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Home , Blair House, Carol Weiss King, Leslie Coffelt, Max Lowenthal

466 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·· SENATE 'January 24 the national emergency, and for other pur­ sions of service; to the Committee on Inter­ By M.:. SHAFER: poses; to the Committee on Ways and Means. state and Foreign Commerce. H. R. 6201. A bill for the relief of Hans V. By Mr. CAMP: By Mr. MACHROWICZ: Diernisse; to the Committee on the Judi­ H. R. 6177. A bill to amend section 3801 of H. R. 6190. A bill to establish an independ­ ciary. the Internal Revenue Code with respect to ent Federal Education Agency in the Federal By Mr. SHEPPARD: mitigation of statute of limitations; to the Government and to define its organization, H. R. 6202. A bill for the relief of Paul Committee on Ways and Means. power, and duties; and for other purposes; Joseph Splingaerd, Helene Colette Splin­ By Mr. CELLER: to the Committee on Education and Labor. gaerd, and Renee Anne Splingaerd; to the H. R. 6178. A bill to provide for the ap­ By Mr. CASE: Committee on the Judiciary. pointment of additional circuit and district H. Con. Res. 187. Concurrent resolution By Mr. VINSON: · judges, and for other purposes; to the Com­ calling for investigation of Newark Airport H. R. 6203. A bill to authorize the retire­ mitttee on the Judiciary. and the tragic eras"' in Elizabeth, N. J.; to ment of Capt. Joy Bright Hancock, United: By Mr. DENTON: the Committee on Rules. States Navy; to the Committee on Armed H. R. 6179. A bill amending Public Law 49, By Mr. KEAN: Services. Seventy-seventh Congress, providing for the H. Con. Res. 188. Concurrent resolution By Mr. YORTY: welfare of coal miners, and for other pur­ calling for investigation of Newark Airport H. R. 6204. A bill for the racially ineligible poses; to the Committee on Education and and the tragic ·crash in Elizabeth, N. J .; to fiancee of a citizen veteran of Labor. the Committee on Rules. World War II; to the Committee on the Judi­ By Mr. DONDERO: By Mr. CASE: cia,ry. H. R. 6180. A bill to amend and supple­ H. Res. 500. Resolution for the investiga­ ment the Federal-Aid Road Act approved tion of the Newark, N. J., Airport; to the July 11, 1916 (39 Stat. 355), as amended and Committee on Rules. PETITIONS, ETC. supplemented, to authorize appropriations By Mr. CLEMENTE: for continuing the construction of highways, H. Res. 501. Resolution to investigate air­ Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions and for other purposes; to the Committee on plane disasters; to the Committee on Rules. and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk Public Works. By Mr. HESELTON: and referred as follows: By Mr. EBERHARTER: H. Res. 502. Resolution to inquire into the H. R. 6181. A bill to provide supplementary adequacy of fuel supplies in New England; 513. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Queens­ unemployment compensation benefits in cer­ boro Federation of Mothers Clubs, Forest to the Committee on Rules. Hills, N. Y., relative to urging support of tain cases to workers unemployed during the By Mr. KEAN: national emergency, and for other purposes; the antismuggling bill, H. R. 4544; to the H. Res. 503. Resolution for the investiga­ Committee on Ways and Means. to the Committee on Ways and Means. tion of the Newark, N . .T .. Airport; to the By Mr. ELLIOTT: Committee on Rules. 514. Also, petition of Long Island Fed­ H. R. 6182. A bill to amend certain provi­ By Mr. WOLVERTON: eration of Women's Clubs, Inc., Baldwin, sions of the National Service Life Insurance H. Res. 504. Resolution authorizing and di­ N. Y., relative to urging support of the anti­ Act of 1940, as amended, to assure the right recting the Committee on Interstate and smuggling bill, H. R. 4544; to the Committee to judicial review; to the Committee on Foreign Commerce tn investigate miscellane­ on Ways and Means. Veterans' Affairs. ous problems of air safety, including air­ H. R. 6183. A bill to extend pension bene­ ports in congested areas and instrument fits under the laws reenacted by Public Law Jandings; to the Committee on Rules. 269, Seventy-fourth. Congress, August 13, 1935, as now or hereafter amended, to certain SENATE persons who served with the United States PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS military or naval forces engaged in hostili­ THURSDAY, J ANDARY 24, 1952 ties in the Moro Province, including Minda­ Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private nao, or in the islands of Samar and Leyte, bills and resolutions were introduced and to pro­ EXECUTIVE DEPAR'!"MENTS vide for the withholding of certain pat­ resolutions, and submit routine matters ents that might be detrimental to the for the RECORD, without debate and with­ Mr. HAYDEN, from the Committee on national security, and for other purposes. out speeches. Rules and Administration, to which was referred the resolution

Mr. AIKEN. I am glad that the Com­ Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, the the committees for which funds have mittee on Rules and Administration has Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, or been appropriated should now live with­ any duly authorized subcommittee thereof, in the amount given them, for the re­ decided that there must be a stopping is authorized during the period from Feb­ point somewhere. ruary 1, 1952, through January 31, 1953, to mainder of the session or the Lscal year, make such expenditures, and to employ upon whichever the authorization is for, and a temporary basis such professional, admin­ that we should not be called upon again INVESTIGATION OF CERTAIN ACTIVITIES istrative, and clerical personnel as it deems to start ma!Lng supplementary appro­ OF COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION advisable. priatio;1s. AND ALLEGED DEALINGS- IN GAS AND SEC. 2. The expenses of the committee un­ The committees know what amounts OIL INTERESTS BY EMPLOYEES OF der this resolution, which shall not exceed are available to them. The Committee FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION $139,000, shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved on Rules and Administration considered Mr. HAYDEN, from the Committee on by the chairman of the committee. the various requests very carefully. The Rules and Administration, to which was chairman has presented the recommen­ referred the resolution

DIRECTOR-GENERAL'S PROPOSALS As soon as the Conference started commodities both nationally and inter­ Director-General Dodd, who, by the discussing increased production, it ran nationally. way, is a very fine American and had had directly into the problem of prices of ag­ In this connection there was a most years of experience farming in his na­ ricultural products, and tne necessity for interesting discussion of regional agri­ tive Oregon, and administering agri­ maintaining those prices. The age-old cultural integration. This is a particu­ cultural programs in the United States fear of farmers, of course, is that produc­ larly lively topic in Europe, where a Department of Agriculture, laid the tion in excess of immediate demand number of suggestions for European problem and his proposed action to meet means surpluses which depress prices for agricultural arrangements have been it on the line before the delegates in agricultural products. made, somewhat along the lines of the Commission I. This was one of the three Many delegates pointed out the need Schuman plan for coal and steel. None commissions into which the Conference for action to guarantee to farmers that of these plans is as yet sufficiently crys­ was organized in order to conduct its increased production will not mean low­ talized to become a concrete proposal, business. Commission I took care of the er prices. The action suggested was of and the conference recognized that the agenda items on world food and agri­ two sorts, national programs and inter­ main responsibility for developing re­ culture policy, land reform, international national ones. The national programs gional arrangements rests outside FAO. commodity problems, migration, famine would be something on the order of our It did, however, give its blessing to any relief, and others of the same sort. Com­ commodity-loan and price-support pro­ regional discussions designed to increase mission II undertook a detailed review of grams. International ones suggested agricultural efficiency and productivity the work of the various divisions of F AO were mostly commodity agreements, like and widen trade areas through the re­ and other key subjects closely allied with the wheat agreement. duction of trade barriers on both a re­ the program of work. Commission III The debate on the Director-General's gional and a world-wide basis. set the level of FAQ's budget for 1952 proposals, and on the other pressing sub­ LAND REFORM and 1953, and took up a number of ad­ jects, such as land reform, on the agenda One of the most satisfactory actions ministrative problems that had to be of Commission I, went on for several of the Conference for the United States settled. days. Commission I broke up into three delegation was taken on land reform. The Director-General put his proposals committees, for detailed discussion and This subject has been on the agenda of bluntly, and I think the delegates were preparation of reports and recommenda­ other FAO conferences, also, but this glad he did. They must have liked the tions. When the debate was concluded Conference provided the best full-dress way Mr. Dodd stated his proposals, be­ and the recommendations approved and debate so far. It has preceded by the cause later in the Conference they re­ accepted first by Commission I and then action on land reform of the U. N. Gen­ elected him, almost unanimously, for a by the full Conference, the Director­ eral Assembly last fall and the Economic 2-year term as Director-General. He General's proposals received full ap­ and Social Council this past summer, said: proval. and was based on a comprehensive re­ We h ave had a series of conferences. INCREASED PRODUCTION port on land reform prepared jointly by Member countries have made recommenda­ The Conference set a target for an in­ FAQ and the U. N. at the request of the tions to themselves and each other. The crease in world food production for the General Assembly. The resolution of fact is that these recommendations have years immediately ahead of at least 1 to not been carried out. Frankly, member the Conference on land reform, or re­ countries as a whole have not fulfilled the 2 percent over the rate of population in­ form of agrarian structures as they obligat ions they accepted in signing the crease. It recommended that member called it, was about the same as the res­ FAO constitution. • • • The time has governments of FAQ should set up and olution introduced by the United States come not merely for a confession of short­ carry out agricultural development plans with some amendments which we felt comings. This is an occasion for a change to achieve their part of this objective. were improvements over our original of heart and a determination to mend our These plans and progress in meeting resolution. - ways in the future. the goals will be reviewed in regional The discussion of this subject at the The Director-General proposed an im­ meetings in the spring of 1953. Mean­ FAO Conference was sound, partly be­ mediate action program to "set in mo­ while the Director-General is authorized cause FAQ has none of the Soviet-bloc tion an upward spiral of agricultural to help governments increase their pro­ countries as a member. So we did not production and productivity in the duction. have to spend a lot of time showing up underdeveloped and food-deficit areas." The conference also supported the Di­ the lies that the countries behind the His proposals were under two headings: rector-General in his emphasis on ex­ iron curtain tell about us in the U. N. planning and action. Under planning, tension services as the most effective way We were especially glad that the major he proposed that the Conference set a to expand agricultural production. It United States statement on land reform world target of increased agricultural called on all member governments to es .. at this Conference was made by Repre­ production for the next 5 or 10 years, tablish effective extension organizations sentative CLIFFORD R. HOPE, of Kansas. that member countries set up agricul­ to bring technical information down to Representative HOPE'S broad experience tural-development programs to achieve the man on the land. from years of devoted service to the wel­ their part of the world target, and that AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES fare of American agriculture in the these programs be reviewed at regional The Conference recognized, in its con­ United States Congress made him ideally meetings in the spring of 1953 to pro­ clusions, that the increased production suited for giving this statement. I might mote regional coordination. For action, could only be achieved if farmers were mention in passing