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This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 67-6313 ERDMANN, Louis Otto, 1935- THE PRINTED FESTIVAL BOOK: A STUDY OF NORTHERN CONTINENTAL FESTIVALS IN THE LATE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1966 Speech-Theater University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Louis Otto Erdmann 1967 THE PRINTED FESTIVAL BOOK: A STUDY OF NORTHERN CONTINENTAL FESTIVALS IN THE LATE SIXTEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Louis Otto Erdmann, B.A., M.A. ************ The Ohio State University 1 9 66 Approved by Roy H. Bowen Department of Speech PLEASE NOTE: Figure pages are not original copy. They tend to "curl". Filmed in the best possible way. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS AC KNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Mr. Graham Reynolds of the Department of Prints and Documents of the Victoria and Albert Museum and Mr. John P. Harthan, Keeper of the Library, for their permission to reproduce selected en­ gravings and to quote from Johannes Bochio's Descriptio Pvblicae Gratvlationis Spectacvlorvm et Lvdorvm, in Adventv Sereniss Principis Ernest... 1595, which is cur­ rently housed in the Piot Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum Library in London. For reproductions of the engravings and selected textual materials from Diederich Graminaeus1 Fftrstliche Hochzeit... 1585, I would like to thank Mr. Matthew Lowman, Curator of Rare Books in the John Wing Collection, and Mr. Colton Storm, Head of Special Collections, of the Newberry Library in Chicago. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Henry Tapp of the German Department of Kent State University for verifying translations of Graminaeus' middle-high- German poetry; the assistance of Dr. John Parks of Kent State University's Romance Language Department in trans­ lating the inscriptions from the Pieter van der Borscht engravings in the entry at Antwerp is also appreciated. ii The guidance and direction of Dr. Roy H. Bowen (adviser), Dr. John C. Morrow, and Dr. John H. McDowell, who brought the festival material to my attention, cannot be overstated. Dr. William H. Zucchero, Mrs. Donna Erdmann, Mr. Donald Shook, and Mrs. Elinor Hossalla were particu­ larly helpful in preparing the text and illustrations for the final copy. VITA July 19, 1935 Born - Rushford, Wisconsin 1957 ......... B.A., North Central College, Naperville, Illinois 1958 ......... M.A., Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 1958-1962 . Instructor, School of Speech, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 1962-1963 • • Teaching Assistant, Department of Speech, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 196^-1966 . Assistant Professor, School of Speech, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Speech Studies in Theatre History and Criticism. Professor John H. McDowell Studies in the Teaching of Theatre. Professor Roy H. Bowen Studies in Theatre Production. Professor Walter S. Dewey Studies in Television Production. Professor James E. Lynch Studies in Broadcast Programming and Audience Analysis. Professor Harrison B. Summers Minor Field: English Studies in Medieval Dramatic Literature. Professor Martin Stevens Studies in Renaissance Dramatic Literature. Professor Harold R. Walley iv CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................... ii VITA .................................................. Iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ............ viii INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 Summary of Previous Research. Purpose of Study Justification and Limitation of Study Methodology CHAPTER I: A PERSPECTIVE ON THE THEATRICAL QUALITY OF THE FESTIVAL ............... 9 Types of Festivals The Printed Festival Book and Its Elements The Popularity of the Festival The Dramatic Tradition of the Festival The Popular Medieval Drama The Medieval Drama and the Festival The Festival and Its Audience CHAPTER II: THE PRINTED FESTIVAL B O O K ..... 26 Die Ftirstliche Hochzeit The geographic and political climate in Berg Publication information Contents Desciiptio Pvblicae Gratulationis...Ernest The geographic and political climate in the Netherlands Publication information Contents A Comparison of the Two Printed Festival Books CHAPTER III: THE TOURNAMENT AS A FESTIVAL ELEMENT h? Development of the Tournament The Tournament at Dttsseldorf The Tournament at Antwerp Summary v CHAPTER IV: THE ENTRY AS A FESTIVAL ELEMENT ..... The Formal Entry In Dttsseldorf In Antwerp The Architectural and Theatrical Features of the Antwerp Entry Parades and Floats in the Entry Summary CHAPTER V: FIREWORKS AS AN ELEMENT OF THE FESTIVAL The Theatrical Spectacle of Fireworks The Scenic Usage of Fireworks Fireworks Displays in Antwerp The Fireworks in Dttsseldorf Summary CHAPTER VI: