degree from James Madison community groups, and experts from level to prepare them for the 21st- University and an MBA from University Johns Hopkins, the Maryland Science century job market. “Nationally, the of Maryland, College Park. Center, and the National Aquarium. jobs being created require high amounts Schroeder succeeds Michael C. The program will provide professional of skill with respect to science and math­ Eicher, who joined Ohio State Univer­ development for teachers, as well as ematics,” says Falk. “By engaging stu­ sity as senior vice president for advance­ curricular enhancements and training dents early, we hope that they are ment on November 1. Catherine Pierre to enable after-school program provid­ pre­pared to meet that need and partici­ ers to augment STEM education by pate in the modern workforce fully.” involving children in activities that Lisa DeNike have resonance in their communities.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 65 CAMPUS |

Abbreviated Leadership being offered by the Carey Business School and the School of Nursing Edited by Catherine Pierre Maryland Institute College of Art. The school ranked No. 1 among The joint degree aims to teach nursing schools for total National students to use design thinking to Institutes of Health funding for fiscal Krieger School of Arts solve business problems. year 2012. Its nearly $8.6 million in and Sciences NIH grants supports research into such Tyrel McQueen, an assistant professor­ areas as cardiovascular disease, aging, in the Department of Chemistry School of Education and violence prevention. Victory whose work focuses on materials The school has named Teachers With­ Media, a media entity used by military with exotic electronic states of matter, out Borders founder Fred Mednick personnel transitioning into civilian was one of 16 young researchers and Tutor.com founder and CEO life, has named the school to its 2013 nationwide to be awarded a 2012 George Cigale as visiting fellows. Military Friendly Schools list, which David and Lucile Packard Foundation The Visiting Fellows program is recognizes the top 15 percent of Fellowship for Science and Engineer­ designed to provide a forum where colleges, universities, and trade ing. The fellowship comes with unre­ leading researchers and practitioners schools that do the most to embrace stricted funds of $875,000, distributed can evaluate new approaches to service members, veterans, and over five years. Physics and Astrono­ reforming educational practice in spouses as students. my’s Mark Neyrinck and Miguel the United States. Aragón-Calvo, who use the Japanese art of origami as a metaphor for under­ Peabody Institute standing the cosmos, won an award School of Medicine Faculty artist Amit Peled has been through the John Templeton Founda­ Lawrence J. Appel and Gregg given use of Pablo Casals’ Matteo tion–funded New Frontiers in Astron­ Semenza became members of the Gofriller cello by Casals’ widow, Marta omy & Cosmology International Grant Institute of Medicine in October. Casals Istomin, and the Casals and Essay Competition. Appel directs the Welch Center for Foundation. He will perform with Prevention, Epidemiology, and Casals’ cello, along with pianist Alon Clinical Research. Semenza is a Goldstein, Peab ’95 (GPD), ’96 (MM), at Whiting School of Engineering professor of pediatrics who researches the Kennedy Center in March. The U.S. Air Force has selected a team the molecular mechanisms of Orioles pitcher Steve Johnson visited led by Johns Hopkins engineers to start oxygen regulation. the dance studios of the Peabody the Center of Excellence on Integrated Materials Modeling. The center, with $3 million in funding from the Air Force, will develop novel computational ™ Categories GOLOMB’S GAMBITS Solomon Golomb, A&S ’51 and experimental methods to support the next generation of military aircraft. Here are three examples of words in each of 6. heart, wire, worth 10 categories. These categories are related Carey Business School 7. fix, mix, rap but distinct. Can you identify the categories Associate Professor Lindsay from these samples? 8. for, par, weigh Thompson, A&S ’01 (PhD), an expert in 1. false, neighbor, priest 9. battle, court, fellow issues regarding the role of character 10. fond, soft, wicked and human values in business, society, 2. bore, duke, free and corporate culture, was elected to 3. lone, three, trouble Each of the following seven words could fit the Maryland Humanities Council’s into (at least) two of the 10 categories. Can 4. gorge, marvel, outrage you determine which ones for each of these? board of directors. Advertising 5. grate, hurt, wish Age magazine ran a feature in October care, casual, child, hand, hope, king, win on the new MBA/MA in Design Solutions on page 78

66 | johns hopkins magazine Preparatory in November to compare notes with several classes of young stu­ dents on warming up, working out, and giving your all, whether onstage or on the mound.

Bloomberg School of Public Health In October, the school announced that more than 175,000 students had Quality living assistance in the comfort of your home Initial In-Home Assessments and Home Safety Assessments by Registered Nurse enrolled in its Massive Open Online Emergency and Same Day Coverage 24/7

Courses offered through Coursera. The Skilled and Non-Skilled Nursing Services—RNs, LPNs, GNAs, CNAs PRIVATE DUTY SERVICES, INC. school offers MOOCs on data analysis, nutrition, primary health care, biosta­ tistics, and principles of obesity economics. The Center for Communi- WeCare Private Duty Services cation Programs was awarded a Award Winning Service Excellence since 1995 five-year, $108 million project by the WHO  ‡ ID[  U.S. Agency for International Develop­ www.www.ZHFDUHSGV.comm ment. The Health Communication License number R921 NRSA License number 070901 LicensedLicensed as a Residential SerServicevice Agency by The Capacity Collaborative will help MarylandMaryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Office of HealthcareH Quality.Quality. Bonded and Insured. developing countries create their own communications projects to promote healthier behaviors.

Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies The SAIS Center for Transatlantic Relations held the third Global Conference on Women in the Board- room in September, bringing together senior corporate executives, govern­ ment officials, and corporate stake­ holders worldwide to highlight initiatives aimed to achieve gender parity on corporate boards.