that the Senator he proposed that member countries es­ assured that they could market their from North Dakota and I unanimously tablish and strengthen their extension products at a fair return to them. It recommended that Representative HOPE services. put the main burden for giving farmers make this statement. The Director-General's proposals were this assurance on each member govern­ Representative HOPE-made it clear that a real challenge to the Conference. We ment. It also reaffirmed its faith in in­ we in the United States are convinced of the United States delegation were ternational commodity agreements as a that the best relationship of the man to particularly glad to note the emphasis he means of assuring stable markets and the soil he works is individual owner­ gave to extension services. We have al­ recommended that the Economic and ship, from the standpoint of the greatest ways felt that our cooperative Fed­ Social Council, when it reviews chapter incentive to increased production and eral-State Extension Service in this VI of the Habana Charter, consider pro­ good land management, as well as ad­ country is one of the greatest factors viding for negotiating commodity agree­ vancement of human dignity. There­ in the agricultural progress that we have ments in times of shortages or :fluctua­ fore, opportunity for ownership of land made, and that it is one of the real tion, as well as in times of surpluses. It is a key part of our concept of land re­ contributions we can make to other agreed that the work of the FAQ Com­ form. But he showed that when we talk countries that want to improve their ag­ mittee on Commodity Problems should about land reform we mean a lot more ricultural production. We have con­ be continued and expanded and sug­ than just distributing land. We mean a sistently pressed this point in previous gested that the committee devote atten­ farmer must be able to make a living on FAO conferences and were glad that it tion to measures, in addition to inter­ the land he owns, and he must be given received such prominence both in Com­ national commodity agreements, to im­ fair conditions of tenancy. He needs mission I and in Commission II. prove the marketing of agricultural instruction in the best methods of farm- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 491' ing, opportunity to obtain credit at rea­ made available to relieve famine. Since gram and the British Commonwealth's sonable rates, facilities-especially coop­ this problem has a number of complex Colombo plan for Asian countries. eratives-for getting supplies and for angles that all governments need to think EXTENSION sERv1CEs marketing products, and reform of exor­ over very carefully, such as how the bitant rents and taxes. food reserve would be financed and con- One of the special items on the agenda The debate on land reform at the Con­ trolled, the q:µestion was passed on to of Commission II was a discussion of ex­ ference showed the great interest that FAO's Council for further consideration. tension services. The fact that this was the subject aroused. There was general PROGRAM oF wo&K • on the agenda and the discussion itself approval of the United States resolution. were both very gratifying to the United The Conference recognized that action The detailed discussion and approval States delegation. For a number of on this problem must be up to govern­ of FAQ's work program in technical as- years in previous FAO conferences the ments themselves, and it urged member sistance, agriculture, economics, for- United States representatives had governments to put the various measures estry, fisheries, and nutrition was dis- stressed the United States' view that ex­ included in the broad concept of land re­ cussed division by division and project tension services are of paramount impor­ by project in Commission II of the Con- tance for getting the world's knowledge form into effect. It also urged them to ference. ask FAO for assistance through its tech­ The Conference approved a job of re- of improved techniques of agriculture nical-assistance program in getting these directing FAO's program for the im- put to use by farmers themselves. we measures under way. It asked the Di­ mediate future and its long-term trends had not been able in these earlier con- rector-General to be ready to assist gov­ ferences to get much acceptance of our done by a working party appointed by point of view by other delegations. This ernments and to organize regional train­ the last Conference. Dr. Cardon of the ing centers or conferences on land re­ United States Department of Agricul- was partly because of the difficultly of form. On this last point many of the ture served as chairman of this small understanding what we mean by the delegates mentioned the great value of group of representatives of governments. term, particularly when translated into the World Land Tenure Conference held The working party assigned priorities other languages. this fall at the University of Wisconsin. for FAQ's work, giving highest priority But at this Conference our delegation Many of the delegates said that the felt that for the first time there was to all activities designed to increase sup- general understanding of what we were FAO Conference's action on land reform plies of food. This establishment of pri- would help them get action in their own orities was especially valuable, since over talking about, and general acceptance of countries. This sort of comment is good the years of its existence FAO, with a the first-line importance of extension to hear, coming out of an international small budget in view of the enormity work for improving world agriculture meeting. of its task, had been asked by confer- and increasing world production. As Several other items on the agenda of ence after conference to undertake a noted earlier, the Director-General high­ Commission I are worthy of note. The great number of projects. The working lighted the basic importance of exten­ discussion on investment for agricultural party report cuts through the diversity sion services in Commission I, and the development resulted in conclusions for and complexity of these assignments Conference approved his recommenda­ national and international action. On and permits FAO to concentrate on the tion that govern111ents establish exten- national action, member governments most essential jobs it has. sion services and make them really ef- were urged to promote the establishment TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE f ective. The discussion in Commission of credit facilities for farmers, fisher­ II brought out the essential details of men, and foresters. On international The discussion on FAO's expanded what extension work is and how it must actidn the Director-General was in­ technical assistance program gave a work. structed to continue and intensify his thrill of achievement and pride to the Conference delegates. This program is INTERNATIONAL PLANT PROTECTION CONVENTION cooperation with the International Bank This Conference approved a revision for Reconstruction and Development, a counterpart of the United States point 4 program. It is made possible by a of the International Plant Protection and, among other steps, organize further Convention of 1929. This is designed to training centers on economic develop­ separate U. N. fund subscribed to by most of the members of the U. N. FAO strengthen and coordinate international ment in cooperation with other U. N. efforts for the control of plant diseases agencies. Very successful training cen­ was allotted 29 percent of this fund for the first year, which amounted to nearly and pests and prevention of their spread. ters of this sort have already been held It provides, among other measures, for or are in process in the Far East, the $4,000,000. The Conference was unanimous in its immediate world reporting of outbreaks Middle East, and Latin America. of plant diseases or pests. The proposed The discussion on migration approved approval of the remarkable job that the relationships that have been worked FAO has done in getting its technical revision was discussed at several special out between FAO and the International assistance program under way rapidly meetings at which the United States was Labor Office and other international and competently. The job was done un­ represented by persons especially quali­ agencies that have the primary responsi­ der very difficult conditions, since the fied in the field of plant disease and pest bility for helping people migrate from Organization moved its headquarters control. After the Conference approved densely populated places to those which from Washington to Rome right in the the convention, Dr. Cardon signed it for can absorb more people. The confer­ middle of the work of getting agree­ the United States, and representatives ence agreed that FAO would stand ready ments negotiated and signed with coun­ of 21 other governments also signed. to advise on specific land-settlement tries receiving assistance, getting ex­ Others will sign it later. The conven­ programs. perts recruited, oriented, and on their tion will, of course, have to be approved The subject of food shortages and way to their posts, and all the rest of by Congress. famine was referred to the FAO Con­ the job. LOCUST CONTROL ference by the Economic and Social Despite these difficulties, by the time The Conference approved the recom­ Council. The Conference agreed, as rec­ of the Conference FAO had signed tech­ mendations of a meeting on control of the ommended by the Economic and Social nical assistance agreements with 48 coun­ desert locust which FAO called in Oc­ Council of the United Nations that FAO tries or territories, had 226 experts from tober shortly before the Conference. would take on the responsibility of keep­ 32 countries either in the field or re­ These recommendations would set up a ing a close check on developing food turned from short-term assignments, 45 technical commit".;ee on desert locust shortages. If FAO, after thorough ex­ more in the process of being assigned, control, ·which is a valuable mechanism amination, feels that international ac­ and had requests for 107 additional ones. for a regional approach to the problem. tion is required, the Director-General The conference endorsed the technical Locust control must be approached in will report this to the U. N. and call a qualifications of the experts recruited. this way, since by the time a swarm of meeting of FAO's Council or interested One of the aspects of the technical locusts crosses a national boundary, it is governments to see what governments assistance work that drew special atten­ usually too late for control measures to and voluntary agencies can do to relieve tion was the need for coordination of be really effective. the shortages. the various technical assistance pro­ In addition to being a sensible regional This discussion of food shortages grams, both the international ones of approach to the problem, this Conference brought up the question of establishing other U. N. agencies, and national ones, action is a good example of coordination an eme;rgency food reserve which can be the various technical assistance pro- of United States technical assistance 492 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENA'IE January 24 with FAQ's. The United States agreed BUDGET FOR 1953 At the F AO Conference Canada, to make equipment for combating lo­ Early in the Conference session Com­ France, Egypt, , and custs available through its technical-as­ mission III agreed to a budget of South Africa all opened the discussion sistance program on the advice of FAQ's $5,250,000 for 1952 and $5,000,000 for on the scale of contributions, stressing Desert Locust Control Committee. 