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—Going Over the Top“ the North Bay Nugget's —GOING OVER THE TOP“ THE NORTH BAY NUGGET‘S IMPACT ON THE NIPISSING DISTRICT VICTORY BOND CAMPAIGNS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR RORY CURRIE SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY NIPISSING UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES NORTH BAY, ONTARIO © Rory Curr e October 2011 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this Major Research Paper. I authorize Nipissing University to lend this Major Research Paper to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. I further authorize Nipissing University to reproduce this thesis or dissertation by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purposes of scholarly research. i Abstract This paper examines the role of the North Bay Nugget in the Nipissing District Victory Bond campaigns of the Second World War. By considering the monopoly that Nugget Publishers Limited had within the district, the influence of the daily newspaper on the local home front war effort is assessed. It is argued that the Nugget performed three roles in the Victory Bond campaigns. Firstly, the Nugget promoted the nine national Victory Bond campaigns and urged its readership to purchase generously. Secondly, the Nugget was a medium for businesses and local merchants to engage in civic advocacy, especially advertising advocacy. Consequently, while advocating the sale of bonds, these local businesses were able to further advance their own varying self-interests. Thirdly, the Nugget encouraged community solidarity amongst Nipissing District citizenry for the purposes of advancing the war effort, specifically the Victory Bond drives. Ta.en together, the three roles performed by the Nugget were paramount to the success of each drive within the city of North Bay and the Nipissing District. ii Ac.nowledgments I offer my deepest sense of gratitude to my primary and secondary advisors, professors Fran/oise No0l and Robin 1endron. Their valuable input and patient guidance has made this Major Research Paper possible. Further than.s are extended to the entire faculty of the Nipissing University 2istory Department. 2aving been enrolled at the university in both graduate and undergraduate studies, I have had the pleasure of studying under most of the faculty members. It is to their credit that I have been moulded into the historian I am today. To my fellow masters students, many than.s. Although our journey was long and challenging, we persevered. I shall always thin. bac. to our camaraderie with great fondness and cheer. I also wish to than. my external advisor Dr. 3ohn Allison from the Schulich School of Education, Research and 1raduate Studies ,oordinator Sarah ,lermont, Nipissing5s ever so competent librarian staff, and the councillors of the Ontario 1raduate Scholarship Program. Their combined support has helped me fulfill my goal of writing a scholarly paper on the history of my beloved hometown. Lastly, my family and friends deserve recognition. They provided aid and comfort when re uired, but more often than not, they were simply .ind enough to smile and listen to my disjointed ramblings about Victory Bonds and local history. iii Table of ,ontents Introduction 1 2istoriography 18 Methodology 20 Role One: Promoting the Drives 28 Role Two: A Medium For ,ivic Advocacy 37 Role Three: Promoting Solidarity 85 ,onclusion 58 Bibliography 61 iv List of Tables Figure One: Nipissing District Victory Bond Purchases 27 Figure Two: North Bay Victory Bond Purchases 27 v With the dawning of September, 1939, the whole character of our life and living changed. No one who has not lived through that period can conceive of the tensions, emotional upheaval and surcharge of frantic energy of this period. Ta.en from the official history boo.let of the Dr. 2erbert A. Bruce ,hapter of the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, 1A68, North Bay. 1 Introduction At the turn of the twentieth century, Northern Ontario was commonly referred to as New Ontario. In pursuit of Bthe national dream,C the Fathers of ,onfederation had successfully lobbied for the construction of a vast railway networ. connecting the entire Dominion from sea to sea.1 ,onse uently, the railways opened-up Northern Ontario to ,anadian and European settlers, regrettably displacing the indigenous populations in the process. It was in 1882 that the ,anadian Pacific Railway established a divisional point in the fledgling settlement at present-day North Bay. Lying west of the ,PR divisional point at ,hal. River, North Bay was the logical choice for a railroad settlement because the locomotives needed a refuel of wood every 120 miles.2 As a result, North Bay5s population ballooned to 1,726, and the village was subse uently designated as a town in 18A1. As early as 1A10, North Bay was described as the B1ateway of the NorthC because the community was a junction point.3 The ,PR from the west, and the 1rand Trun. Railway from the south both converged onto North Bay. Additionally, after its completion in 1A05, the Temis.aming and Northern Ontario Railway stretched 110 miles north of the town to the farming and mining settlements on La.e Temis.aming.8 The region was officially and generally referred to as BNew OntarioC because the land had only recently been incorporated into Ontario5s jurisdiction in 1888. The name also reflected the 1 Pierre Berton, he National Dream: The Great Railway, 1871-1881 (Toronto: Mc,lelland and Stewart, 1A70E, 2. 