Applied Physics Laboratory The International Academy of Astro­ nautics awarded its 2012 Laurels for Team Achievement to the team leading NASA’s Messenger mission to study the planet Mercury. APL built and operates the Messenger spacecraft, which launched in August 2004 and entered the orbit around Mercury in March 2011.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 67 ALUMNI | Giving

BODIES AND BUCKS

Written by | Brennen Jensen

As a technical sales manager for an pursuit of two $5,000 prizes. One prize international chemical firm, Bob Riley, was for whichever program had the Engr ’98, relies every day on what he highest annual increase in dollars, the learned in Johns Hopkins classrooms other for whichever program had the Welcome and labs. But he also carries with him greatest percentage of its alumni giv- It’s about staying con- abilities and insights gleaned from ing back to the program. It was an nected. With the world another campus location: the foam- approach that allowed smaller sports outside Johns Hopkins— covered floor of Goldfarb Gymnasium programs, such as wrestling, to com- as Carrie Tudor is doing in where he grappled for the Hopkins pete on a level playing field with bigger South Africa, researching wrestling team for four years. ones, such as mighty men’s lacrosse. tuberculosis risks among “The level of competitiveness in­ All money raised went directly to the health care workers (p. 70). volved with being a wrestler and the sports programs themselves, paying With other alums—like unrelenting dedication and prepara- for such things as equipment, uni- Robert and Janine Clayton, tion required are things I draw on all forms, or assistant coaching needs the time,” Riley says. “Learning how to not covered elsewhere. who started dating as deal with emotional wins and painful While more than half of athletic undergraduates and stayed losses gets built into your character, programs ended up having at least in touch for 27 years—with and I don’t think there is a better way 15 percent of their alumni make dona- the help of Hopkins alumni to develop leadership.” tions, the baseball team hit it over the events—before finally tying So, in summer 2011 when Riley fence to take top honors (and the cash the knot (p. 72). It’s also heard about the inaugural Forever a prize) in this category. More than 31 about making new connec- Blue Jay Challenge, the yearlong fund- percent of former Blue Jay ballplayers tions, as JHU alumni are raising campaign that playfully pitted made a donation. doing in Hawaii, Dubai, and sports programs against each other in Baseball head coach Bob Babb, many other places, thanks a race to bolster giving to athletics, he A&S ’77, who has led the team for more to the efforts of local alums knew what he had to do. It was time than three decades, was thrilled with who have started new to go back to the mat for his old team. the win but admits that the contest was regional chapters (p. 73). “First, I donated,” Riley says. “Then right in his wheelhouse. Keeping his And it’s about you, staying I started encouraging other wrestling past players engaged and supportive connected to the university alumni to not only get in there and of current activities on the diamond by reading this magazine. donate themselves, but to circulate the has long been a focus of his. “I have message to their own lists of friends an enormous mailing list that I call who were on the team.” Friends of Hopkins Baseball and am And this was what the Forever a constantly sending them updates on Blue Jay Challenge was all about: the team,” he says. “Most baseball play- building support for each sport from ers who played here had a wonderful within each sport, valuing participa- experience and I want to keep them tion as well as dollars. Bodies and connected, knowing that they are going bucks. Here’s how it worked: From to want to contribute back to the pro- July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2012, all 24 gram to make it even more successful varsity sports programs worked to and the experience even better for the increase giving and participation in current players.”

68 | johns hopkins magazine programs out,” Troy says. “I think it was a great idea.” All told, 19 of 24 individual varsity programs saw their alumni giving grow by 30 percent or more during the For- ever a Blue Jay Challenge. More than 2,000 former Blue Jay athletes, par- ents, and friends made donations, increasing overall giving to athletics PHOTOGRAPH by Will K irk/ H ome w by 6 percent for the year. “We saw a huge spike in participation across the board,” says Grant Kelly, the Depart- ment of Athletics’ associate director of development. “We had a lot of alums step up to the plate to make a differ- ence for our student-athletes. Many oodphoto.jhu.edu donors made gifts for the first time because they got motivated by the chal- lenge and wanted their team to win and be recognized. Seeing the dedi- cated passion behind these donations was truly spectacular.” Oh, and how did Riley’s wrestlers fare? Pretty well, actually. The wrestling team came in second place in the percentage of alumni giv- ing category, with nearly one in four former wrestlers making donations. Their impressive 215 percent increase in annual giving was good enough for third place in that category. Far from taking this close-but-no-cigar finish as Men’s baseball and women’s volleyball took top honors—and an extra $5,000 each—in the inaugural Forever a Blue Jay fundraising challenge, in which teams competed to raise alumni support for their programs. a “painful loss,” Riley was pleased with the outcome. “I’m proud of how we finished,” he says. “It’s a terrific reflec- The women’s volleyball team started ball team had a whopping 867 percent tion on the wrestling team and where the challenge in a different place. Head increase in donations during the chal- its support is headed.” coach Matt Troy came on board just a lenge period, more than enough to And Riley will have a chance to go year before the contest started, and one take the $5,000 prize. “All athletes are back to the mat once again next July of his main objectives was to build a competitive by nature, so I think this when the second Forever a Blue Jay stronger alumni network for Hopkins challenge was fun for them to compete Challenge kicks off. The old uniforms volleyball. And the result? The volley- a little bit while trying to help their may fray and fade, but not the love.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 69 ALUMNI | Colleagues

Taking Down TB

Interview by | Marianne Amoss

Carrie Tudor, Nurs ’08, ’12 (PhD), and the International Council of Nurses Jason Farley, Nurs ’03 (MS), ’08 (PhD), before heading to South Africa. came together over drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tudor, who had 10 years Carrie Tuberculosis is everywhere.

of experience in global health, had It’s preventable, it’s treatable for the PHOTOGRAPHy by W ILL KIRK come to the School of Nursing to most part, and so for me, that’s the receive a clinical background to aug- compelling thing: How do we play a ment her master’s degree in public part in preventing the spread of TB, health. In the doctoral program, she advancing the treatment and cure of studied with Farley, an assistant pro- TB, and bringing TB down in South

fessor in the Department of Commu- Africa? There is such a shortage of w /home nity-Public Health. He invited her to health care workers globally, and work on a study examining nurses’ particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. oodphoto.jhu.edu attitudes and practices regarding infec- My emphasis is: How do we protect tion control in 24 South African hospi- the health care workers that we do tals that were treating multidrug- have, knowing they can get sick from resistant tuberculosis. TB is an enor- going to work? mous health problem in South Africa, In China, I consult for the Interna- where it is the leading cause of death in tional Council of Nurses, training patients also infected with HIV, and for nurses on TB. Last year I met a nurse patients in the developing world, treat- who had been working since 1979 ment can be prohibitively expensive when she graduated from nursing and lengthy. school—30 years working in a TB Tudor recently began a National hospital—and had never received any Carrie Tudor recently began a National Institutes Institutes of Health Fogarty Global TB-specific training besides on the job. of Health Fogarty Global Health Fellowship in Health Fellowship, which has taken Doctors get trained; nurses don’t. South Africa, where she will be expanding on her her back to South Africa, where she’ll previous research on the occupational risks of TB among health care workers and how best to work on preventing TB and its trans- Jason The work Carrie’s doing globally­ protect them against TB. mission among health care workers in educating nurses will light a fire that infected with HIV. She will also con­ may start as a small flame but pretty tinue to collaborate with Farley, whose soon it’s a bonfire. Training nurses in research focuses on the intersection of TB is exceptionally important work and drug-resistant infections and patients she is well-trained to do this. In my with HIV. own work in infection control during In early September, Farley and Tudor the early 2000s SARS epidemic, I saw reunited via Skype to discuss their how much there is a thirst for educa- shared dedication to eliminating this tion and training from the nursing curable disease and improving the lot profession in China. And we see this of health care workers. Farley spoke around the world. It speaks to a lack from his office at Johns Hopkins in of recognition of the role that nurs- Baltimore, while Tudor called from ing—as a profession primarily of China, where she was consulting for women—plays in many cultures.