SECONDARY ELEMENTS WITHIN THE FESTIVALS .............................. Sotteltes Ornament at i on Naumachia In Antwerp In Dttsseldorf Summary CHAPTER VII: DRAMATIC PERFORMANCES AS AN ELEMENT OF THE FESTIVAL ...................... The Theatri Pacis in Antwerp A Pageant in Dttsseldorf A Mummery at Dttsseldorf The Pegma used in Antwerp A description of the device The pegma in the Public Forum The pegma on the Ioannis Bridge The public pegma on the Via Qvae The pegma in the Triangulum The role of the pegma A Performance of Hercules Furens in Dttsseldorf Summary CONCLUSIONS ........................................... The Elements of the Festival Artists and Producers in the Festival The Character of the Festival The Festival Books Suggestions for Further Research APPENDIX A: A CITATION OF PRINTED FESTIVAL BOOKS 1517-1618 .................................... APPENDIX B: STATISTICAL COMPARISONS OF FESTIVAL TYPE, FREQUENCY AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION .......................... 191 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................ 19^ vii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Northern Europe in the Sixteenth Century .. 28 2. Frontispiece from 1587 Festival Book ..... 32 3- Frontispiece from 1595 Antwerp Publication 41 b. Frontispiece for 159^- Antwerp Festival Book bb 5. The Ringrennen at the Tornierbahn ........ 52 6. Entrance to the Tornierbahn............... 56 7. The Jousts at the Tornierbahn .............. 57 8. The Scene at the Quintain ................... 59 9. The Scene of the Fechtschul ................ 62 ^ 10. The Scene of the Fusztornier ............... 63 1 1 . The Tournament at Antwerp ................... 65 12. The Arrival of the Bride’s Party at Dttsseldorf ................................. 72 13* Meeting of the Wedding Parties to Form the Entry .................................. 7 b 1b. Formation for the Entry outside of the Gates of Antwerp .......................... 76 15* Ernest’s Ride through Caesar's Gate ...... 78 16. Posterior Plan of the Arch of the Lusitanians ............................... 80 17. The Wooden Arch at the Entrance of the Via Vicaria ............................... 86 18. An Elephant Decorated for a Festival ...... 89 viii Figure Page 19* A Float Bearing the Statue of Antigoni .... 91 20. Fireworks at the Tornierbahn at Dttsseldorf 97 21. Fireworks at the Fusztornier at Dttsseldorf 98 22. A Model for a Feurwerk-Aufbau in Nttrnberg 101 23- The Ignes Trivmphales held at Antwerp in 1594 .................................... 103 24. A "Whale and Dragon Feu d'artifice on the Rhine .................................. 107 25 • The Scene at the Zuckerwerk Table ......... 1 16 26. The Scene at the Great Hall in Dttsseldorf 119 27* The Banquet Hall in Dttsseldorf ............. 122 28. A Sea-horse in the Parade of Ships at Antwerp .................. 126 29* A Ship in the Parade of Sailboats .......... 127 30. The Schiffsturmung Performed at Dttsseldorf 129 31. Exterior View of the Theatri Pacis in Antwerp .................................... 13^ 32. The Interior of the Theatri Pacis in Antwerp .................................... 136 3 3. Lyrics and Music from Performance at Antwerp .................................... 1 39 34. The Medieval Mountain in the Tornierbahn .. 141 35. A Mummery Held at Dttsseldorf ............... 147 3 6. The Pegma Erected in the Public Forum ..... 152 37• The Pegma Built on the Ioannis Bridge ..... 156 3 8. The Public Pegma on the Via Qvae ........... 159 39* The Pegma Erected in the Triangulum ....... 161 40. Scene from Hercules Furens on the Rhine River ...................................... 166 INTRODUCTION For a five-hundred year period beginning in the early days of the twelfth century and continuing until the end of the eighteenth century, festivals flourished in the major cities in Northern Europe. Although there appears to be more recorded festival activity in Germany than in any other single European country, George Kernodle lists only one German study in the sixteenth century while citing seventeen for Italy, seventy-two for France, and forty-three for the Low Countries, twenty of which were devoted to the travels of Philip II of Spain in his conquest of the Netherlands in 15^9-^ The Berlin Katalog, for example, lists over fifty printed 2 festival books for Germany in the sixteenth century. While the existence of the printed festival book has been confirmed, questions are still being raised as to the theatrical validity of the documents as source books. It is to the latter concern that this study is dedicated. ^George Kernodle, From Art to Theatre (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1$kh), pp, 226-238. 2 Katalog der Ornamentstich-sammlung der Staatlichen Kunstbibliothek Berlin (New York, 19 58 ) , two volumes. For other

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