1953. The purpose was to give FAO an the importance of achieving greater uni­ WORK- OF DIVISIONS expenditure budget-as contrasted with formity between the scale in F AO and In general, the United States delega­ an assessment budget-of $5,000,000 for those of other international organiza­ tion was well satisfied with the work of both years. The budget was set at tions. They referred to the reduction of FAQ's Divisions of Agriculture, Econom­ $5,250,000 for 1952 to take care of the the ceiling to 33% percent in UNESCO ics, Forestry, Fisheries, and Nutrition, fact that Hungary and China, though and WHO effective in 1952, and the pro­ after a detailed review of the work of they have announced their withdrawal posed reduction of the U. N. ceiling in each. from FAO, are still, according to FAQ's 1952 from 38.92 percent to 36.90 percent. In agriculture, in addition to the ac­ Constitution, considered members for a Based on .these developments, and in the tions afready noted, and among many of year after the announcement of with­ light of the position previously taken by equal note, the Conference was particu­ drawal. They must, therefore, be in­ the United States that, if and when ceil­ larly interested in seeing that the work cluded in the assessment for 1952, though ings in the other organizations were re­ in rural welfare and cooperatives was no one expects that they will pay their duced, the United States would be willing pressed vigorously. The work in animal­ . contribution. to reconsider the FAO ceiling, all spoke disease control was especially commend­ But as the Conference progressed and in favor of a proposal by the delegate of ed. Through the technical-assistance Commission I and Commission II gave France that the ceiling of the FAO scale program it now looks as though it is pos­ the green light for jobs they wanted FAQ be increased to 30 percent. sible to eradicate the deadly tropical to do that were not included in the The United States representative re­ rinderpest disease. budget prepared before the Conference iterated the position which the United opened, considerable sentiment devel­ States has taken all along-that the Among the projects stressed in eco­ oped among the delegates for an in­ principle of sovereign equality in any in­ nomics were those on the world census creased budget for 1953. This sentiment ternational organization should be rec­ of agriculture, commodity studies, train­ was surprisingly strong in view of the ognized as a primary basis for any scale ing centers on economic development, fact that the Organization will have 25 of contributions. After referring to the and improvement of national statistical percent more funds available in 1952 25 percent ceiling established in 1945 by services. than it spent in 1951. It wound up 1951 the Interim Commission, he pointed out In forestry, some of the especially note­ with a surplus of around $600,000 as a that over a period of years it had be­ worthy actions were the adoption of result of unavoidable delays in filling va­ come apparent that the majority of FAO principles of forestry policy for the cancies caused by the move of headquar­ member governments felt that the prin­ guidance of member governments in ters from Washington to Rome. This ciple of uniformity in the various scales their forestry programs, approval of the surplus was used for loan repayment. and the ceilings of these scales should establishment of an International Chest­ Paying off the loan in a lump sum be accepted in ·FAO, although the United nut Commission to control the devasta­ meant that an additional $200,000 would States had voted against the resolution tion of chestnut blight that threatens an be available in 1952 and 1953 for program to that effect which was adopted by the important factor in the economy of Eu­ work, since this amount had been budg­ General Assembly in 1948. He stated ropean countries, efforts to increase pro­ eted in each year for paying off the loan. that, in view of the position the United duction of wood pulp and paper, and Because of this, and because the budget States has taken over the past 2 years, greater attention to land and water con­ would, without the proposed increase, that if satisfactory progress were made servation and range management. The provid£; around $1,000,000 more than was in reducing the disproportionate ceilings Conference gave particular approval to available in 1951, a number of delegates of some of the other specialized agen­ a forest-fire-control study tour held in were unable to agree to the increase. cies, the United States would review its the Unitea States last summer in co­ Commission III passed the issue up to position with respect to the FAO ceil­ operation with "the United States Forest the full Conference, where a vote was ing, and that since ceiling reductions Service and ECA. taken and a budget of $5,250,000 for 1953 were being effected in the U. N., The discussion of :fisheries work high­ was approved. · lighted the establishment of a Latin­ UNESCO, and WHQ for 1952, the United American Fisheries Council to promote SCALE OF CONTRIBUTIONS States would not object to the proposed imµroved production and utilization of The action on the scale of contribu­ increase in the ceiling of the F AO scale fish in this area, and the Conference's tions was of particular interest to all of of contributions, but that for the present estimate that world fish production could the member countries of FAO and espe­ his Government could not accept a ceil­ be doubled over its present figure with­ cially to, the United States delegation. ing higher than 30 percent. For several years, since the U. N. agreed The Conference adopted the French out risk to resources. proposal. Activities in nutrition that drew spe­ in 1948 that the contributions scales in cial emphr.sis were the shortage of pro­ the specialized agencies should be based CURRENCY OF CONTRIBUTIONS tein foods, the importance of good nutri­ on· principles more nearly comparable This was a difficult problem for Com­ tion and good home management to with those applied in the U. N. organi­ mission III to resolve, inasmuch as an child welfare, FAQ's stepped-up work in zation, the United States has been under amendment to the financial regulations home economics, and the good coopera­ pressure to increase its percentage con­ required a two-thirds majority vote. At tribution to FAO. In 1949, it was in­ one point it appeared that Commission tion that has been developed with the creased from 25 pe1·cent to 27.1 percent III would not be able to reach a decision, World Health Organization through a in order to assume a proportionate share and the problem was referred to a ple­ joint FAO-WHO Committee. This Com­ · of an undistributed part of the scale nary session. When the matter came up mittee has worked on a number of sub­ which had been reserved in anticipation for discussion in the full conference. jects, such as a report on prevention and that certain countries that had been however, a compromise solution pro­ treatment of severe malnutrition in times members of the Interim Commission posed by the delegate of France wi:i,s of disaster. would become members of FAO. When .agreed to by the United States and the F AO' S BUDGET AND ADMINISTRATION these countries did not become FAO United Kingdom, who had been the prin­ Some of the most vigorous debates of members the 1949 adjustment was made cipal proponents of the two differing the Conference took place in Commission to establish a 100-percent scale in FAO. points of view on this subject . III on questions of the level of FAQ's Since that time the United States has When FAO 2 years ago voted to move maintained that it was unwilling to con­ its headquarters- from Washington to budget for 1952 and 1953, on the scale sider any increase in its contribution to Rome, one of the principal factors in­ of contributions that member govern­ FAO until reductions were made in its fluencing the determination was the dol­ ments contribute to the budget, on the contributions to other international or­ lar shortage and the desire on the part curre~cy in which the contributions are ganizations such as the U. N., WHO, and of many of the member countries to re­ to be paid, and on a number of other UNESCO, where its percentage contribu­ lieve themselves of paying their contri­ financial and administrative problems. tion was inordinately high. butions to FAO in United States dollars. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 493 Nevertheless, it was generally recog­ the United Kingdom, the Union of South St. Lawrence and what it could do fol' nized that the Organization would re­ Africa, and the United States were all the heart of America have long been quire a substantial part of its annual reelected to the Council. Finland, Cuba, highly important. budget in United States dollars, and it the Philippines, the Netherlands, Colom­ We can visualize a ship loaded with was estimated that such expenditures bia, and Spain were elected to fill posi­ goods coming 3,000 miles across the At-. would constitute not less than 40 per­ tions held by. other countries in the old !antic, and then by inland waters al­ cent of the total expenditures of the Or­ Council. most as far again into the very center of ganization. In trying to reach agree­ Prof. Josue de Castro, Director of the a great continent. We can visualize; ment on a method which would grant re- National Nutrition Laboratory of Brazil, when that ship leaves, with the rich · lief to member countries having United was elected Independent Chairman of products of the Middle West aboard her,' States dollar shortages, but which at the the Council. He succeeded Viscount enroute to the markets of the world .. same time would provide sufficient dol­ Bruce, of Melbourne, who has been one We can visualize the vast flow of wheat, lars to meet the dollar needs of the Or­ of the guiding spirits of FAO from its coal, oil and ore that will move from ganization without adopting regulations beginning, and had a major hand in de­ the Midwest to ports all over the world. which would discriminate among mem­ veloping the ideas which led to FAO's The Department of Commerce has ber governments with respect to curren­ founding. The Conference approved a estimated that the potential traffic on cies, FAO was faced with adopting one suggestion of the United States delega­ the St. Lawrence, if it were made usable of two alternatives which were before tion to express its great appreciation for for seagoing ships, may reach between this Conference. the leadership and service Lord Bruce 57,000,000 and 84,000,000 tons in 1 year. One alternative sponsored by the has given to FAO, and its great regret at Let us remember that all this vast United Kingdom and Egypt, and sup­ his retirement from active participation tonnage will be moved at a saving in ported by many other countries, pro­ in FAO's work. shipping costs that will be of benefit not posed that member countries make their As mentioned earlier, Norris E. Dodd only to the farmer in North Dakota and contributions in their national currency. was reelected as Director-General of Iowa, but to the laboring man in Indiana provided they were freely convertible FAO for a 2-year term. and Colorado and the consumer in n .. into lire, and that all members not pay­ linois and New York-in fact, to people ing their contributions in United States REPEAL OF EMBARGO ON IMPORTATION everywhere throughout the United dollars be required to pay such percent­ OF CERTAIN COMMODITIES States. age of their contributions in United It is to this Congress, in this year of States dollars as was necessary to meet The Senate resumed the consideration of the bill (S. 2104) to repeal section 104 1952, with very fine leadership in this the dollar needs of the Organization. matter by the able senior Senator from The other alternative sponsored by of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended. Vermont [Mr. AIKEN], who has been the United States, and put forward by most diligent in this field both last year the twelfth session of the Council for The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. HEN­ NINGS in the chair) . The question is on and for many years past, that falls the consideration of the Conference, pro­ responsibility of determining whether posed a procedure somewhat like that agreeing to the amendment of the Sen­ ator from Ohio [Mr. BRICKER]. the great potential of the St. Lawrence presently followed in the United Na­ is to be realized and whether it is to con­ tions organization. Under the United tribute its latent strength to our side in States proposal, the Director General. THE ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY AND POWER the world struggle we are in. after consulting with a representative PROJECT :number of member nations and deter­ Year in and year out, the Congress has mining what the United States dollar Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, for over been talking of the St. Lawrence seaway income would be, would notify each 30 years the States in the Northwest and its associated hydroelectric develop­ member nation not paying its contribu­ have been trying to have the St. Law­ ments. Year in and year out, organized tion in United States dollars of the rence seaway bill passed. For over 30 minority opposition has been permitted amount of such currency it would be re­ years, whenever the legislature of North to delay something which is in the best quired to pay to meet the dollar needs of Dakota has met, it has made appropri­ interests of our country, of Canada, and the Organization; the remainder of the ations to enable the committee having of all other freedom-loving lands. contribution of each such member to be charge of that matter in the Northwest Perhaps we need to change but one paid in lire or in its own currency, pro­ to have sufficient funds with which to word to get a better understanding of vided such currency was freely con­ issue literature and to pay the officials the dual purposes served by the St. Law­ vertible into lire. who have charge of the particular work rence development. From now on, let The compromise solution proposed by dealing with the st. Lawrence waterway. us call it the St. Lawrence powerway, be .. the delegate of France, which was finally During that time six Presidents of cause whether we are thinking of the adopted by the Conference, accepted the United States