70 | johns hopkins magazine

C In many countries, especially in is going to do it.” They come in like China, nurses have a low standing. little lambs and they go out at the end of Everything is very physician-focused, the week like roaring lions. and the nurse is just there to carry out the doctor’s orders. J When we go out and do something that might seem like a small training, J But I think that we are finally begin- people, particularly nurses, take that ning to see countries and organiza- information and run with it. It will tions understand and recognize the trickle down in ways that you could importance of the role that nurses never imagine. play in a variety of settings—as direct care providers at the bedside as well C Yes, they do amazing things. Nurses as direct care prescribers and treat- in China who were trained a few years ment initiators in primary health ago went back and created brochures care settings. to share with medical staff in the pris- ons, educating them on the signs and C Exactly. For example, the training symptoms of TB, helping them screen with the International Council of for TB and better treat patients with Nurses is called Training for Transfor- TB. These nurses have gone around mation. It’s going on in 16 different to different parts of the province to countries throughout the world— educate other hospital nurses and China, India, Russia, South Africa, include doctors in their training. Malawi, the Philippines, a few places Several nurses last year did their own in West Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, research studies; one study has been Uganda, Swaziland, Lesotho. Our accepted at a high-level Chinese Jason Farley is an assistant professor in the training provides an overview of TB: nursing journal. Another nurse has Department of Community-Public Health at the School of Nursing and a nurse practitioner in the how it’s spread, treatments, multidrug- created a nurse management model Johns Hopkins AIDS Service within the School of resistant TB, pediatric TB, infection that she’s testing out for improving Medicine. He is a co-director of the clinical core control, the whole picture. And then patient outcomes with multidrug- within the Johns Hopkins Center for AIDS Research and a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Nurse the rest of it focuses on best practices resistant TB treatment. Faculty Scholar. He continues to focus his TB work and standards for patient care. A lot of We play a very small part—just on multidrug-resistant TB and strategies to it gets nurses to think about the gaps getting the information in the hands increase access to care and improve treatment outcomes, particularly in HIV co-infected patients. that exist between what they should of these nurses so they can go back ideally be doing and their situation. and institute positive change in their We ask them to think about what they everyday practice, so they can improve could do in their everyday role as nurses best practices for patients with TB, to help close that gap. and so they can push their hospital At the beginning of the training, directors and managers to make they think, “I’m just a nurse. What can changes in terms of infection control I do?” But by the end of the week they and other things that will benefit say, “I am a nurse, and this is what I everyone. But there’s real potential have to do. If we don’t do it, no one else there to make changes on the ground.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 71 ALUMNI | Friends for Life

Slow Beginning, Happy Ending

Written by | Kelly Brooks

Robert Clayton, A&S ’84, and Janine stuck-up,” he says. “I did think she was al schools. Janine went to Howard Austin Clayton, A&S ’84, fell in love attractive—that’s­ a given!” University College of Medicine and their sophomore year at Johns Hop- What finally brought them togeth­ ended up in Washington, D.C., con­ kins. Twenty-seven years later, they er? It was a Thursday night at the ducting clinical research at the Na­ finally tied the knot. Rathskeller—a bar and dance floor tional Institutes of Health. Robert “We didn’t really get along when in Levering Hall—and Robert was the traveled west, first graduating from we first met,” admits Janine, who was DJ. “Out of the blue, she approached law school at the University of Michi- introduced to Robert at a Black Student me,” says Robert. “That was definitely gan and then moving to Los Angeles Union meeting. Her quiet nature and out of character for her, and I wasn’t where he eventually worked his way previously “cloistered” life attending going to waste the opportunity, so I into the city’s largest family law firm. Catholic schools couldn’t have pre­ asked her to dance.” It was around that time, in 1995, pared her for Robert, a “big-man-on- The romance lasted for most of when the Society of Black Alumni campus kind of guy” who was a leader their time at Johns Hopkins. Although formed, that they began to see each in the BSU, captain of the basketball they parted ways at the end of their other more often. Robert, who was team, and DJ for campus events. junior year, the spark was rekindled— on the executive committee, would Robert’s initial impression wasn’t this time long distance—during the fly to Baltimore for the meetings much better: “I thought she was very first year at their respective profession- “and we’d start dating for a while, but distance would get the better of us, and we’d break it off—until we got together again,” he says. Eventually, says Janine, “we realized we could either keep doing this for another 27 years, or we could choose to get really serious about our relationship and our lives.” The couple chose to get serious P hotograph by and finally married on April 11, 2008. Today, they live in North Potomac, Maryland, close to Janine’s work as

director of the Office of Research on Will K irk/ H ome w Women’s Health, which coordinates all women’s health research at NIH. Robert’s home base is in Maryland, but he still commutes to his thriving oodphoto.jhu.edu law firm in Los Angeles, which he started in 2000 to represent celebrities, athletes, and other high-net-worth individuals in family law cases. “Hopkins alumni events gave us a reason to keep coming back to one another,” says Janine. “Without Hopkins being at the center, I don’t think we’d be together.” Robert and Janine Clayton fell in love as undergraduates. Twenty-seven years later, they finally said “I do.”

