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Das Sustainable Livelihood Framework

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Das Sustainable Livelihood Framework Leben im Kampung Livelihood Analyse in Surakarta, Indonesien Masterarbeit Institut für Geographie Fakultät für Geo- und Atmosphärenwissenschaften Universität Innsbruck vorgelegt von: Sebastian Pihan, Matrikelnr.: 1516684 Oktober 2018 Betreuer der Arbeit: Univ. Prof. Dr. Martin Coy Abstract Globalization and urbanization go hand in hand. Worldwide the number of people living in cities is rising. During the last years Indonesia showed one of the fastest growing rates of urbanization within Southeast Asia. Today more than half (265 Million) of all Indonesians live in cities. Until 2050 this percentage is expected to rise to 71 %. This means that Indonesia's urban population will grow by around 100 million. One major issue is the provision of affordable housing. Here the Central-Javanese city of Surakarta could gain national and international attention for its innovative housing policies. This master thesis gives an insight into the livelihoods of the urban poor in the city of Surakarta. The thesis focuses on two case studies in Mojosongo, in the north part of the city: Ngemplak Sutan and Mipitan Sewu. Both research areas were founded within a relocation program by the city government in 2008, as a response to heavy inner-city flooding. Consequently, in a first step, this thesis analyses the resources the household has access to. In a second step, the influences of the surrounding struc- tures and processes are being analyzed. A special focus is put on the effects of the relocation program and the resident’s satisfaction with the resettlement. This research uses qualitative primary data, col- lected through semi-structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. Besides mapping and household surveys were conducted in both settlements. This research reveals that financial-capital has got a crucial role for the households in both research areas, since monetary means are being used to compensate the lack of various resources. Low educa- tional levels, as well as a lack of formal working places, lead to a high importance of the informal sector. Both settlements lack proper infrastructural provision, especially regarding the accessibility and connectivity to the city center. This circumstance is responsible for higher living costs (e.g. transport) in Mojosongo, compared to the former inner-city situation. The high importance of the informal sector further limits the potential to increase household income and shortens the household (planning-) perspective. Although social-capital is strongly existent among most households, the bene- fits the households can gain from it are little, due to the lack of financial means. Hence social-capital is limited to solidarity within the neighborhood and religious activities. People in both settlements could profit from the process of democratization and decentralization. Since 1998 measurable efforts could be made in education and health provision. Further the process of relo- cation meant a positive change for most people. Nevertheless, a universal evaluation of the project is not possible since the success is highly dependent on the local circumstances. This study increases the knowledge about urban livelihoods in Central-Java, Indonesia and shows how measurements of the city administration can affect local livelihoods. These results may be used for future resettlement measurements and recommendations for an adequate provision of common goods. I Danksagung Ein großes Dankeschön an all diejenigen, welche mich sowohl während meines Studiums als auch bei dem Verfassen dieser Masterarbeit stets unterstützt und motiviert haben. Es war nicht immer einfach! Zunächst möchte ich mich herzlich bei meinem Betreuer an der Universität Innsbruck, Univ.-Prof. Dr. Martin Coy, für die Unterstützung bei dem Verfassen dieser Arbeit bedanken. Danke für die vielen Ratschläge und Anmerkungen sowie die Unterstützung während der gesamten Arbeit. Zudem ein Dankeschön an Dich als Dozent, von dem ich während meines Masterstudiums viel mitnehmen durfte. Ebenfalls ausdrücklich bedanken möchte ich mich bei meinem Betreuer an der UNS in Surakarta, Dr.rer.nat. Nurhadi. Terima Kasih, dass du mich so herzlich in Solo aufgenommen hast und mir bei so vielen organisatorischen Angelegenheiten stets tatkräftig unter die Arme gegriffen hast. Ohne deine Hilfe und die Mithilfe deiner Studenten wäre diese Arbeit in dieser Form nicht möglich gewesen. Christian Obermayr vielen Dank für die vielen Treffen im Vorfeld des Forschungsaufenthaltes. Ohne dich hätte ich vermutlich niemals Solo als Untersuchungsregion für diese Arbeit ausgewählt. Danke für die vielen wichtigen Informationen zu Solo sowie die hilfreichen Tipps für die Datenerhebung. Ein großes Terima Kasih geht auch an Dr. Eng. Kusumaningdyah N.H, ST., MT, welche mir Einblicke in mehrere laufende Projekte des Urban Rural Design & Conservation Laboratory (URDC) ermöglichte. Danke auch für die Mithilfe bei der Konzeption und Durchführung der Focus Group Diskussionen. Vikri Zahara und Lia S. Purnamasari ohne eurer beider Mithilfe würde ich vermutlich bis heute in Surakarta mit der Datenerhebung beschäftigt sein. Vielen Dank für die unermüdliche und unverzicht- bare Unterstützung bei der Durchführung von Fragebögen, Experteninterviews und FGDs. Lia vielen Dank auch für die Unterstützung bei den Behördengängen sowie deine Einführung in die kulinari- schen Spezialitäten der Stadt. Ohne dich hätte ich vermutlich Nasi Liwet nie gekostet. An dieser Stelle nochmals ein Dankeschön an Alle, welche mich in Surakarta unterstützt haben und so zu der Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. Auch Danke an die Bewohner von Ngemplak Sutan und Mipitan Sewu, welche stets bemüht waren meinen vielen Fragen Rede und Antwort zu ste- hen und mir Einblicke in ihren Alltag gewährten. Ein großes Dankeschön geht an Freunde und Familie, welche mich stets bei meinem Studium unter- stützt haben. Ein besonderer Dank gilt dabei meiner Verlobten, welche mir stets die Kraft gab diese Arbeit zu beenden. Danke auch an meine Eltern für die finanzielle Unterstützung meines Studiums. Abschließend möchte ich der Universität Innsbruck für die finanzielle Unterstützung dieser Arbeit danken. Ohne diese Unterstützung wäre dieser Forschungsaufenthalt nicht möglich gewesen. II Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Ar- beit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister-/Master- /Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht. Datum Unterschrift III Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... I Danksagung ............................................................................................................................................. II Inhaltsverzeichnis .................................................................................................................................. IV Abbildungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................................... VI Tabellen und Boxenverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... VII Abkürzungen ...................................................................................................................................... VIII 1 Einleitung ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Fragestellung und Zielsetzung ................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Aufbau der Arbeit .................................................................................................................... 4 2 Indonesien - Geographische Übersicht ............................................................................................ 5 2.1 Administrativer Aufbau ........................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Entwicklung seit 1998 ............................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Ein Land der Gegensätze ......................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Surakarta ................................................................................................................................ 10 3 Theorie und konzeptioneller Rahmen ........................................................................................... 12 3.1 Armut .................................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Urbanisierung und städtische Armut ..................................................................................... 14 3.3 Entwicklungstheoretischer Zusammenhang .......................................................................... 17 3.4 Sustainable Livelihood Approach - SLA .............................................................................. 21 3.4.1 Livelihood Assets & Framework ..................................................................................
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