have recommended benefits which will come from the hyro­ the United States proposal with an construction of the St. Lawrence water­ electric installations or from the link- amendment requiring that the dollar as­ way. We in the Northwest favor it be­ . ing of the seven seas with the Great sessment against the various member cause at the present time we are at the Lakes, what we are developing in either governments be determined by the Con­ mercy of the railroads, whereas if the St. case is power-power to produce and ference, rather than by the Director­ Lawrence waterway were in operation, power to maintain our agricultural and General. it would reduce the price of shipping our industrial greatness. To discourage ag­ ELECTIONS grain to the market to the extent of ap­ gression, we must be powerful; and we Four new members, Japan, Argentina, proximately 7 cents a bushel: cannot be powerful unless we continue Laos, and.Nepal, were voted in as mem­ At this time, Mr. President, I wish to to add to our productive capacity. bers of F AO at the Conference. With address myself further, as I have done As the connecting traffic link between Hungary and China dropping out dur­ on various other occasions on the floor our inland ports and the Atlantic Ocean ing 1952, and with Peru considered no of the Senate, to this particular subject. and as a tremendous potential hydro­ longer a member because its parliament I wish to reiterate that for a com­ electric-power source, the St. Lawrence has never ratifiecj its membership, this paratively short distance along the is the greatest single undeveloped nat­ makes a total of 67 countries which are frontier of the United States and Canada ural resource on the American continent. members of FAO. flows a golden river of opportunity. It rob­ to establish a St. Lawrence Seaway Author­ the Lakes, east to the Atlantic. The heavy lem and the solution, have never suggested ity to carry out a wholly Canadian naviga­ industries want low-cost hyrdoelectric power. that breaking the bottleneck in the inter­ tion project. The western farmer wants to market his national section of the river, and on down Until a few years ago, Canada could get gri:i,in as cheaply as possible and, conversely, to the harbor of Montreal, will release the along with what she had, vis-a-vis what low freight rates on the goods he buys with present Great Lakes fieet for a clear run seemed then to be the prohibitive capital the money his wheat bring in. from, say, Duluth, to the harbors of the expenditure required to ·create the seaway. CAPTURING THE PUBLIC IMAGINATION world. The heartland waters of North Amer­ But, even so, she was digging the "big ditch" ica are plied by a type of ship evolved by ma­ piecemeal, hoping that the United States But more important · than all these, and rine architects for a special job-the carry­ would ultimately lend a hand in breaking it is a comparatively new phenomenon, but ing of bulk cargoes of ore, grain, and coal the last bottleneck-through the 48 miles actually the decisive one-the imagination over the continent's inland waters. What where the St. Lawrence is an internat ional of the Canadian people has been captured the architects dreamed up can best be de­ river. by the vision of the great national expan­ scribed as a huge steel carton, standing only World War Il changed the Canadian atti­ sion which completion of the seaway un­ a few feet above the water line when filled, tude, as it revolutionized the national econ­ folds. Seized by the vision, they are im­ with a superstructure in the bows for navi­ omy. A population increase of 25 percent patient of delay. It is this knowledge, that gation and another housing aft over the en­ and multiplication of the value of the coun­ public opinion is strongly behind it, and is, gines. Such a box will usually be more than try's production by 2 Y:z in a single decade in fact, pressing for action, which has led 500 feet long by 70 in width and about 30 tells t he story of what has happened. Sud­ to the Canadian Government's decision to feet from deck level to hold bottom. At Two denly the deep waterway became the basic go it alone. Harbors, on Lake Ruperior, 12,000. tons of ore essent ial of growth. Without it, frontiers As with so many contentious questions were poured into the D. G. Ker r in 14% min­ more than 1,000 miles removed from the which are debated endlessly before decision utes. The Canadian Lemoyne has taken on Lakes or the St. Lawrence, but of which the is reached, what the seaway is has tended to 17,527 tons cf coal at Ashtabula, Ohio, still water highway is a vital communications get out of focus in the public mind, particu­ a record cargo. But the construction of the link, could not be cracked open. larly in the United States of America. The great floating cartons, and the absence of The Unit ed States, on the other hand, is first need, then, would seem to be to clear bulkhead support in their huge holds, mili­ no longer a frontier country. It is a thickly away the debris and put down on paper pre­ tates against their use on the open sea. settled nat ion, crisscrossed by a network of cisely what is involved. They simply are not built to take the buffet­ communications. It is not a country which The essential fact is that, excepting 115 ing of Atlantic gales. lives by selling the bulk of its production miles of river, in only 48 miles of which the to the world, nor by primary resource-indus­ United States has a vested interest as a. AN OPEN WATERWAY tries, but by secondary production for a huge boundary-waters partner, the seaway is al­ What the completed seaway will do will be int ernal market. Thus the Unit ed States is ready a going concern. From the western to release the Great Lakes fieet to carry it s infinitely more self-cont ained than c ·anada extremity of Lake Superior eastward to a cargoes through to Montreal, without cost ly XCVIII-32 498 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE .January 24 transshipment into the small-size steam­ eyes of those responsible for Canadian de­ outcome will not be an improvement in the boats which ply the 14-foot canals. It will fense, the need for increased communica­ relationship of the two peoples. The ques­ enable the Lakes carriers to steam eastward tions facilities in time of trouble becomes tion would then arise in Canada as to down the sheltered St. Lawrence to coastal a matter of paramount importance in the whether a neighbor who is a partner in 48 ports. If and when a canal is dug across the national interest. miles of the St. Lawrence has a right to im­ 14-mile isthmus of Chignecto, where the CANADA'S NEED OF POWER pede development of the whole, to Canada's Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick economic detriment. At this writing Can­ meet-and the canal is an integral part of The matter does not end with commu­ ada ls still pinning its faith on the good­ the ultimate seaway, though it may not come nications, however. Development of the neighbor policy to expedite action in Wash­ at first-the great boxes from the Lakes will power of the International Rapids, and east ington tq release Canada to complete a com­ be able to steam into the Bay of Fundy and of the New York-Ontario boundary where munications system that is vital to her na­ on to the Atlantic ports of the United States, the river is wholly Canadian, is as vital to tional growth. in sheltered waters throughout almost all the expansion of defense industries, as it is to the normal and peaceable growth of the their journey. Conversely, deep-draught ExHIBIT 2 freighters from far-away lands will sail into country. In 1951, for example, the Ontario the heart of North America. Once this Hydro Commission-a Provincial Govern­ CANADA ISN'T BLUFFING ABOUT SEAWAY prospect was regarded with horror by in­ ment operation-announced that it could (By G. V. Ferguson) land shipowners. Today not enough ships carry on no longer without greatly increased MONTREAL.-If Canadian Prime Minister sail the Lakes to handle its traffic. supplies of power and that if the latent Louis St. Laurent is blum.ng when he says Owners of the United States Great Lakes energy lying at its door in the St. Lawrence Canada is fully prepared to build the 27-foot­ fleet, many o! them steel mill operators, once could not be developed without delay, the deep St. Lawrence waterway alone, he is bitterly opposed completion of the through commission would be forced to resort to the wasting his talents and should devote him­ route. But their opposition has disappeared, construction of steam-generation plants. self full-time to poker. and the reason is not hard to find. The To any resident of a country which, as no Alternati . ely, the Canadian Parliament other in the Western World, moves by the great traffic from Superior down into Huron v:ould have to be composed of unusually harnessed power of its great rivers, the idea credulous men and women. For neither in and on to Lakes Michigan and Erie is in iron that the nation's principal industrial area ore from the Mesabi ranges--and that traffic the elected House of Commons nor the ap­ will soon diminish sharply. Within 10 years should be driven into the installation of pointed Senate was any doubt expressed as steam units adjacent to a power site con­ to the genuineness of the government's pro­ the steel mills of the United States must tap taining more· than 2,000,000 unharnessed new sources of feed for the blast furnaces. posal to set up a St. Lawrence Seaway Au­ The ore has been found. · It is being devel­ wild horses, has an Alice-in-Wonderland ring. thority. oped and soon will roll down to St. Lawrence This is not the be-all and end-all of the Even members from the Atlantic prov­ tidewater, out of Labrador, over 360 miles of power problem, however. From the Province inces, many of whom have forebodings over railroad built solely to do this job. But on of Quebec comes word that unless a start the economic effect of the seaway on their reaching salt water at Seven Islands, 300 miles can be made on hitching the power which region, assumed that the government meant east of the city of Quebec, ore ships can now now courses unchecked through the Lachine just what it said. That's what evoked de­ move west only as far as Montreal through Rapids, almost within Montreal's city limits, mands for special consideration for the deep channels. There cargoes must be trans­ by 1955, the largest of Canada's cities will maritimes in such matters as shipbuilding ferred to railroad hopper-cars for a journey have to find another answer to its energy and the development of the maritime steel of hundreds of miles to the steel mills of problem-and such talk, as in Ontario, industry. the interior. It cannot be transshipped into makes nonsense to any water-power-con­ The critics finally subsided into grumbling the small-size canal boats, nor would it be scious Montreale or Quebecker. At La­ acquiescence. The legislation passed Parlia­ useful to construct special ore-carriers cap­ .chine, 1,000,000 horsepower runs unimpeded ment last month without formal opposition. able of making the voyage up the St. Law­ down the river. Canada does not want to Canada 'now stands committed to an expend­ rence, through the present canal system and harness it until the navigation question is iture-if necessary-of $300,000,000 to build on to, say, the ore ports of Erie, because the settled. Only a few miles to the west is the the St. Lawrence seaway. 