72 | johns hopkins magazine | Notebook illus trat i o n by oliver jeffers

Alumni On the Move

Written by | Kristen Intlekofer

Johns Hopkins alumni chapters have and the Bloomberg School of Public is considering themes such as been growing—fast—all over the Health, “and parents, actually,” he nanotechnology, water quality, world. Within the past year, thanks adds. “We had a parent of an alum and a behind-the-scenes look at a to a new model of support introduced join us [for an event].” In August, the local museum. by the Office of Alumni Relations and group hosted a send-off party for rising And over in Dubai, Peter Davos, the grassroots efforts of local alums, a freshmen headed to Johns Hopkins A&S ’00, and Karina Schumacher- number of new regional chapters have in the fall, and a beach barbecue—it Villasante, A&S ’05, have formed the gotten their start. Here are just a few. is Hawaii, after all—is in the works first Johns Hopkins alumni chapter in In Hawaii, what began with several for January. the United Arab Emirates. Though they young alumni getting together infor- Roughly 4,000 miles away, Denise initially started the group to connect mally for game nights and happy hours Anderson, A&S ’89 (PhD), found herself with other Hopkins alums for network- has become a small but growing com­ in a similar situation, adjusting to life ing and social events, they now are munity. Chapter leader Luis Oros, in Minneapolis after relocating for a planning to expand by joining forces A&S ’11, who came to Honolulu last job. Looking to make friends and net- with other Ivy Plus chapters in the year with Teach for America, says it work in a new city, she started a local region. “I love the people I’ve met,” can be difficult staying connected to alumni chapter, connecting with other says Schumacher-Villasante of living in friends and family on the East Coast, alums, including Genevieve Gallagher, Dubai with its diverse mix of cultures but the Hawaii chapter is “kind of like Engr ’04, and Anthony Scinicariello, and backgrounds. “Everyone has a a pseudo-family.” Oros reports that so Engr ’97, who helped organize the great story and a fascinating path.” far, the group includes alumni from Leadership for Scientists and Engi- To get connected with these or the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, neers event at St. Jude this past Sep- other regional chapters, visit alumni the Whiting School of Engineering, tember. For future events, the group .jhu.edu/chapters.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 73 ALUMNI | Alumni Association

More Than Meets the Eye

Written by | Rachel Wallach

Deception lay at the heart of Adolf “He thinks he’s got it squared away, Cohen, one of three study leaders Hitler’s rare stab at diplomacy in 1940. but it wasn’t,” says Eliot Cohen, profes- on the tour and an amateur magician, Aboard his private train, Amerika, Hitler sor at the School of Advanced Interna- included in his deception-themed lec- embarked on a series of visits with the tional Studies and director of the Philip ture series a magic trick to whet his leaders of Italy, Spain, and Vichy France Merrill Center for Strategic Studies, audience’s appetite for the trickery he to promise favorable outcomes for those which he founded. Cohen recounted says intrigues us. His second talk told nations that agreed to close off British this little-known World War II episode the 1943 story of “The Man Who Never access to the Mediterranean—prom- in roughly the same Mediterranean Was,” when British intelligence agents ises he never intended to keep. territory where it occurred, his audi- dressed a derelict corpse in a Royal Ma- Deception in turn dealt the diplo- ence—wineglasses in hand—the 100 or rine uniform, chained a briefcase matic attempt its fatal blow. The three so travelers on a recent Johns Hopkins to its wrist containing a fake letter os- European leaders—Benito Mussolini, Alumni Journeys cruise to Italy and the tensibly written by the No. 2 British Francisco Franco, and Philippe Pétain Adriatic coast. Having boarded the army official, and floated it ashore off —let Hitler believe they would in some Corinthian II in Rome, the group spent Spain, believing it would be picked up measure cooperate with his scheme 10 days learning about history and art, by pro-German officials. As the British but double-crossed him by failing to listening to opera, and touring such had hoped, the letter’s false informa- deliver and pursuing their own cities as Taormina, Sicily; Kotor, tion was surreptitiously passed to the interests instead. Montenegro; and Piran, Slovenia. Germans, causing them to prepare for a British advance in Greece or Sardinia and leaving the actual target, Sicily, exposed. Of this and other talks de­ livered over the course of the trip, Cohen says, “I tried to give a sense of how complex and contingent history can be.” The Alumni Journeys program is PHOTOGRAPH by Brian G oyette designed to create a community of shared exploration, says Susan Baisley, A&S ’80, associate vice president for constituent engagement in the Office of Development and Alumni Relations and the host of this tour. “To have the level of expert insight into topics so relevant to the part of Europe we were in was really quite magical,” she says. That sense of exploration often spilled beyond the lectures and into lengthy Q-and-A sessions. Most nights, the discussion grew so extensive that the cruise director had to cut it off to send everyone to dinner.

The Alumni Journeys program is designed to create a community of shared exploration. To learn more, go to alumni.jhu.edu/travel or call 1-800-JHU-JHU1.

