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SANDIA REPORT a Review of the Available Technologies for Sealing

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SANDIA REPORT a Review of the Available Technologies for Sealing ^ 3-/6 -9s~ SANDIA REPORT SAND93-3997 • UC-814 Unlimited Release Printed November 1994 Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project A Review of the Available Technologies for Sealing a Potential Underground Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada Joseph A Fernandez, Archie M. Richardson Prepared by Sandla National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 8718S and Llvormore, California 94550 ,,. • for the United States Department of Energy , <.. MM 'I'VO'V'^'Til'V' under Contract DE-AC04-84AL85000 „ I'SV Wl Ha,\fMrh'W'•'' Approved for public releaser distribution is unlimited. ... C' 'f !';!». ',!•? U f> pi „ SF2900QI8-81) "Prepared by Yucca Mountain Site Characterization Project (YMSCP) par• ticipants as part of the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program (CRWM). The YMSCP is managed by the Yucca Mountain Project Office of the U.S. Department of Energy, DOE Field Office, Nevada (DOE/NV). YMSCP work is sponsored by the Office of Geologic Repositories (OGR) of the DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM)." Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Govern• ment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government, any agency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from Office of Scientific and Technical Information PO Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Prices available from (615) 576-8401, FTS-626-8401 Available to the public from National Technical Information Service US Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Rd Springfield, VA 22161 NTIS price codes Printed copy: A19 Microfiche copy: A01 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. SAND93-3997 Distribution Unlimited Release Category UC-814 November 1994 A Review of the Available Technologies for Sealing a Potential Underground Nuclear Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada Joseph A. Fernandez Water Quality Department 7574 Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM 87185 Archie M. Richardson J.F.T. Agapito & Associates Inc. 715 Horizon Drive Suite 340 Grand Junction, CO 81506 Abstract The purpose of this report is to assess the availability of technologies to seal underground openings. The technologies are needed to seal the potential high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Technologies are evaluated for three basic categories of seal components: backfill (general fill and graded fill), bulkheads, and grout curtains. Not only is placement of seal components assessed, but also preconditioning of the placement area and seal component durability. The approach taken was: First, review selected sealing case histories (literature searches and site visits) from the mining, civil, and defense industries; second, determine whether reasonably available technologies to seal the potential repository exist; and finally, identify deficiencies in existing technologies. It is concluded that reasonably available technologies do exist to place backfill, bulkheads, and grout curtains. Technologies also exist to precondition areas where seal components are to be placed. However, if final performance requirements are stringent for these engineered structures, some existing technologies may need to be developed. Deficiencies currently do exist in technologies that demonstrate the long-term durability and performance of seal components. Case histories do not currently exist that demonstrate the placement of seal components in greatly elevated thermal and high-radiation environments and in areas where ground support (rock bolts and concrete liners) has been removed. The as-placed, in situ material properties for sealing materials appropriate to Yucca Mountain are not available. One example includes the impact of rock fill placement operations on the rock fill properties. „.,rcn 'DISTRIBUTION OF 1HIS' Acknowledgments The authors especially acknowledge the numerous contacts who assisted with the site visits. Their support allowed the authors to efficiently review the case