14-foot canals already are carrying their peak great Beauharn9is development, totaling That 300 million has strings attached, but load. Thus the only alternative to the pro­ more than 2,000,000 horsepower. When few Canadians doubt that they will have to vision of a through route for large ships is completed it will be the biggest single hydro­ put up the money. The strings are these: rail haul-and a key figure illustrates what electric installation in the world. Yet, The legislation still leaves the door open for it would mean. To carry a ton of ore from Beauharnois will not take up all the slack. United States participation in a joint un­ Lake Superior down to the Canadian steel The question which looms large in Cana­ dertaking. Canada would prefer a partner­ mills at Hamilton on Lake Ontario costs in dian minds, therefore, is "Can the blockade ship. There will therefore be a waiting pe­ the vicinity of $1.50. To haul it by rail continue, now that we are ready to go it riod-assumed to be no longer than this _would cost more than five times as much. alone?" It does not seem likely, but it re­ spring-during which the United States mains possible. Congress may approve the 1941 agreement. THE SEAWAY A DEFENSE PROJECT If it does not, the Canadian Government Seaway antagonists in the United States STEPS TO BE TAKEN is now in a position to set up an authority of America consistently use the argument Washington will have to decide through to build the navigation works on the St. that to complete the seaway is to provide what agency the United States will operate Lawrence. The potential $300,000,000 bill a potential enemy with fine bombing tar­ its part of the international power plant. worries no one. gets. Even so, thoughtful and pro-Cana­ The chosen instrument will then have to This figure needs explanation. The de­ dian a journal as has obtain a license from the United States velopment is often referred to as a near­ cautioned, as recently as October 1951, Power Commission, which involves public billion dollar afi'air. That is because both against hasty decision (after 20 years' de­ hearings at which all interested parties must navigation and power are taken into ac­ lay?). In rebuttal, the influential Montreal be given an opportunity to air their views­ count, and the navigation phase includes Star-which can fairly be described as being a process which contains the ingredients of works on the upper lakes which are omitted as pro-American as the Times is pro-Cana­ renewed filibuster by the antiseaway forces. from an all-Canadian scheme. · dian-after remarking, on October 10, that Next, whatever agency in the United States Translated into terms of likely 1952 prices, "it becomes increasingly clear that if there may be made responsible for power develop­ total cost of the project, as envisaged in the is to . be a seaway it will have to be built ment, and the government of Ontario on the 1941 agreement, might work out at $775,- by us" commented on the bomb-target ar­ Canadian side, must secure permission from 000,000. Of this total, the United States gument in these words: "The New York the International Joint Commission which would pay five hundred and thirty-two mil­ Times gets strangely out of step with its controls all boundary waters-a body com­ lion and Canada two hundred and forty-two usually well-informed approach. It says, posed equally of United States and Canadian million. Our smaller share is because, be­ for instance, that the seaway's defense value representatives-to proceed. And the Com­ tween 1918 and 1932, Canada spent $132,- is problematic, for a single bombing attack mission itself must approve the Canadian 000,000 on the Welland Canal, which bypasses could knock out a lock • • •. The com­ program to complete the navigation facili­ Niagara Falls between Lakes Erie and On­ pleted seaway would be no more vulnerable ties in border waters, as well as secure the tario. Corresponding expenditures by the than the existing deep channels are." future rights of the shipping of the United United States in improved navigation Canadian opinion regards the project as States, not merely through the international (mostly at the Soo) amounted to thirty-two an essential factor of the national defense, zone but all the way to the sea. Under the million. and of that of the North American land Treaty of Washington, signed in 1871, the IIn arriving at the cost of the all-Canadian mass as a whole. In World War II, when right to ascend and descend the St. Law­ sc~eme, the first step is to lop off nearly Canada's productive economy was suddenly rence to the open sea was guaranteed in per­ $100,000,000 representing works on the up­ blown up to double its prewar size, the move­ petuity to citizens of the United States. per lake channels which, under the agree­ ment of materiel and food from the plains Thus the all-Canadian ship channel must ment, were to be entrusted to the United and industrial heartland to the Atlantic be as free to vessels of United States regis­ States, and also in the Thousand Islands coast presented a major problem in logistics. try as it is to those of Canada. section of the St. Lawrence. These sections How the effort, plus the movement of troops, What must be said in closing, is that if do not present a Eerious bottleneck. The was carried out over the available facilities the normal delays of international inter­ real bottleneck is within the 115-mile .stands as a recorded miracle. Thus in the course should be extended by blockaders, the stretch of lake and river between Montreal 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 499 and Ogdensburg, N. Y. It may be reduced Mr. CAPEHART. I move that Senate course, is the pending question, but the still more to a distance of 47 miles, lying bill 2104, to repeal section 104 of the De­ Senator from North Dakota has the between the New York towns of St. Regis fense Production Act of 1950, as amend­ :floor; and until he finishes, of course, and Ogdensburg. The key points on the Canadian side are ed, be recommitted for further study to no action can be taken on the motion. Montreal, Cornwall (at the foot of the in­ the Banking and Currency Committee. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ternational rapids section) and Prescott, op­ and reported back to the Senate not Chair is so advised. posite Ogdensburg. There already exists on later than February 4, 1952. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask the Canadian side of the river a series of Mr. President, if the Senator from unanimous consent that the motion and canals with a depth of 14 feet. They were North Dakota will yield to me for a min­ the remarks made thereon by the dis­ built when Canada was in its infancy and ute further, I should like to state my tinguished Senator from Indiana appear their construction presented far greater en­ reasons for making the motion I have at the end of my remarks. gineering problems than does today's assign­ ment of enlarging a 14-foot passage to 27 just made. The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ feet. Mr. LANGER. I am delighted to yield out objection, it is so ordered. The joint American-Canadian undertaking to my friend the Senator from Indiana. would route the 27-foot channel on the Mr. CAPEHART. The committee American side of the international rapids held hearings ·on this particular subject LEGISLATIVE PROGRAM section, simply because that would be less some 3 months ago. Since that time. During the delivery of Mr. LANGER's expensive. Under the all-Canadian scheme, conditions may or may not have changed. speech, the waterway is automatically thrown across Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President. to the Canadian side. The construction bill However, we know that a year ago cot­ is swelled by nearly $38,000,000 (at today's tonseed oil was selling for approximate­ will the distinguished Senator yield for costs) as a result. ly 25 cents a pound, whereas today it is an announcement? In other respects the project, both as to selling for 12 cents a pound; corn oil a Mr. LANGER. I am. very happy to navigation and power, would be much the year ago was selling for 25 cents a pound, yield to the majority leader. same as under the 1941 joint plan. True, but today it is selling for 13 cents a Mr. McFARLAND. I ask unanimous it omits those works assigned entirely to the pound; soybean oil a year ago was sell­ consent that the announcement appear United States; but the expectation in Can­ ing for 21 cents a pound, but today it is after the remarks of the Senator from ada is that once the principal bottlenecks to the seaway are removed, the United States selling for 10.75 cents a pound; peanut North Dakota. will want to carry out the rest of the work oil a year ago was selling for 25 % cents The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without on its own initiative. a pound, but today it is selling for 15 objection, it is so ordered. In any event, power will bear a heavy cents a pound; coconut oil a year ago Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I share of the total cost. Canada and the was selling for 19 % cents a pound, but have been asked by quite a number of United States will share equally 2,200,000 today it is selling for 10% cents a pound; Senators what the program of the Sen­ horsepower to be developed in the interna­ lard a year ago was selling for 19.15 ate is to be. I am endeavoring to work tional rapids section. The province of On­ cents a pound, but today it is selling for tario has already reached an agreement with out an agreement as to a time to vote Ottawa on division of costs between power 14% cents a pound; tallow a year ago on the pending measure. We had hoped and navigation. It now remains, assuming was selling for 17 % cents a pound, but that we could temporarily lay aside the that the original joint American-Canada today it is selling for 7 cents a pound. unfinished business and consider and dis­ plan falls by the wayside, for an American Mr. President, I am not saying that pose of tomorrow the bills providing for power authority (still to be designated) to the pending bill should or should not be the temporary repeal of the import du­ make a similar deal for New York's share of passed. All I am saying is that in this ties on lead and zinc. It now develops this hydroelectric energy. country fats and oils are depressed at that there is more opposition to the bills The new legislation provides for appoint­ ment of a Canadian. authority to have charge the moment. I am saying that I believe than we had previously anticipated, and of construction, maintenance, and operation the committee acted upon this matter, they may take longer than 1 day. Under of the seaway between Montreal and Lake as far back as 4 months ago, that condi­ those circumstances, we do not feel that Erie. It could establish tolls for shipping tions since that time have changed, and we would be justified in temporarily lay­ using the new 27-foot waterway. Thus the that I sincerely believe the Senate Bank­ ing aside the unfinished business for that intention is to mak~ the navigation project ing and Currency Committee ought to length of time. self-liquidating. hold hearings and call before it the Sec­ What it all adds up to is this: Canada is Quite a number of Senators had made prepared to spend $300,000,000 (barring fur­ retary of Agriculture and other wit­ plans with the expectation that those ther inflation, this is an outside estimate) nesses-expert witnesses-to go into the bills would be considered tomorrow. on clearing the navigation bottleneck on the question of what is depressing the price Some Senators have indicated that they St. Lawrence above Montreal and in a rela­ of fats and oils in the United States, and wanted to attend the funeral of Hon. tively minor dredging job along the Welland to determine whether section 104 of the Robert P. Patterson, which is to be to­ Canal to bring that section to a unifor.m present law has had any effect on it, morrow after.noon. Under the circum­ depth of 27 feet. either pro or con. We ought to study stances, I think it is advisable that the This article takes no account of the one the subject sincerely and objectively, and other major job-the bypassing of the Senate go over until Monday. I do not Lachine Rapids 5 miles from Montreal Har­ then report back to the Senate our find­ want Senators to think that this is a bor. This is a purely Canadian job which ings based upon current conditions, not precedent for recessing over every Fri­ ·Will also generate great amounts of power. based upon what the conditions were day. The circumstances, however, But a 14-foot canal already exists there. If some 4 months ago, or what happened which have developed have made it de­ the power is not immediately needed, the at that time. Those are my reasons for sirable in this instance. existing canal can be rebuilt and deepened. making this motion to recommit the Senators who are interested in the Will there be enough traffic to pay the bill? bill. Only experience will tell, but Canadian au­ pending measure have indicated that on thorities believe that the volume of freight The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Monday we may be able to arrive at a now carried-about 10,000,000 tons annual­ question is on the motion of the Senator unanimous consent agreement to vote at ly-will be at least quadrupled when the from Indiana. an early time thereafter. deeper canals are completed. Iron ore from Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, if Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the Labrador might provide 20,000,000 tons a the Senator will yield, I suggest the ab­ Senator yield for a question? year of new business, and existing industries sence of a quorum. could be counted on to supply millions of Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. additional tons once deep-draught vessels Mr. LANGER. Wait a moment. I did Mr. LANGER. Can the Senator tell are able to go up and down the river. not yield for that purpose. us about when we are to vote on the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The motion of the distinguished Senator Senator from North Dakota has the floor from Indiana [Mr. CAPEHART] to recom­ REPEAL OF EMBARGO ON IMPORTATION at this time. mit the bill? OF CERTAIN COMMODITIES-MOTION Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Chair said the Mr. McFARLAND. Not unless we can TO RECOMMIT question was on the motion, thus calling ieome to a unanimous-consent agree­ During the delivery of Mr. LANGER's for a vote. ment. I thought we would endeavor to addre~s. Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, the ascertain what we could do in that direc­ Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President-­ Senator from North Dakota yielded to tion. Mr. LANGER. I yield to the Senator me, and I made the motion to recommit. Mr. LANGER. At any rate, it will not from Indiana. That was all I did. The motion, of be this afternoon? 500 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE January 24