74 | johns hopkins magazine | Class Notes

1943 1964 Sidney J. Socolar, A&S ’43, ’44 William Loring, A&S ’58, is Alan E. H. Emery, Med ’64 Connie Siskowski, Nurs ’68 (MA), ’45 (PhD), retired in 1984 retired and serves as the scholar (PhD), received the 2012 Award (Dipl), was named a 2012 CNN from the University of Miami Miller in residence at St. Paul’s Church in for Excellence in Human Genetics Hero for her work that brought to School of Medicine as professor Brookfield, Connecticut. Education from the American light the previously unrecognized emeritus of physiology and Stanley Matyszewski, A&S ’58, Society of Human Genetics. He population of youths who are biophysics. Today he works in the loves to travel, especially to visit was recognized for distinguished caring for an ill, disabled, or aging fields of public health policy his children and seven grandchil- work through lecturing, mentor- family member. She founded the analysis and policy advocacy. dren. ing, establishing programs, and nonprofit American Association of his writings, which include more Caregiving Youth in 2002, John Texter Jr., A&S ’58, Med than 300 peer-reviewed articles providing support to more than 1948 ’62, HS ’71, is a clinical professor and 26 books on all aspects of 500 young caregivers. in the Department of Surgery at Fritz Hessemer, Engr ’48, reports human and medical genetics. the Virginia Commonwealth Kenneth Torrington, A&S ’68, is that he has six grandchildren and University School of Medicine. He Michael Steinberg, A&S ’64 semiretired and serves as an two great-grandchildren, plays is also active with the U.S. Coast (MA), ’71 (PhD), executive vice accreditation site visitor for flute in baroque chamber Guard Auxiliary. president of academic programs graduate medical education ensembles, and enjoys solving for IES Abroad, received the programs. algebra word problems and Education Abroad Leadership playing the game Upwords with 1960 Award from NAFSA: Association of his wife. International Educators in honor 1970 Richard Shugarman, A&S ’60, of more than 35 years of was appointed to the Florida Joseph Millar, A&S ’70 (MA), is contributions to the education of Board of Medicine in June. He is one of 10 poets named as 1953 students studying abroad. an ophthalmologist and resides in Guggenheim Fellows for 2012. Ronald Berggren, A&S ’53, was West Palm Beach, Florida. named a distinguished fellow of the American Association of 1967 1972 Plastic Surgeons. 1963 Don Rocklin, A&S ’67, a Norm Gross, A&S ’72, a cardiologist, is an assistant Alvin Deutsch, A&S ’53, is an Howard Ginsberg, Engr ’63, ’68 practicing psychotherapist who clinical professor at the Yale adjunct professor of law at the (MS), retired in 2009 as principal resides in Sharon, Massachusetts, School of Medicine. He has three Benjamin N. Cardozo School of engineer at Northrop Grumman. sends his regards to all and children and two grandchildren, Law at Yeshiva University. He He has coached a junior league reports that he and his wife have and he spends time volunteering. serves on the boards of the wrestling team for 28 years and been doing a lot of gardening and Johnny Mercer Foundation, still plays softball. traveled to Italy in May. Goodspeed Opera House, Little Orchestra Society, and the Stuart Lessans, A&S ’63, is 1968 Sheridan Libraries’ National retired from his ophthalmology Neil Grobman, A&S ’68, retired 1973 practice and is a full-time father Advisory Council. from Astra Zeneca in 2010 and is David Levine, A&S ’73, ’75 (MA), to 11-year-old twins Matthew and now an education consultant. is co-chair of Science Writers in William Maginnis, Engr ’53, and Faye. his wife, Mimi, are active in Roger Himler, A&S ’68, works in New York and writes about health charity work and are particularly Ethan Seidel, A&S ’63, ’77 (PhD), addictions psychoeducation in a and medicine. excited about their work with an was elected chair of the board of medium-security prison. He still orphanage in Baja, Mexico. directors of Carroll Hospital sings and plays guitar. Center in October 2011. 1974 Joe Strohecker, Engr ’53, lives Henry Hocherman, A&S ’68, outside Atlanta and is involved in Ronald P. Spark, A&S ’63, is the retired in April 2011 from Henrietta “Heddy” Hubbard, local Johns Hopkins alumni namesake of an annual Distin- Hocherman Tortorella & Wekstein SPH ’74, has been named activities. guished Service Award created LLP, the law firm he helped found associate executive director, this spring at the University of in White Plains, New York. Along science and quality, for the Arizona College of Medicine’s with his wife of 42 years, he splits American Urological Association. 1958 Department of Pathology. Spark, a time between Florida and New During the past five years, she clinical associate professor at the served as AUA’s director of Merrill Berman, A&S ’58, retired York. school and active participant in guidelines. She previously served in June 2004 and is enjoying time professional and community David Millstone, A&S ’68, is a with the U.S. Department of with two children and four activities, received the inaugural member of the National Executive Health and Human Services, most grandchildren. award in April. Committee for the Anti-Defama- recently with the Agency for tion League and is the organiza- Healthcare Research and Quality. tion’s international affairs chair.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 75 ALUMNI | Class Notes

1981 1989 Walter Merrill, Med ’74, HS ’82, Sheila Forman, SAIS Bol ’81 the New York City office of Chris Sanagustin, A&S ’89, was a cardiothoracic surgeon, is chief (Dipl), A&S ’82, a visiting Thornton Tomasetti, the tapped in August to head current of staff at Vanderbilt University professor in the Psychology international engineering firm. programming for Universal Hospital, where he also holds a Department at Loyola Marymount Television, the studio that faculty appointment. University in Los Angeles, is a produces shows including Parks clinical psychologist and an 1988 and Recreation, Saturday Night attorney. Anne Robinson, Engr ’88, ’90 Live, and Late Night with Jimmy 1977 Humberto Hernández-Haddad, (MS), became chair of the Fallon. She will oversee all Marc Duvoisin, A&S ’77, was SAIS ’81, was awarded the Department of Chemical and Universal Television–produced named managing editor of the Los Commander’s Award for Public Biomolecular Engineering at dramas and comedies. Angeles Times in August. Service by the U.S. Army. He is the Tulane University in January. P. Rea Katz, A&S ’77, earned a Mexican consul general to the doctorate with a concentration in United States in San Antonio, educational policy and leadership Texas, as well as an attorney and Classic with a Twist from Marquette University in May former Mexican legislator. “I wanted to present music that people were not familiar with, but that 2011. Noel Eyring Slotke Paschke, Ed would widen their appreciation of the classical guitar and classical ’81 (MS), was honored by the Thaddeus Rutkowski, A&S ’77 music,” says musician Benjamin Beirs, Peab ’06, ’07 (MM), ’09 (GPD), who University of Maryland School of (MA), received one of 18 $7,000 released his second solo album, Widening Circles, in January. Primarily fellowships in fiction writing from Dentistry as the inaugural funded through Kickstarter, the album includes Beirs’ original composi- the New York Foundation for the recipient of the Linda DeVore tion, “Awakened Awareness,” which has been described by critics as Arts. The author of several novels, Dental Hygiene Alumnus Award meditative and melodic with hints of Eastern overtones. It’s the type of he teaches at Medgar Evers for representing the integrity, music that is just right for his occasional performances at meditation College in Brooklyn, New York, intellectual curiosity, community- retreats. “My piece,” Beirs explains, “was my own attempt at evoking the and at the Writer’s Voice at the mindedness, and leadership experience of meditation”—another of the young musician’s passions. West Side YMCA in Manhattan. epitomized by DeVore, former Beyond producing an album, this year Beirs performed in a sold-out director of dental hygiene. concert with the Kennedy Center Chamber Players; he also performs both Paschke is on the Dean’s Faculty at in the United States and internationally in Duo Transatlantique with 1978 the University of Maryland School French guitarist Maud Laforest, Peab ’06, ’07 (MM). See benjaminbeirs of Dentistry and provides Orly Avitzur, A&S ’78, has been a .com for 2013 performance dates. LISA BELMAN consulting services in the dental medical adviser and editor at industry. Consumer Reports since 2008. Lawrence Durban, A&S ’78, is in his 24th year as an attending 1983 cardiothoracic surgeon at St. Ronald Gilberg, A&S ’83, is Francis Hospital in Roslyn, New president of the Pasco County York. PHOTOGRAPH by K atya Chilingiri Medical Society and chief of staff Caren Fleit, A&S ’78, is at Regional Medical Center performing a cabaret show at the Bayonet Point in Hudson, Florida. Duplex in New York City in spring 2013. Lawrence Najarian, A&S ’78, is 1986 president of the Armenian Joe Jacangelo, SPH ’86 (PhD), American Health Professionals was recognized as Volunteer of the Organization and on the faculty in Year by the American Water Works the Department of Ophthalmology Association. He is an adjunct at New York University School of associate professor at the Medicine. Bloomberg School of Public Health Amy Schectman, A&S ’78, is CEO and vice president at MWH Global, of Jewish Community Housing for a wet infrastructure–focused the Elderly, a nonprofit organiza- strategic consulting, environmen- tion that provides affordable tal engineering, and construction housing to very low-income services firm. seniors in the Boston area. Gary F. Panariello, A&S ’86, was promoted to managing principal in