2 Michael Barnes, Gateway City: The North Bay Story DNorth Bay: North Bay and District ,hamber of Commerce Publisher, 1A82E, 8. 3 (ilston Steer, Boosting The Bay (North Bay: North Bay and District Chamber of ,ommerce Publisher, 1AA8E, 56. 8 Robert J. Surtees, he Northern Connection: Ontario Northland Since 1902 (North For.: Captus Press, 1AA2E, 9. 2 province5s economic expansion northwards, and the notion of frontiers.5 North Bay was the gateway of New Ontario because the local region had long been the site of First Nations and European trade routes, and was geographically Bthe obvious means of access to the lands north of the 1reat La.es.C6 In 1A3A, North Bay was still characteristically the B1ateway of the North.C The town had grown into a city of nearly 16,000, but had not yet amalgamated with the surrounding communities of (iddifield or (est Ferris. The economy revolved around the railways, employing many ,anadians of non-British decent. (hen Parliament declared war against Nazi 1ermany, the population of Ontario was 3.8 million strongG Franco Ontarians made up 10 percent of the population, while Italians consisted of a mere 1.6 percent.7 But according to the 1A81 census, North Bay had a French community numbering 3,A3A D25 percentE, and an Italian-,anadian population of 828, or 5.6 percent.8 Not surprisingly, the comparatively large French and Italian populations, in addition to segments of the Irish community, created a strong Roman ,atholic presence within North Bay, e ualling 88.8 percent of the total population D6,A33E.A The economy and ethnic ma.eup of North Bay was of a distinctly BNew OntarioC character, which is made all the more apparent in the local newspaper, the North Bay Nugget. A.1. Davie founded the North Bay Nugget, originally titled the Cobalt Nugget, in 1A07. Mr. Davie printed the newspaper in North Bay and shipped the 5 Surtees, 1. 6 Ibid. 7 Terry Copp, “Ontario 1A3A: The Decision For (ar,” Ontario History Vol. 86, 3 (1AA8E: 270. 8 Fran/oise No0l, -amily and Community Life in Northeastern Ontario: he Interwar Years DMontrHal: Mc1ill-IueenJs University Press, 200AE, 32. A No0l, 31. 3 wee.ly editions up to the mining community via the Temis.aming and Northern Ontario Railway.10 The newspaper changed ownership a few times until finally being purchased in 1A22 by (illiam E. Mason, who transformed the struggling paper into the twice-wee.ly North Bay Nugget. In addition to subscription dues, the venture depended on selling advertising space, and using the printing press for special freelance wor., which often consisted of wedding invitations. Mason transformed the Nugget into a daily in 1A81, on account of the increasing demand for wartime news. 2e did the same with the Sudbury Star, which he also owned. By 1A85, the Nugget reached 7,800 households in North Bay and district, six days a wee.. A printer by trade, (illiam E. Mason came to Sudbury in 3anuary 1A0A and too. up the position of foreman at the newly created Daily Northern Star. (ithin six months, the struggling newspaper was on the brin. of closure. Mason too. over the ownership and management of the daily after he secured financial support from Bten prominent men who each contributed $3,000 to .eep the paper alive.C11 Mason reorganized the newspaper in April 1A10, transforming it into the twice a wee. Sudbury Star, which would subse uently become a trice wee.ly in 1A35 and a full daily in September 1A3A. Mason was obviously an astute and well connected entrepreneur. 1iven his experience and his circle of influential friends, he too. over ownership of the Nugget and used the same formula that was simultaneously proving successful with the Star. 10 John R. Hunt, “A Brief History – The North Bay Nugget.” Accessed April 16, 2011. http://www.nugget.caMArticleDisplay1en,ontent.aspxNeO3616 11 BThe Sudbury Star.” Accessed October 10, 2011. http://www.thesudburystar.comMArticleDisplay.aspxNarchiveOtruePeO1270827 4 It was this sense of practicality and shrewdness that persuaded Mason to force the resignation of Nugget editor Eddie Bunyan in 1A80 after he had published a controversial article complementing the appearance and behaviour of 1erman PO(s.
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