\ Mr. McFARLAND. It will not be this As I understand, those bills will not come threaten serious injury to a domestic in­ afternoon. before the Senate on Monday. dustry. Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President-­ Mr. McFARLAND. They will not SMALL STEP IN RECOGNITION OF PRINCIPLE Mr. McFARLAND. I may say to my come before the Senate on Monciay. The controls provided under section distinguished friend that I tried to get a 104 of the Defense Production Act are a unanimous-consent agreement to vote step in the direction of recognition of on the bill. Senators told me that they REPEAL OF EMBARGO ON IMPORTATION OF CERTAIN COMMODITIES principle of protection. They recog­ would object to a vote tomorrow. I tried nize the necessity of protection of the to obtain a unanimous-consent agree­ The Senate resumed the consideration American workingman and the Ameri­ ment to vote on Monday. I was told of the bill (S. 2104) to repeal section 104 can farmer from products produced by that certain Senators would object to a of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as amended. the sweatshop labor of Europe and Asia. vote on Monday. I tried to obtain a They provide only the minimum pro­ unanimous-consent agreement to vote on THD ADMINISTRATION'S FREE TRADE PROGRAM tection necessary to prevent injury to Tuesday, and was told that there would Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I have the American dairy industry. They are be objection to a vote on Tuesday. T~e on several occasions taken the fioor to designed to permit imports up to the earliest possibility that I can see is urge that Congress retain in its own point of impairment of our domestic Wednesday. I am hopeful that on Mon­ hands firm control over international source of supply of the fats and oils es­ day perhaps we can obtain an agree­ commerce and international trade as the ment to vote at a little earlier time. sential in both peace and war. Constitution provides. SHOULD NOT IMPAIR INDUSTRY For that reason I think we should go We have failed to do that, and today over until Monday. we are faced with a situation in which Mr. President, it would be most unwise Mr. LANGER. Knowing the distin­ foreign nations are telling us what we in the present emergency to permit our guished Senator from Arizona and the can do and what we cannot do to regu­ domestic source of supply of milk and eloquence he possesses, together with the late imports into our own country. dairy products to be impaired through number of plans he has to make obsti­ We find ourselves dividing our mar­ the repeal of section 104, and to now de­ nate Senators change their minds, I am kets with the nations of the world and pend on foreign imports for such essen­ sure that he will be successful in ar­ exporting jobs and investments. tial items. ranging an early time to vote. CONTINUAL EMERGENCY EXPORT JOBS AND INVESTMENTS Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the Mr. President, we hardly know from Senator yield? Foreign nations are demanding the right to ship into this country imports of one day to the next when full-scale war Mr. McFARLAND. I yield. may develop and foreign sources of sup­ Mr. AIKEN. I should like to ask how dairy products at such destructive levels that the domestic source of supply of ply may be cut off. We have the police this bill happens to be before the Senate action in Korea, started by the President for consideration at this time, anyway. these essential foods would be imperiled It deals purely with a tariff matter, as I in time of great international emergency, of the United States, and a continual understand. I believe that under the at the expense of our own workingmen scarehead from the Executive that and investors. whatever move we may make may result Constitution, matters of this kind must in full-scale war. The conduct of that originate in the House. I wonder how CONGRESS SHOULD REASSERT ITS POWER war, in the opinion of the junior Sena­ the bill happens to be before the Senate. The time has come for Congress to re­ tor from Nevada, is a disgrace to the peo­ Who is in such a hurry that we must dis­ assert its power as one of the three in­ ple of the United States of America. regard the Constitution, the rules of the dependent branches of our Government Nevertheless, it is a continuing threat. Senate the rules of the House, and all set up by the Constitution as a check on If continued along the lines it is now other ~les? Why is there such a big the executive and judicial branches, and being conducted it may develop into a hurry? for it to resume its constitutional author­ full-scale war. We should not put these Mr. McFARLAND. I am not going to ity to regulate commerce, to approve commodities in the same position as tin, take the time of the distinguished Sena­ treaties with foreign nations, to regulate rubber, and other strategic and critical tor from Nevada to answer that ques­ the coinage of money, and generally to minerals and materials-dependent upon tion. discharge its responsibilities as defined in foreign sources. Mr. MALONE. I shall be glad to yield the Constitution of the United States. all the time necessary. The power to regulate foreign com­ PROTECT OUR TAXPAYERS Mr. McFARLAND. I will let that merce is vested in Congress because Con­ It is equally essential to the national question be debated when the question gress is the representative of the people. security that our system of storing dairy comes before the Senate, and discussion By the same token the responsibility for products during the season of flush pro­ is not proceeding on other matters. I the impact of foreign products upon the duction be protected against unlimited am sure that the distinguished Senator American farmer, the American worker, and uncontrolled imports. In other from Arkansas CMr. FuLBRIGHT] would and American industry, rests squarely words, it makes little sense to buy the be very happy to answer that question in upon the shoulders of the Congress, the butter and other agricultural products his own time. legislative branch of the Government. of our own producers and store them in Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I warehouses, while allowing unlimited should like to ask the majority leader a THE PEOPLE' S RIGHT imports for consumption in the United question. As I understand, in view of Mr. President, the people have a right States and charging the whole thing up the objection of the senior Senator from to expect us, their elected representa­ to the taxpayers of this country. Nevada [Mr. McCARRAN], the bills af­ tives, to assume this responsibility, and to It is utter idiocy, but apparently we fecting zinc and lead in the same man­ exercise the powers given us, without have adopted that policy. ner as the pending bill affects farm delegating them to the executive branch. Section 104 authorizes imP-Ort controls products will not come before the Sen­ The workingmen and the farmers of this on butter, cheese, and certain other ate on Monday. Nation have a right to expect us to pro­ vide reasonable safeguards against im­ products whenever imports would other­ Mr. McFARLAND. Those who are in wise come in at such a rate as to reduce charge of the pending legislation want ports produced in countries where labor is cheap and where standards of living domestic production below safe levels, to finish the pending bill before consi:tl­ increase the necessity of storing of dairy ering those bills. I give notice now that are low. - FAIR AND REASONABLE COMPETITION products, and result in unnecessary ex­ we intend to follow that plan, unless penditures under price-support pro­ there is a ·change in the plans, in which Mr. President, world trade must be de­ grams. event I shall announce it. We will not veloped on a basis of fair and reasonable take up those bills until we finish the competition. It must be done within the Unless imports would result in harm pending bill. principle that foreign products of under­ to these industries, as measured by these Mr. MALONE. The zinc and lead paid foreign labor shall not be admitted standards, no controls may be applied bills affect the tariffs on metals in the to this country on terms which endanger under this section. It is a very mild same manner that the pending bill af­ the living standards of the American provision at best, and a minimum of fects the. protection to farm products. workingman or the American farmer, or protection. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 501

SECTION 104 SIMPLY A STOP-GAP FOREIGN COUNTRIES BLACKMAIL US They have always operated in that Section 104 is simply a stop-gap pend­ In view of the foregoing I am not in­ fashion. We always did take care of ing the adoption by Congress of the prin­ clined to give much weight to the argu­ our workers until 1933 or 1934, when we ciple of fair and reasonable competition ment that our hands have been tied by passed the so-called Reciprocal 'I'rade as a criterion of foreign imports, and is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Agreement Act. . flexible in that it is required that the Tracie and that we are now powerless to NOT A RECIPROCAL TRADE ACT import level be adjusted from time to perform the duties vested in us and The phrase "reciprocal trade" does · time either upward or downward as the · charged to us by the Constitution. not appear in the act. It is not recipro­ supply situation changes to permit the Neither am I impressed with the argu­ cal, and was never intended to be recipro­ maximum level of imports that will not ments of foreign countries that section cal. It is a catch phrase to sell free cause injury. 104 is a violation of the General Agree­ trade to the American people. It is It is a stop-gap until the principle of ment on Tariffs and Trade, and that un­ finally catching up with us. fair and reasonable competitive controls less we permit them to bring in dairy can be applied. No foreign nation and products at destructive levels they will DOLLAR PAYMENTS-DOLLAR SHORTAGE no other commodity group has any right retaliate against us. It is a clear case of Mr. President, there has never been a to ask the dairy farmers of this Nation blackmail. greater hoax perpetrated on the Amer­ to take imports in excess of these levels, Mr. President, they have continually ican people than by what is called a or under the fair and reasonable com­ discriminated against us. It is not re­ dollar shortage. What is a dollar petitive price. taliation; it is discrimination. They shortage? It is when a foreign country INJURY WOULD RESULT have never changed. puts a price in dollars on its money-on AXIOMATIC NATIONS DO NOT BUY WHAT THEY the pound, for example-in dollars which The Secretary of Agriculture has de­ is greater than the free market price in termined that imports in excess of the CAN PRODUCE Mr. President, no nation or individ­ dollars. No one will pay the fictitious levels authorized under section 104 would price, so a dollar shortage exists. cause injury as measured by the stand­ ual-and this is the criterion by which to measure legitimate foreign trade­ Suppose today the Congress passed an ards·set up in the act. act to the effect that the British pound A DISCREDITED SECRETARY OF STATE ever purchases anything from another nation or individual which it or he can­ was worth one dollar and no more could The State Department has told us, in not conveniently produce. be paid for it. Then we would have a effect, that we cannot now prevent de­ Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will shortage of pounds. Of course it is utter structive imports into this country under · the Senator yield for a question? idiocy but the phrase has been sold to the section 104 because our rights to do so Mr. MALONE. I am very happy to American people, during the last 19 has been contracted away in GATT, the yield for a question. - years, and it is part of the Fabian-Marx­ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Mr. MAGNUSON. I believe it would ist-Socialist program. It is that great international agreement, be well to ask the Senator from Nevada SECTION 104 DOES NOT VIOLATE GATT IN ANY CASE which was cooked up by a thoroughly if he is familiar with the countries that In the first place, Mr. ·President, sec­ discredited State Department, and which have placed restrictions on our imports. tion 104 falls clearly within an exception has never been submitted to the Congress I do not know the names of the 10 to the General Agreement on Tariffs and of the United States. countries which it is charged are op­ Trade, and there is no foundation for RESPONsmILITY VESTED IN CONGRESS posed to section 104. At any rate, the the argument that the Agreement has As I have stated, the responsibility to following countries have placed