76 | johns hopkins magazine 1990 1995 Bernadette Engelstad, A&S ’90 Ned Jastromb, A&S ’95, and his American Poetry Review/ Sarita Corn, A&S ’03, was (MA), was appointed as a wife, Madina Bekoeva, welcomed Honickman First Book Prize for his honored in January by the research collaborator for Arctic a son, Eric Nicholas Jastromb, on manuscript A Larger Country. Honolulu City Council for her Inuit art with the Arctic Studies July 11 in Manhattan. Timothy J. Nagle, Bus ’00 (Cert), extensive community service in Center at the Smithsonian Kendra Preston Leonard, Peab joined Reed Smith LLP in August Hawaii. Institution’s National Museum of ’95, a musicologist, was recently as a senior data security and Natural History. appointed to the American technology attorney in the Global 2004 Marc Spindelman, A&S ’90, is Musicological Society’s Committee Data Security, Privacy, and the Isadore and Ida Topper Profes- on Membership and Professional Management Practice in the firm’s John “Jay” Johnson, Bus ’04 sor of Law at the Ohio State Development. She also serves as Washington, D.C., office. (MBA), was appointed president University Moritz College of Law. the managing editor of the Journal of Software AG USA Inc., as of His scholarship focuses on certain of Music History Pedagogy. August 1. Previously, he was senior problems of inequality, chiefly in 2001 vice president at Micro Strategy the context of sex and death. Brendan Gallagher, A&S ’01, and responsible for leading the 1996 SAIS ’01, received the General North American sales force. Victor B. Ibabao, SPH ’96, George C. Marshall Award for Mark Sorokin, A&S ’04, 1991 accepted a position with the graduating first in his class from competed as a member of the USA Carolyn Hayward-Williams, Global Health Research Founda- the Command and General Staff Deaf Soccer team at the second Engr ’91 (MS), a certified project tion as director of Cultural College at Fort Leavenworth on World Deaf Football Champion- management professional and Programs and Public Health June 8. He is serving in the U.S. ship held in Ankara, Turkey, in engineer who has worked in Education in March. In April, he Army and currently holds the rank July. transportation for 25 years, is now was sworn in as a commissioner of major. a senior principal at Delcan. with the Health Care Reform Implementation Stakeholders’ 2005 Peter M. Krask, Peab ’91 (MM), Working Group of Santa Clara 2002 co-wrote an award-winning opera, Lauryn Bell Fullerton, A&S ’05, County in California. With Blood, With Ink, based on Richard Fontaine, SAIS ’02, a Ed ’07 (MAT), is the founding the true story of 17th-century Aletha Maybank, A&S ’96, was leading expert on foreign policy principal of Noble Auburn Mexican nun Juana Inés de la recognized by the Network Journal and national security matters, is Gresham College Prep, a Chicago Cruz, a renowned intellectual, as one of its “TNJ 40 Under Forty” now president of the Center for a public charter high school that poet, and champion of women’s honorees, recognizing top-level New American Security. opened in August and is looking to rights who was forced by the business executives nationwide. Michael J. Proulx, A&S ’02 (MA), become the first charter school in Inquisition to sign an oath in She is an assistant commissioner ’06 (PhD), took a post in Chicago to offer the International blood renouncing her life’s work. in the New York Department of September as senior lecturer in Baccalaureate diploma. The opera will make its profes- Health and Mental Hygiene and psychology at the University of sional world premiere with the director of the Brooklyn District Bath. He was chosen as a Fort Worth Opera during its 2014 Public Health Office. torchbearer for the Paralympic 2006 festival season. Games for his research into Joseph Bubman, SAIS Bol ’06 (Dipl), SAIS ’07, and Chris Elizabeth Legenhausen, Ed ’91 blindness and his ongoing 1998 Powell, SAIS Bol ’06 (Dipl), SAIS (EdD), retired on June 30 after 25 engagement with the blind ’07, launched a job search site years as head of St. James Elizabeth Zeuschner Kamins, community. called Company Connector. Academy in Monkton, Maryland. A&S ’98, and her husband, Rob, Margaux Coady Soeffker, A&S During her tenure, the school welcomed their first child, Henry ’02, was named a 2012 Minnesota added two grades and increased Alexander Kamins, in May. They Rising Star by Super Lawyers. She 2007 enrollment from 144 students to live in Chevy Chase, Maryland. is a senior associate attorney with 300. She had worked at the school Tressler Law in Minneapolis. Barry Hopkins, Ed ’07 (MS), ’07 since 1967. (Cert), was honored in June as 2000 Maryland’s winner of the Nance Cunningham, SPH ’00, 2003 Presidential Awards for Excellence in Mathematics and Science 1993 completed a health textbook that Rachel Hare Bork, A&S ’03, Teaching at a ceremony in Edward S. Tuvin, Bus ’93 (MBA), is for use in independent graduated from Columbia Washington, D.C. He received a joined Wells Fargo & Company as postsecondary schools in University in May with a doctorate $10,000 award from the National the business banking relationship Myanmar. in politics and education. Science Foundation. manager for the greater Washing- Tomas Q. Morin, A&S ’00 (MA), ton, D.C., region. He will focus on has been awarded the 2012 the financing of medical practices.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 77 ALUMNI | Class Notes

ALUMNI NEWS & NOTES Trip Neil, A&S ’07, served as the alumni association president captain of the USA Deaf Soccer Terri McBride, SAIS ’99 team at the second World Deaf Executive Director of Alumni Relations Football Championship held in