histories. The contributions, including acquiring information on sites, technical review, and general support primarily in the areas of backfilling and grouting, provided by Michael Hardy, Carl Brechtel, Scott Carlisle, and Brian McGunegle of J.F.T. Agapito & Associates, Inc. and Matt Fowler of Parsons Brinckerhoff, are greatly appreciated. Knowledge of the Nevada Test Site operations was greatly enhanced by William Barrett and Dave Thompson (SNL), Bob Bass and John Talbutt (SNL, retired), John Boa (Waterways Experiment Station), and Joe "Spike" LaComb, Jr. (Raytheon Services-Nevada). The authors also thank the following individuals for their technical review of this document: Ray Finley and Larry Costin (SNL) and John Case (IT Corporation). Thanks are also extended to Creative Computer Services, Inc. for their support in processing this document. This work was performed under WBS 1.2.4.6.2. The data in the report were developed subject to Quality Assurance controls in QAGR 1.2.4.6.2; the data are not qualified and are not to be used for licensing. iv Table of Contents List of Figures x List of Tables xiii Executive Summary xv 1.0 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Purpose, Scope, and Organization of Report 1-1 1.2 Basis for Technology Needs 1-3 1.2.1 Repository Design Features 1-3 1.2.2 Site Description 1-6 1.2.3 Sealing Concepts 1-7 1.2.4 Integration of Backfill and Sealing with Repository Design and Decommissioning Plans 1-9 1.2.4.1 Construction and Operational Considerations—Removal of Foreign Materials 1-10 1.2.4.2 Construction and Operational Considerations—Rock Mass Permeability Modifications 1-11 1.3 Required Technologies 1-12 2.0 Available Technologies for Backfill Placement 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Fill Materials and Materials Handling 2-3 2.2.1 Introduction 2-3 2.2.2 Uncemented Fill 2-3 2.2.3 Cemented Fill , 2-5 2.2.4 Materials Handling 2-7 2.2.4.1 Rock Fill 2-7 2.2.4.2 Sand Fill 2-10 2.3 Emplacement Methods 2-12 2.3.1 Mining Systems with Limited Vertical Extent 2-12 2.3.1.1 Mechanical Emplacement 2-12 2.3.1.2 Pneumatic Emplacement 2-13 2.3.1.3 Manual Emplacement 2-17 2.3.1.4 Hydraulic Emplacement 2-17 v Table of Contents (Continued). 2.3.2 Mining Systems with Large Vertical Extent 2-18 2.3.2.1 Mechanical Emplacement 2-18 2.3.2.2 Gravity Dropping 2-18 2.3.2.3 Hydraulic Emplacement 2-20 2.4 Compaction Methods 2-22 2.5 Engineering Properties of Backfill 2-23 2.5.1 Particle-Size Gradation 2-23 2.5.2 Percolation Rate 2-28 2.5.3 Backfill Physical and Material Properties . 2-29 2.5.3.1 Mining Applications 2-29 2.5.3.2 Civil Applications 2-32 3.0 Available Technology for Bulkhead Installation 3-1 3.1 Underground Mining and Mined-Space Storage Applications 3-1 3.1.1 Inundation Plugs 3-1 3.1.2 Ventilation Stoppings 3-3 3.1.3 Hydraulic Fill Bulkheads 3-3 3.1.4 Abandonment Bulkheads 3-3 3.1.5 Consolidation Bulkheads 3-5 3.1.6 Conversion Bulkheads 3-5 3.2 Civil Applications 3-5 3.2.1 Dam Diversion Plugs 3-11 3.2.2 Hydropower Tunnel Plugs 3-11 3.2.3 Lake Taps 3-11 3.3 Defense Applications 3-11 3.4 Design and Materials 3-12 3.4.1 General 3-12 3.4.2 Design Philosophy 3-12 3.4.3 Performance Criteria 3-13 3.4.4 Emplacement Environment 3-13 3.4.5 Bulkhead Geometry 3-14 3.4.6 Bulkhead Materials 3-21 vi Table of Contents (Continued), 3.5 Construction Method 3-27 3.5.1 General/Site Preparation 3-27 3:5.2 Block Bulkheads 3-27 3.5.3 Cast-in-Place Concrete Bulkheads 3-27 3.5.4 Grouted Concrete Bulkheads 3-28 4.0 Available Technology for Grouting 4-1 4.1 General 4-1 4.2 Materials 4-3 4.2.1 Chemical Mixtures 4-3 4.2.2 Cementitious Materials 4-4 4.2.3 Clay Materials 4-7 4.3 Grouting Methods 4-8 4.3.1 General 4-8 4.3.2 Equipment 4-9 4.3.3 Procedures 4-11 4.3.3.1 Fractured Rock Masses 4-11 4.3.3.2 Contact Grouting 4-14 5.0 Application of Available Technologies to Repository Sealing 5-1 5.1 Work Environment 5-1 5.2 Preconditioning 5-2 5.2.1 Concrete Liner Removal 5-2 5.2.2 Rockbolt Removal 5-4 5.2.3 Postclosure Drainage Area 5-11 5.3 Seal Component Placement 5-11 5.3.1 General Fjll, Drifts and Ramps 5-11 5.3.1.1 Criteria 5-11 5.3.1.2 Screening 5-13 5.3.1.3 Suggested Sequence 5-16 5.3.1.4 Availability of Technology 5-18 vii Table of Contents (Continued).
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