restric­ been violated. Although quotas in gen­ regulate foreign commerce is vested in tions on our exports: The Netherlands, eral are forbidden by the Agreement, an Congress by the Constitution. Although Denmark, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, exception is provided for such action as Congress delegated to the President Australia, France, and F'inland. The that taken by Congress under section 104. power to negotiate tariff rates, there is a nature of the restrictions is in the form That arrangement prevents our thor­ serious question as to whether it has of balance dollar payments. These oughly discredited Secretary of State ever delegated power to enter into inter­ countries make findings as to the volume from trading down the river any United national agreements which would pro­ of dollar payments available for imports States industry that he may wish to hibit the Congress itself from protecting from the United States. When such trade for some fancied advantage-for the American people against harmful volume of dollar payments has been ex­ instance, when he threatened to with­ imports. hausted they say no further imports draw from Austria certain trade advan­ Mr. President, there is also a serious shall come in. In eff.ect it is the same tages because Austria had imprisoned question as to the constitutional author­ type of restriction we are attemptinc to some Americans. In short, the Secre­ ity for Congress, under a clear mandate provide here, except that we are doing tary of State was attempting to trade of the Constitution to regulate foreign it, I believe, on a much more justifiable for some fancied advantage the liveli­ trade, to qelegate such authority to the and equitable basis, because we are sup­ hood ·of the American workers in the executive branch of the Government. porting with taxpayers' money the pro­ affected industries. GATT NEVER SUBMITTED TO CONGRESS grams which might be injured. THE AGREEMENT EXCEPTION Mr. President, the General Agreement CONGRESS AWAKENING Mr. President, article XX! of the on Tariffs and Trade has never been sub­ Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I am Agreement contains the following excep­ mitted to Congress for approval. On nu­ very happy that the distinguished senior tion: merous occasions Congress has taken ac­ Senator from Washington [Mr. MAGNU­ Nothing in this Agreement shall be con­ tion in connection with other legislation SON] has interrupted me to read that strued • • • to prevent any contracting to guard against approval of the agree­ statement, because it shows an awaken­ party from taking any action which it con­ ment. ing on the part of Congress as to exactly siders necessary for the protection of its THE ITO what is happening and what has been essential security interests • * * taken A charter for the International Trade happening throughout the 19 years of the in time of war or other emergency in inter­ Organization, which embodied the same supervision of foreign trade by the State national relations • * *. principle as the General Agreement on Department. Foreign countries have Mr. President, it cannot be denied that Tariff and Trade was submitted to Con­ continually kept exports from our coun­ we are in the midst of one of the most gress for approval, but it was never ap­ try out of their country. serious emergencies in international re­ proved. I will say it was never pressed DOLLAR BALANCE lations that this country has ever faced. by the State Department. They were They say that when they reach the Its seriousness arises because of the way afraid to press it, because even a sub­ end of their dollar balance they cannot in which it is being handled by the servient Congress of the United States import more goods. All we do in that administration. had more gumption than to adopt any­ c_ase is pass another bond issue, raise the In such emergencies, the Agreement thing like that. I say "even the Con­ taxes, or both, and pick up the check. does not prevent a country from taking gress of the United States," because it That is the difference. It shows a very any action deemed by it necessary for has taken about everything else the great amount of common sense on their its own security. The Agreement pre­ Executive has offered, Mr. President. part, but little on ours. scribes no limit to the kind of action 502 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 24 which can be taken, and leaves it en­ this time, which has just abolished such kets with them and average our standard tirely to the country involved to deter­ controls. Of course, a manipulation of of living. The Congress has been giving mine what action is necessary for its the currency for trade advantage is a this money to the foreign countries in own protection. form of piracy. habit-forming quantities now for many In passing section 104, Congress has FORMS OF PIRACY years. determined that the impairment of our Mr. President, there are three forms We are now practically threatened· domestic source of supply of essential of piracy. One was practiced 100 to 150 with a suit for nonsupport if we quit pay­ commodities and the impairment of our years ago on the high seas, when mer­ ing them or cut down the amount. They economic strength by unnecessary Gov­ chant ships were captured and were are likely to sue us in the International ernment expenditures under price-sup­ towed into port, and were held to belong Court of the Hague if we cut down on the port programs would be contrary to the to the person capturing them. amount of money which we have given security interests of the United States The second form of piracy occurred them the right to expect, to support in the present emergency. These are in connection with the so-called recip­ their standard of living and in the style entirely reasonable and logical findings, rocal trade agreements, dividing our to which they would like to become ac- well supported by the facts; and no for­ markets and tending to bring the United customed. · eign nation has any right to challenge States standard of living down to a level THE GATT our judgment in that respect-least of with the standards of living of the other Mr. President, 34 nations are parties all, Mr. President, the foreign nations countries of the world. to the general agreement respecting which have protested in this case. Prac­ The third form of piracy, of course, trade and tariff. Twenty-three of them tically all foreign nations have protected occurs in connection with the matter of are currently restricting imports under their own commerce from the beginning, unlimited appropriations in exported an exception in the agreement, and and have dealt with an irresponsible cash to make up the trade balances of practically all of them have in the past United States Secretary of State in an years an exception for that purpose; and endeavor to divide the markets or this the foreign nations each year until such time as it is possible to divide our markets every last one of them has these quotas, country among themselves, but to give us restrictions, manipulations of currency nothing in return. among them so that, theoretically, there will be no trade-balance deficit. for trade advantage, and every other TAXPAYERS PAY FOR FOREIGN TRADE INCREASE The result, of course, will be a gradual known trick of the trade by which to Mr. President, if it is necessary for us lowering of the American standard of take advantage of an agreement, once to go into detail in these matters, I shall living. We now hold our standard of it is made. be glad to do so and I shall be glad to living through additional bond issues and Mr. President, I would point out that debate them with any Members of the tax increases in order to "pick up the these are not trade agreements. There Senate. It can be shown that any in­ check"; but when we stop that practice, is no provision for trade agreements. crease which has occurred in our foreign our standard of living will decline. There are provisions for agreements to trade has come about only by means of FOREIGN POLICY WRONG lower tariffs, and there are a hundred the money we have given to the other different ways of escaping from the ef­ countries, to enable them to buy our Mr. President, we have not tried to fect of a lower tariff-and they use all products, and from purchases by the force American exports into other coun­ of them. Mr. President, the controls United States Armed Forces and other tries at ruinous levels. We do not now provided by section 104 are beyond the extraordinary purchases. If we should take kindly to their demanu that unless fair and reasonable competition prin­ do away with such gifts of money to­ we permit a destructive level of imports ciple; and they afford no sound justifi­ morrow we should likewise lose any in­ of their products, they will retaliate. cation for any nation to retaliate or to crease in foreign trade which we have Certainly there is something seriously hold any ill will against the United ever had in the last 19 years. wrong with this kind of foreign policy. States. This is as good a time as any FOREIGN NATIONS PROTECT THEMSELVES NINETEEN -YEAR-OLD POLICY to put our foot down on that sort of The foreign nations have gumption Mr. President, we have had a 19-year­ talk. If any retaliation results over the enough to protect themselves, although old pattern of Fabian-Marxist socialism use of such reasonable controls as these, apparently that instinct is something to which this country has been sub­ it ought to be thoroughly and vigorously that we in the United States have not yet jected. investigated and dealt with. developed. We did have it for 75 years, BITE THE HAND THAT FEEDS THEM SECTION 104 DOES NOT PROHIBIT IMPORTS but then we abandoned the principle of Furthermore, most of the countries Now, Mr. President, I point out that developing foreign trade on the fair and which are protesting our use of section the standards for import controls in con­ reasonable competitive basis. Mr. Pres­ 104 are on the United States payroll in nection with dairy products, author­ ident, it is time that we developed a little one form or another, either directly or ized by section 104, anY. statement to the common sense on the floor of the Senate, indirectly; and most of those nations contrary notwithstanding, do not pro­ in regard to foreign trade. The peo­ are complaining about any reduction hibit imports on dairy products. Sec­ ple of the country are years ahead of in the assistance we give them. How­ tion 104 provides that imports may be Congress in their thinking. ever, now they are threatening to bite regulated, and if the Secretary of Agri­ N I NE NATIONS CHALLENGED OUR RIGHT TO the hand that feeds them, unless we culture finds that imports would (a) im­ PROTECT OURSELVES permit them to impair the American pair our domestic source of supply, (b) Nine nations have challenged our dairy industry. disrupt the storing or marketing system right to use an exception in the trade Mr. President, let me say that the during a season of fresh production, (c) agreement to protect essential food sup­ threatened impairment is not to the result in unnecessary expenditures un- - plies in the face of impending war. dairy industry alone, but to every other der the price-support program. Unless Those nations are the Netherlands, industry in the United States of America. one of the three results named above Denmark, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Those countries are hardly in a posi­ would result in a situation in which im­ Australia, France, Canada, and Finland. tion to be too arbitrary in their retalia· ports cannot be controlled under sec­ Mr. President, every one of those nations tion. tion 104. has in the past used an exception in the SUE US FOR NONSUPPORT SECTION 104 NOT THE ANSWER, BUT IS A trade agreement to protect its own in­ Mr. President, we have been g1vmg STOPGAP dustries against American exports; and them this money now through lend-lease, Now, Mr. President, I want to point out of the nine nations, eight of them UNRRA, a direct loan to England of out that the junior Senator from Ne­ are still doing so. $3,750,000,000, the , ECA, vada is defending section 104 as a mild :MANIPULATION OF CURRENCY FOR TRADE and point 4, whatever it is called. attempt to cure what a 19-year-old pro­ ADVANTAGE We change the designation often gram by the State Department, under As a matter of fact, Mr. President, they enough to fool our own people. It has the 1934 Trade Agreements Act, trans­ go farther than that; all of them manip­ only amounted to one thing, and that is ferring from the Congress of the United ulate their currency for trade advan­ to make up these -trade-balance deficits States authority to regulate foreign tage with the exception of Canada at until such time as we can divide our mar- commerce, has brought about. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 503