Susan T. deMuth Ankara, Turkey, in July. PHOTOGRAPH by MIK e Y KAY editors Lisa Belman Kristen Intlekofer 2008 Class notes editor Stephen Kampa, A&S ’08 (MFA), Nora George, A&S ’11 (MA) received the Gold Medal in the Contact us at: Florida Book Awards competition The JHU Office of Alumni Relations for his book of poetry, Cracks in San Martin Center, Second Floor the Invisible (Ohio University 3400 N. Charles Street Press, May 2011), which also Baltimore, MD 21218-2696 410-516-0363 received the Ohio University Press 1-800-JHU-JHU1 (5481) Hollis Summers Poetry Prize. [email protected] alumni.jhu.edu Chris Lewis, SAIS Bol ’08 (Dipl), SAIS ’09, Daniil Davydoff, SAIS Please send class notes to magnotes Bol ’08 (Dipl), SAIS ’09, and Tim @jhu.edu. By submitting a class note, you give Johns Hopkins University Preston, SAIS ’10, are the permission to edit and publish your members of Megaphone Barons. information in Johns Hopkins Magazine The three-person band was voted and in online publications. the Washington, D.C./Baltimore The Alumni News & Notes section of Band of the Month for September Johns Hopkins Magazine is made 2011 by readers of The Deli, a possible by your Alumni Association. For more information, visit alumni.jhu.edu. website devoted to the indepen- dent music scene. Chandrani Mondal, A&S ’08, ’09 Style Maven GOLOMB’S ANSWERS (MS), is a graduate student in the “Like a lot of Hopkins students who are first-generation Americans, I Department of Biology at the thought I would be a doctor,” says Eva Chen, A&S ’01, who was premed her Categories Massachusetts Institute of first three years at Johns Hopkins. But her enthusiasm for writing, beauty, Solutions (Puzzle on page 66) Technology. health, and fashion led her to New York and, later, to a position as beauty Cassandra Vogel, A&S ’08, and health director/special projects editor at Teen Vogue, where she The 10 categories correspond to 10 married Luc Soteu on May 19. worked for seven years. “This demographic,” Chen says, “is still experi- different common endings. mental—in a good way—and open to suggestions and guidance.” They are 1. -hood: falsehood, neighborhood, Raffi Wartanian, A&S ’08, also plugged in all the time, and Chen keeps in touch with more than 1.5 priesthood received a Fulbright research million followers through Google Plus, Twitter, and her popular Tumblr 2. -dom: boredom, dukedom, freedom grant to analyze the development blog, Whatever Eva Wants, featuring everything from the latest Nars eye 3. -some: lonesome, threesome, of civil society in his ancestral shadow palettes to backstage photos from Fashion Week to career advice troublesome homeland, Armenia, where he for readers looking to enter the fashion industry. Today, she is a creative 4. -ous: gorgeous, marvelous, currently resides. He recently consultant for Condé Nast and author of a lifestyle book due out in outrageous completed his debut solo album summer 2013. LISA BELMAN 5. -ful: grateful, hurtful, wishful of original music, Pushkin Street. 6. -less: heartless, wireless, worthless 7. -ture: fixture, mixture, rapture 8. -ty: forty, party, weighty 2009 2012 9. -ship: battleship, courtship, Simeone Tartaglione, Peab ’09 the Mid-Atlantic Symphony Danielle Nemzer, A&S ’12, fellowship (GPD), is music director of the Orchestra. He served as a judge traveled to Southeast Asia with 10. -ness: fondness, softness, wicked- Newark Symphony Orchestra, for the Rosa Ponselle Interna- Alex Rose, A&S ’12, after ness; OR -ly: fondly, softly, wickedly music director of the Delaware tional Voice Competition in graduation. She resides in The seven words that can fit into (at Youth Symphony Orchestra, head Caiazzo, Italy, and has two Washington, D.C., and is a federal least) two categories are: careful/ of the core orchestral department daughters. analyst for Deloitte Consulting. careless; casualty/casualness; child- at the Music School of Delaware, hood/childless; handsome/handful; and an associate conductor with hopeful/hopeless; kingdom/kingship; winsome/winless.

