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Zero DC Offset Active RC Filter Designs University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 8-2008 Zero DC offset active RC filter designs. Kresimir Odorcic 1973- University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Recommended Citation Odorcic, Kresimir 1973-, "Zero DC offset active RC filter designs." (2008). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1078. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1078 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ZERO DC OFFSET ACTIVE RC FILTER DESIGNS By Kresimir Odorcic B.S., California University of Pennsylvania, 1995 M.S., University of Louisville, 2002 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky August 2008 ZERO DC OFFSET ACTIVE RC FILTER DESIGNS By Kresimir Odorcic B.S., California University of Pennsylvania, 1995 M.S., University of Louisville, 2002 A Dissertation Approved on May 20, 2008 by the following Dissertation Committee: Dr. Peter Aronhime Dissertation Director Dr. Jacek Zurada Dr. Joseph Cole Dr. Peter Quesada Dr. Wei-Bin Zeng ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my Dissertation Director and Academic Advisor Dr. Peter B. Aronhime for his assistance and guidance throughout my academic studies at the University of Louisville. I would also like to thank other committee members; Dr. Joseph Cole, Dr. Jacek Zurada, Dr. Wei-Bin Zeng, and Dr. Peter Quesada. Your comments and advice were truly invaluable, and your encouragement and support are much appreciated. ii i ABSTRACT ZERO DC OFFSET ACTIVE RC FILTER DESIGNS Kresimir Odorcic May 20, 2008 A class of RC active filters is presented in which the DC offset of the operational amplifier (op-amp) is completely absent from the filter output [1]. Individual filter configurations (Low Pass, High Pass, Band Pass, Band Stop, All Pass) are discussed and corresponding transfer functions are defined. The effects of op-amp gain bandwidth product on filter responses are accounted for and presented in a table. In order to understand the upper limit of dynamic responses, the maximum signal magnitude and corresponding frequency of maximum magnitude are calculated. The effects of noise generating components are defined and included, thus establishing the lower limit of dynamic responses for all filter configurations. Step-by-step design procedures are given for most common filter configurations. Sample filters are designed based on chosen values for critical frequency 0)0 and filter quality factor Q. Filter schematics are captured and their frequency responses are simulated using circuit simulation software. Sample filters are built and their frequency responses are confirmed using a network analyzer. Extension to higher order filters is discussed and demonstrated. iv T ABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ ix INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 SECOND ORDER FILTER TRANSFER FUNCTIONS ................................................... 4 Input to Op-Amp Output ................................................................................................. 5 Input to Filter Output ...................................................................................................... 6 SECOND ORDER FILTER REALIZATION .................................................................... 9 GAIN-BANDWIDTH EFFECTS ..................................................................................... 20 DYNAMIC RANGE ......................................................................................................... 24 NOISE PERFORMANCE OF FILTERS .......................................................................... 32 Noise Source Summation .............................................................................................. 32 Noise Spectrum and Power Density .............................................................................. 33 Resistor Noise Model .................................................................................................... 34 Network n 2 Noise Model ............................................................................................. 34 Op-Amp Noise Model ................................................................................................... 36 Noise Transfer Functions .............................................................................................. 38 v Calculation of Total RMS Noise ................................................................................... 41 Other Considerations ..................................................................................................... 42 Noise Analysis of Higher Order Filters ........................................................................ 45 SECOND ORDER FILTER SENSITIVITIES ................................................................ .47 DESIGN PROCEDURE ................................................................................................... 50 General Design Procedure ............................................................................................. 51 Network n 2 Design Procedure for the HPI andBSI Filters ........................................ 53 Network n I Design Procedure for BS 1 Filter .............................................................. 54 Network n l Design Procedure for API Filter .............................................................. 55 Network n 2 Design Procedure for AP 1 Filter.. ............................................................ 55 Network n 2 Design Procedure for the BP2, HP2, BS2, and AP2 Filters ..................... 56 LP Filter Design Procedure ........................................................................................... 56 BPI Filter Design Procedure ......................................................................................... 57 HPI Filter Design Procedure ........................................................................................ 58 BS 1 Filter Design Procedure ......................................................................................... 58 API Filter Design Procedure ........................................................................................ 59 BP2 Filter Design Procedure ......................................................................................... 59 HP2 Filter Design Procedure ........................................................................................ 60 BS2 Filter Design Procedure ......................................................................................... 61 AP2 Filter Design Procedure ........................................................................................ 61 DESIGN EXAMPLES AND SIMULATION RESULTS ................................................ 63 Design Assumptions and Recommendations ................................................................ 63 Circuit Simulation Procedure ........................................................................................ 64 vi LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS .............................................................................. 80 UNIVERSAL SECOND ORDER FILTER ...................................................................... 91 Filter Nucleus Sub-circuit ............................................................................................. 92 Re-configurable Networks u l' U 2' and u 3 .................................................................. 93 Control Sub-circuit ........................................................................................................ 98 Universal Second Order Filter Simulations ................................................................ 101 HIGlIER ORDER FILTERS .......................................................................................... 112 BP Filter Expansion .................................................................................................... 115 HP Filter Expansion .................................................................................................... 119 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................. 124 REFERENCES ............................................................... , ................................................ 125 CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................................
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