BRAKE ON AN IRRESPONSIBLE SECRETARY OF and generally a different rate for every In other words, I simply want the Sen­ STATE important shipper. So the Congress of ate to know that I shall move to have It is not the answer, it does not even the United States laid down a principle. that bill considered before any action is approach the answer: It is simply a What was that principle? It was the taken on the question of confirming· the brake on an irresponsible, reckless Sec­ principle of a reasonable return on the appointment of a new one-man Director retary of State who uses that act for the investment. When it created the Inter­ for the RFC. purpose of trading the jobs and the in­ state Commerce Commission, it charged · Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I ask vestments of the United States of Amer­ the Commission with the responsibility unanimous consent that the remarks of ic~. the workingman and the investor of fixing freight rates on a basis of a the Senator from Indiana, interrupting alike, for some fancied advantage in an­ reasonable return on investment. Many my remarks, appear in the RECORD at the other field; and, of course, it should be factors enter into the determination of end of my remarks. repealed. It should never have been ex­ what a reasonable return on an invest­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ tended even the first time, and passed for ment should be but they adhered to the out objection, it is so ordered. a 3-year period; and every subsequent principle. 3-year period since that time, since 1934, The junior Senator from Nevada has been extended. It now comes be­ served 8% years on the public service ROBERT P. PATTERSON fore the Senate of the United States, commission of his State, and he has Mr. RUSSELL. Mr. President, the in February 1953, for extension, and if often held hearings for the Interstate tragic death of Robert P. P&tterson was the Congress of the United States does Commerce Commission in that connec­ a great shock to the thousands who knew not extend them, we are through with it tion. him and loved him. His passing is a and it should not be extended, it should CONGRESS SHOULD FIX THE PRINCIPLE great loss to the people of the United be beaten and in its place, Mr. Presi­ States. He was a man of ability. In­ That is what the junior Senator from deed, his ability was exceeded only by dent, a policy should be laid down by Nevada means by laying down a princi­ the Congress of the United States that his integrity and sterling character. ple of fixing tariffs to make up the differ­ I ask unanimous consent to have foreign trade should be promoted on a ential of cost between a domestic and a basis of fair and reasonable competi­ printed in the body of the RECORD as a foreign-produced article on the basis of part of my remarks an editorial pub­ tion and a flexible import fee should be a fair apd reasonable competition. used by the Tariff Commission, putting lished in the New York Herald Tribune the full responsibility on the Tariff Com­ Mr. President, under that principle, of today, and also an editorial from the mission to determine what that fair and we would not then divide our markets Baltimore Sun of today, dedicated to his reasonable competition may be. with foreign nations. The markets of life and services. the United States could not be divided FAm AND REASONABLE COMPETITION There being no objection, the edito­ among the foreign nations, and we would rials were ordered to be printed in the No dairy farmer, miner, textile manu­ abandon the idea of a division of the RECORD, as follows: . facturer, crockery manufacturer, or any­ wealth of the nations of the world to one else of the hundreds of industries bring about a one economic world. [From the New York Herald Tribune of in this country-no investor or working­ January 24, 1952] Karl Marx had that idea 100 years ago ROBERT P. PATTERSON man will object to destructive foreign when he said he was for free trade, not imports if basis of fair and reasonable Many in the past hours have wished to pay for itself, but because the adopted prin­ tribute to Robert P. Patterson; and through competition is adopted. ciple hastened the revolution. the kind of things that have been said, and How can that be done? Let the Tariff On that same basis, he was also for an the kind of people who have said them, Commission have full authority to de­ unlimited income tax. there emerges a sharp picture of a man-a termine what that fair and reasonable He is now being proved correct on man of intelligence, ability, and courage. He competition is, and let them fix the tariff both counts. Certainly it will hasten a was a man of complete integrity, of charm, on a basis of a flexible tariff to make up revolution of the taxpayers of the United and of toughness, who was willing to give that differential, which is roughly the his high qualities without stint to the pub­ States. lic service, and when he had returned to pri­ difference between the wage standard of So, in closing, Mr. President, I say it vate life, to those various public causes living in this country and abroad. Some is time Congress reassessed the whole which seemed to him of vital national and folks say, "You cannot determine what foreign-trade program and laid down a human significance. foreign costs are." That is unnecessary. principle to be followed to protect the He was an outstanding exemplar of a type It is only necessary, I would point out economic structure of this Nation and of public officer which, if not exactly new in to the Senate of the United States, to the livelihood of the workmen, farmers, our history, emerged with a new importance take the declared customs value or the in the great crisis of the Second World War. and of the investors of this Nation. Often from modest backgrounds, their initial offer-for-sale prtce in this country for training was neither in government nor in the foreign costs; and I guarantee to the politics but as lawyers, bankers, or business­ Senate of the United States that it will NOTICE OF MOTION TO CONSIDER BILL men, in the climate of competitive enterprise. have more information, that is, the DISSOLVING THE RECONSTRUCTION Like Patterson, however, most of them h ad Tariff Commission will have more infor­ FINANCE CORPORATION given service, and often combat service, to mation piled upon its desks within 30 tl:eir country as young men during the First days than it can assimilate. During the delivery of Mr. MALONE'S World War; they were touched with the sol­ ~~~ . . Let the Tariff Commission determine dier's ideal of duty as well as the citizen's what the amount or the tariff should be, Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, will ideal of freedom and initiative. They h ad in order to make up that differential of the Senator from Nevada yield to me at their politics, but theirs was never a politi­ this point for half a minute? can's attitude towa1·d either the rewards or the cost between the wage living standard obligat ions of high office. It was Roosevelt's of the American workingman and the Mr. MALONE. I am glad to do so. move in 1940 to broaden his administration American farmer, and the wages and Mr. CAPEHART. I simply wish to go against the impending storms by appointing costs abroad. And it should be done on on record at this time so that other Sen­ Stimson and Knox to his Cabinet, which a basis of principle, and they should then ators may be informed that before we act brought many of them into the public serv­ let it alone. Charge the Tariff Commis­ on the question of confirming the nomi­ ice. Patterson was drafted from the Federal sion with the duty of fixing its flexible nation of a new Director for the RFC, I bench to become Stimson's Under Secretary shall move that the Senate consider Sen­ of War at about the time that Forrestal was import fee on that basis, a basis of fair drafted for the equivalent post in the Navy; and reasonable competition; and when ate bill 1376, Calendar No. 520, a bill in­ the two men were unlike in personality, but they are not following that principle, troduced by the Senator from Virginia their two careers ran thereafter in close par­ bring them before a Senate committee. CMr. BYRD], for himself and other Sen­ allel in the posts they held, the devotion they That would be analogous to the method ators, and calling for the dissolution of gave to them and the achievements they ac­ used by Congress in the matter of fixing the Reconstruction Finance Corporation complished in the Nation's behalf. freight rates. We are all familiar with and the transfer of certain functions re­ Patterson munitioned the Army as For­ restal munitioned the Navy. As the last the fact that many years ago before we lated to the national defense heretofore Secretary of War, Patterson hammered out had an Interstate Commerce Commis­ vested in the Reconstruction Finance With Forrestal the problems of unification; sion every railroad .had a separate rate, Corporation. the two men's ideas differed, but the result 504 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE January 24 was a joint work, and Patterson might well friendly relations with the people of as to whether it is in conflict with our have been first Secretary of Def~nse had he Germany. When that war was over and progrrum of reciprocal trade agreements. not preferred to return to private life. But the people of Germany and Austria were I hope to discuss that question on there he could never regard private practice as any discharge from his public responsi­ starving, he appeared personally before Monday. I may take this opportunity bilities. Rugged, colorful, brave, and high­ the Committee on Post Office and Civil to discuss another portion of it. The minded, he still had much to give to his Service and begged the committee to get Senator from Arkansas made a point country when his career was cut suddenly the Postmaster General to permit the about the colloquy between myself and short in the blazing airplane wreck in Eliza­ shipment of packages to individuals the senior Senator from Colorado at the beth. The loss is tragic, and all the more so among our late enemies who were suf­ time when the amendment was adopted because one does not know how many like fering in Austria and Germany. by the Senate last fall. It is true that him we may be breeding today. We desper­ the RECORD itself points out that it ately need men of his character, background, As a result of his fine work, in the outlook, and capacity if we are to manage month of October more than 41 ,000,000 might probably be construed as being the staggering governmental machinery pounds of food packages and ' clothing misleading. There was certainly no in· which we insist on building; one wishes that were sent to Austria and Germany. Time tention on the part of the Senator from it were possible to feel greater confidence and again he intervened before our Washington to mislead or to misinform that we shall get them. committee, speaking in behalf of those the Senate as to the purport of the people. With his passing the people amendment which is now known as sec­ [From the Baltimore Sun of January 24, 1952] of Austria and Germany, in my opinion, tion 104. It was read to the Senate two ROBERT P. PAT!'ERSON have lost one of their very best friends or three times. There was a great deal One of the pleasant Army events of 1940, in this country, and they mourn his un­ of discussion as to whether it was sub­ when pleasant events were almost as rare timely passing. ject to a point of order. I think the as they are today, was the manner in which He was my great friend. I was asso­ mistake occurred, insofar as I was con­ Robert P. Patterson learned that he was ciated with him upon many occasions. cerned, when the Senator from Colorado selected as Assistant Secretary of War. I particularly remember one occasion and I were discussing the extension of Two decades earlier he had served as a when we were at the baseball park to­ Public Law 590. When he asked me re­ major of infantry in World War I (gather­ garding it I had two amendments on my ing both a Distinguished Service Cross and gether. He took nearly half an hour to a Silver Star for gallantry, and also a Purple explain to me the work which he had desk, and I said to him, "The language Heart) and he had later become a distin­ done in order to do away with race and is the same." In the discussion, which guished occupant of the Federal bench. religious prejudice, in order to make our was early in the session, I made the mis­ But in mid-1940 he and numerous other country one great, united America. He take of thinking he was referring to the durable veterans were taking what the Army was a great patriot. extension of Public Law 590, the Second calls a refresher course in anticipation of War Powers Act. In the meantime, the another stint in combat. When the sum­ language of section 104 was agreed to. mons to Washington came to the Army REPEAL OF EMBARGO ON IMPORTATION There was certainly no intention on my camp, Judge Patterson was engaged in hum­ OF CERTAIN COMMODITIES ble "kitchen-police" duty, from which the part to misinform or to mislead the Secretary's office, as any soldier will tell you, The Senate resumed the consideration Senate. is quite a bound. He made that first bound, of the bill