78 | johns hopkins magazine | In Memoriam

in memoriam

Edward J. Funk, Engr ’33, March C. Georgia Brown, A&S ’49 (MA), Anthony R. Cosgrove, Ed ’58 Charles R. “Chuck” Callanan, 18, Towson, Maryland. July 16, Baltimore. (MEd), May 15, West Orange, New A&S ’66 (MAT), July 6, Falmouth, Theodore Milton Miller, Engr ’35, Robert M. Coulbourn III, Engr Jersey. Maine. July 18, Newport, North Carolina. ’4 9 , May 23, Towson, Maryland. Daniel L. Moore, Med ’58, June William R. Schillings, Engr ’67, Edward Lawrence Suarez-Murias, William Saunders “Bill” Coxe, 27, Long Branch, New Jersey. August 9, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. A&S ’38, ’71 (MLA), Med ’42, HS Med ’49, HS ’50, August 2, St. Solbert “Sol” Permutt, Med ’58 James W. Althouse III, A&S ’68, ’4 4 , ’4 7 , July 2, Baltimore. Louis. (PGF), May 23, Baltimore. June 9, 2011, Hudson, Ohio. Paul M. Densen, SPH ’39 (ScD), Raimond del Noce Sr., SAIS ’49, James A. Sandell, Engr ’59, Nancy W. Burton, A&S ’68 (MA), July 9, Iowa City, Iowa. August 3, Hudson, Quebec, June 18, Concord, North Carolina. August 19, Ringoes, New Jersey. Douglas Durston Fear, Med ’39, Canada. Davis Boling, HS ’60, August 5, Rodney S. Gobrecht, A&S ’68 HS ’40, August 15, Roanoke, Gerald Parker Hodge, Med ’49 Tampa, Florida. (MLA), July 30, Reisterstown, Virginia. (Cert), June 7, Ann Arbor, George Herman Kessler Jr., Med Maryland. Bertram Girdany, Med ’43, HS Michigan. ’60, July 30, Winchester, Virginia. Martin Lewis Johnson, Engr ’70 ’4 8 , July 31, Sarasota, Florida. William Waters Kirk IV, A&S ’49, Peter B. Nickles, A&S ’60, (PhD), May 12, Marshfield, Kathaleen V. Kennedy, Bus ’44, Ed ’53 (MEd), June 18, Catons- August 12, Rochester, New York. Vermont. ville, Maryland. August 3, 2010, Hunt Valley, Donald A. “Don” Pirie, HS ’60, Martin H. White, Engr ’70 Maryland. John F. Troxel, Med ’49, July 6, July 6, Clinton, Mississippi. (Cert), June 9, Jupiter, Florida. Marion, Iowa. Jeanne Norquist Sturrock, Nurs John Lloyd Spriggs, A&S ’60, Patricia Cook Moynihan, HS ’72, ’44 (Cert), July 8, West Palm Warren W. Hassler Jr., A&S ’50, May 11, East Pennsboro Township, July 30, Franklin, Tennessee. Beach, Florida. ’54 (PhD), July 12, La Jolla, Pennsylvania. Helen Jane Landon, SPH ’73, California. Lillian Anthony, Nurs ’45 (Cert), Marshall A. Permutt, A&S ’61, August 26, Salisbury, Maryland. June 27, Naples, New York. Robert Sherk, A&S ’50 (PhD), June 10, St. Louis. Barbara L. Seboda, A&S ’73 July 8, Lockport, New York. Betty Corey Owen, Nurs ’45 Wilfrid E. Rumble Jr., A&S ’61 (MLA), January 28, Columbia, (Cert), July 10, Kennewick, Allen W. Thompson, Engr ’50, (PhD), May 11, Poughkeepsie, Maryland. Washington. July 5, Suwanee, Georgia. New York. Robert M. Benson, Med ’74 Joseph Marvin Young, Med ’45, Darwin James Blaine, A&S ’51, Fu-Tien Sung, Engr ’61 (PhD), (PGF), August 19, Canton, Ohio. HS ’46, July 13, Missoula, June 17, Charlotte, North July 28, Durham, North Carolina. Edward E. Sommerfeldt, Engr Montana. Carolina. Paul Ming Hsung Yen, HS ’61, ’80 (MS), May 14, Towson, Ula Girdany, Nurs ’46 (Dipl), Lawrason Lee Kent, A&S ’52, ’64, July 5, Westlake Village, Maryland. November 18, 2011, Sarasota, Engr ’68, July 23, Riverside, California. Needham Joseph Thompson, Florida. Rhode Island. Kenneth Huszar, SAIS Bol ’62 SPH ’82, July 7, Seguin, Texas. Richard C. Bund, A&S ’47, Shirley Wang Ling, Peab ’52 (Dipl), June 19, New York. Dawn Stauffer Hyde, Bus ’83 December 17, 2011, Oak Harbor, (Cert), July 8, Merion Station, (MAS), May 11, Towson, Maryland. Washington. Pennsylvania. John C. Fiege, Ed ’63 (MEd), March 2, Onancock, Virginia. Donald Liu, A&S ’84, August 5, Robert Kotlowitz, A&S ’47, Richard C. Pohl, Engr ’53, Bus ’61, Chicago. August 25, New York. January 27, Parkville, Maryland. Robert A. Swanson, Engr ’63 (MSE), Bus ’68 (MS), June 29, Thomas A. Woodward, SPH ’85, Thayer Mills Mackenzie, Med ’47, Gottlieb C. “Bud” Friesinger II, York, Pennsylvania. June 25, Abilene, Texas. June 24, Stillwater, Minnesota. Med ’55, ’62 (PGF), HS ’57, July 23, Nashville, Tennessee. Paul W. Kohnen, Med ’64 (PhD), Jane Marie Koehler, A&S ’99 Alexander Ludlum “Lud” ’65, May 7, Portland, Oregon. (MLA), June 7, Williamsburg, Michaux Jr., A&S ’47, May 20, John Anton Waldhausen, Med Virginia. Timonium, Maryland. ’56 (PGF), HS ’57, May 15, David L. Rimoin, HS ’64, Med ’67 Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. (PhD), ’67 (PGF), May 27, Los Christopher J. Connors, SPH Richard C. Michael, Engr ’48, Angeles. ’02, July 3, Paoli, Pennsylvania. July 30, New Oxford, Pennsylvania. William J. Bicknell, A&S ’58, June 5, Marshfield, Massachusetts. Glendon E. Rayson, SPH ’65, Anthony “Tony” Lorizio Jr., A&S Bernard D. Panitz, Engr ’48, July 12, Hollywood, Florida. ’03 (MA), August 11, Brockton, November 22, 2010, Wilmington, Walter Lee Cawood, HS ’58, Massachusetts. Delaware. June 27, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.

Volume 64 No. 4 Winter 2012 | 79 ALUMNI | Afterwords

fully immersed

Written by | Jeffrey Blitz, A&S ’90, ’91 (MA)

I had applied to eight colleges. The illus trat i o n by laurie rosen w first seven replies I got were rejections. While we waited for the final blow to arrive in the mail, my family tried to help me envision my college-less future. “You’d have plenty of time for piano lessons,” my mom said. “Or you could take up that karate,” ald my dad floated during one especially vivid and depressing kitchen table talk. There was a gathering sense that at 16 years old I had somehow already driven myself into an inescapable dead end. High school had been hard for me, which I guess is simply to say that when I was a teenager, I was a teenager. I was full of anger at who-knows-what, eating mainly cheese ravioli and Blimpie sandwiches,­ rocketing between poles of secret despair and daydreamy hope- fulness. Some of my friends seemed to be acquiring the kind of fortitude to handle the dreary duties of adulthood, people who could withstand the dol­ doomed or full of promise, or if class but not me. The essay portion of my drums to come, then I could not be clowning signals a useful disregard for college applications had been used to considered a success story and colleges authority or a nagging lack of serious- try to vaguely explain away the jumble had reason to turn me away. But I think ness. But the ability to lock onto true of my GPA—I stuttered! I had scoliosis! now what I did have going for me, interests no matter what anyone else Our dog ran away (before coming right though harder to quantify, was a grow- thinks of them, and then go deep, has back)!—but there was something even ing aptitude for diving into what I loved served me better than a B+ in calculus then that felt a shade dishonest. My and disregarding all the rest. This is not ever would have. perplexing academic record was less an the same as saying that I could only Seven schools sifted the sum total of aberration to be excused and more an handle the fun stuff. That’s not what it my high school achievement and found inadvertent truth gaining momentum: feels like to engage in something with dust. Only Hopkins would see little I wasn’t at all good at things that didn’t real conviction. flecks of something shiny in the pan. interest me; I was very good at the I don’t know how a university is Jeffrey Blitz was nominated for an Academy things that did. supposed to know whether a kid Award for his first movie, the documentary If the algorithms favored by college studying X-Men comic books deep into Spellbound, and won the directing prize at admissions offices were mainly about the night is a sign of expanding Sundance for his feature debut, Rocket Science, about a high school debate team in New Jersey. imagination or limited intellect, or evaluating persistence in the face of He’s also won the Emmy Award for comedy boredom, if that final pudding of high whether a kid who succeeds wildly at directing on The Office and is currently executive school was really the creation of young debate but fails massively at math is producing a new series for Comedy Central.

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