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The Enslaved Image: A Contemporary Visualization of Gender & Race JULIANNE SCHMIDT Johns Hopkins University The Museum Scholar www.TheMuseumScholar.org Rogers Publishing Corporation NFP 5558 S. Kimbark Ave, Suite 2, Chicago, IL 60637 www.rogerspublishing.org Cover photo: Restoring the exterior of the Cincinnati Museum Center, Ohio, as part of the two-year renovation. Reopened 2018. Photo by Maria Dehne – Cincinnati Museum Center. ©2019 The Museum Scholar The Museum Scholar is a peer reviewed Open Access Gold journal, permitting free online access to all articles, multi-media material, and scholarly research. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. The Enslaved Image: A Contemporary Visualization of Gender & Race JULIANNE SCHMIDT Johns Hopkins University Keywords Interpretation; Kara Walker; Historic House Museums; Slavery; Race; Gender Abstract The reluctance to address difficult history results in its erasure from the dialogue of historic sites. This paper analyzes the use of artwork in historic house museums as a method of confronting the legacy of slavery and racism in the United States. First it discusses the legacy of the African American image in artwork. Next, it considers the structure and impact of The Enslaved Image, an exhibition at Johns Hopkins University’s Homewood Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, that pairs Kara Walker’s silhouette artworks with the social history of enslaved individuals who had lived at the site. Following this analysis is the conclusion on the importance of art in communicating the realities of persisting racial tensions throughout American history. About the Author Julianne M. Schmidt is a rising junior majoring in Art History and International Studies with a minor in Museums and Society at Johns Hopkins University. She serves as a Woodrow Wilson Research Fellow, analyzing Western-Arab relations through modern artistic exchange and a cultural diplomacy lens. Since 2017, she has worked alongside museum experts as an intern at the Baltimore Museum of Art as well as Johns Hopkins University’s Homewood Museum. She concurrently serves as an intern for the Smithsonian Cultural Rescue Initiative developing reports to create a data map of cultural heritage sites at risk across the globe. Samples of her academic research to date have been published by the Culture Conflict Research Network and the Johns Hopkins Foreign Affairs Review. This article was published on April 10, 2019 at www.themuseumscholar.org The legacy of slavery in the United States is a starkly invisible one in terms of the history of American art. The majority of artwork from the past three centuries illustrates the strong racial biases with which the predominantly white, patriarchal society has addressed African Americans throughout U.S. history. While a look at past art history reveals the tradition of a white-imposed inferiority on African Americans, contemporary artwork finds strength in its power to challenge this preconceived narrative. The ability to address the legacy of slavery and the ongoing effects of racism is a crucial aspect of contemporary art. It serves as a retrospective rooted in the racial context of the present. This process of looking back and reanalyzing artistic tradition is echoed in the current reconstruction of a more inclusive narrative on the lives of the enslaved individuals of the Homewood House. This article will present the history of four enslaved individuals who lived and worked at the Homewood House through an art historical lens. It will begin with a discussion of the Black Image1 in Western art, focusing on the tradition of representation as well as the role of the African American artist throughout the history of art. Subsequently, it will address the recent trend among plantation museums and historic sites to coordinate artwork with the representation of slavery as part of their historical narrative. Thereafter the link between the research of four enslaved individuals who lived at the Homewood House—Rebecca Ross, William Ross, Anna, and Charity Castle—and four cut paper silhouette panels by contemporary artist Kara Walker will be considered. It will conclude with an assessment of art as a necessary tool for confronting difficult history. The Black Image in Art History The legacy of the Black Image in art history reaches all the way back to the arts of the ancient empires. Concentrating on the representation of African Americans in the timeline of American art, it is evident that the history of art since the founding of the colonies is reflective of a persistent underlying racist attitude revealed through the frequently demeaning portrayal of blacks. The majority of American artwork depicting African Americans perpetuates Eurocentric stereotypes of the men as being “servile…comic…or threatening.”2 Figure 1: Justus Engelhardt Kühn, Portrait of Henry Darnall III (1702-1788?), ca. 1710. Oil on canvas, 44 x 53 7/8 in. Baltimore, MD. Maryland Historical Society, Bequest of Miss Ellen C. Daingerfield, Acc. no.: 12.1.3. This bias is exemplified in Justus Engelhardt Kühn’s 1710 work, Henry Darnall III as a Child, (figure 1) the earliest American artwork to include an African American figure.3 The white aristocratic child commands the center of the work, grandly dressed and positioned in front of the vast estate complex—a marker of his future inherited wealth. His obvious upper-class status is buttressed by the docile figure kneeling behind him. The slave is depicted in a silver collar, an overt reminder of his forced bondage. His subservience is conveyed through his lesser positioning in the artwork as well as his meek facial expression, upturned to his white, wealthy child-master.4 Specifically in regards to works of the antebellum era, commissioned art incorporating African American figures serves primarily to depict them as “objects whose The Museum Scholar, Volume 3, Number 1 (2019) SCHMIDT function was not only to serve their owners, but to enhance their self-image.”5 This role of the enslaved image in early American art reinforces the treatment of African Americans not as equal human beings but as forms of wealth and property during the antebellum period. A prominent departure from this tendency to marginalize the depiction of blacks can be seen in the artwork of John Singleton Copley. His famous 1778 work, Watson and the Shark, (figure 2) contains possibly the most equitable and dynamic portrayal of an African American of his time.6 The black figure is positioned on equal footing with the white man at the apex of a pyramidal composition that links the flailing white man Watson, the menacing shark, and the slave. With the slave looking down on the white man’s risk of death at the mouth of a shark, Copley is painting a reversal of the frequent tragedy that befell slaves forced on the Middle Passage—the dead and dying were often thrown overboard.7 The black man reaches out a hand in aid that lays on a linear plane that connects to Watson’s outstretched white hand. This compositional decision forms a crucial link between the white man and the black man, speaking to the equal humanity and individuality of the figures portrayed, regardless of race. Figure 2: John Singleton Copley, Watson and the Shark, 1778. Oil on canvas, 72 ¼ x 90 3/8 in. Washington, D.C. National Gallery of Art. This interest in portraying the personhood rather than the stereotypes of the African American figure is echoed a century later in the artwork of Winslow Homer. The Watermelon Boys (figure 3) illustrates Homer’s wish to depict a realistic portrayal of the black identity in the aftermath of the Civil War.8 Finished in 1876 amidst the Reconstruction years in the South, the artwork paints an equality and relaxed contentment between the black and white children. The figures all rest on the same plane, participating in the same mundane action together with nothing divisive in their representation. This work is illustrative of the pervasive democratizing theme to Homer’s Reconstruction period oeuvre.9 Copley and Homer were, however, exceptions to the general trend of painting an inferior rendering of the Black Image that has crossed the millennia of the history of art. Although these two American artists paint a deviation from the The Museum Scholar, Volume 3, Number 1 (2019) SCHMIDT white-male dominated artistic society of eighteenth and nineteenth-century America, it is important to note that the population of American artists at this time were susceptible to racial bias and as a whole lacked a dominant non-white perspective among their ranks. Figure 3: Winslow Homer, The Watermelon Boys, 1876. Oil on canvas, 38 1/8 x 24 1/8 in. New York, Cooper-Hewitt Museum. In terms of African American art history, there is little historical record on black artists until we reach the Harlem Renaissance beginning in the 1920s. Before this movement, art historical study tends to isolate African American contributions to the timeline of American art to a handful of influential figures. These include Joshua Johnson (1763-1824), regarded as the first professional African American painter who spent the majority of his artistic career in the Baltimore area, and Henry Ossawa Tanner (1859-1937), a Pennsylvania-born artist known for his work depicting the daily lives of African American families.10 Much like current research processes uncovering the histories of the enslaved who had lived and worked at historic sites across the United States, the expansion of art historical scholarship on African American artists is an ongoing process—a comprehensive analysis of Joshua Johnson’s life and art was recently undertaken by academics in the 1990s.11 A look at contemporary art, however, reveals the diverse spectrum of identities that has recently disrupted the whitewash of American art history.