Biological Control of Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis Erysimi
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Pure Appl. Biol., 8(2): 1707-1717, June, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80114 Research Article Biological control of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843) through seven-spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) under laboratory conditions Hakim Ali Sahito1,2*, Rukhsana Solangi1, Tasneem Kousar1, Zafar Hussain Shah1, Wali Muhammad Mangrio1 and Muhammad Mithal Rind1 1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh- Pakistan 2. Date Palm Research Institute (DPRI), Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh-Pakistan *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] Citation Hakim Ali Sahito, Rukhsana Solangi, Tasneem Kousar, Zafar Hussain Shah, Wali Muhammad Mangrio and Muhammad Mithal Rind. Biological control of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach, 1843) through seven- spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) under laboratory conditions. Pure and Applied Biology. Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp1707-1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80114 Received: 27/03/2019 Revised: 29/03/2019 Accepted: 27/06/2019 Online First: 29/06/2019 Abstract The research study was conducted at the Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, SALU, Khairpur during, 2017-18. Among biological parameters such as; fecundity, fertility, and egg hatching % of a predator, seven-spotted ladybird beetle were 143, 165 and 86, respectively. Whereas; the results of the biology of seven-spotted ladybird beetle show that the first larval stage took up (4.08) days to develop into a second stage that took up (5.32) days, the third stage (6.80) days and the fourth stage (8.00) days to convert into pupae (6.04) days. The overall female days were observed up to (43.76) and the male (39.36). After hatching, the 1st larval stage consumed up to (2) aphids whereas; the 2nd stage (19), the 3rd larval stage (34) with the 4th stage (48) per day, later on, these larvae were converted into pupal stage thus, the adult stage consumed (40) aphids at per day. The ANOVA showed considerable differences in feeding efficiency of Seven-spotted ladybird beetle on aphids under laboratory conditions at (P<0.05). It is concluded; the ladybird beetle, C. septempunctata is well known as a good biological control agent because of predation in nature that has a short life cycle which is also a good character. Thus, the above- mentioned species can be fruitfully used to minimize the sucking insect pests under mustard crop. Keywords: Biology; Feeding behavior; Predator; Sucking pest Introduction beets, Beta vulgaris (Linnaeus); potato, Aphid, L. erysimi infests family; Cruciferae; Solanum tuberosum, (Linnaeus); tomato, various vegetables including mustard and Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.); tobacco, oilseed crops, like; B. alba, B. campestris, B. Nicotiana tabacum (L.); a beneficial plant, napus, B. juncea and others; cruciferous Brigeron canadensis (L.); weeds, such as; Published by Bolan Society for Pure and Applied Biology 1707 Sahito et al. Gynondropis pentaphylla (D.C.); Withania on which mustard crop is grown in 81% of somnifera and Ageratum conyzoides (L.) [1]. the total area [7]. The green leaves of Mustard L. erysimi (Kalt.) is a major pest of rapeseed-mustard widely used for human brassica crops. Which attacks numerous diet as well as fodder in animal nutrient and economically essential crops, more their seeds contain oil 46-48%, protein importantly, Cruciferae family. It is also 43.6% [8]. There is a most important role of serious in USA, Pakistan, India and many mustard in import exchange, the utilization other countries of the globe. This pest of oil in Pakistan increased from 0.3 to 1.95 (nymph and adult) causes damage to million tons [9]. Pakistan costs a huge mustard plants from the initial cultivation to amount of foreign exchange on imports of harvesting stage [2], suck the cell sap from edible oil from other countries due to its leaves, stem, and inflorescence [3] resulting insufficient production, which is constantly in the stunted growth of the plant, withering the second largest import bill after flowers and pod formation is hindered. petroleum and includes in the only largest Plants may be destroyed quickly by aphid as expenses of import on foodstuff items. compare to other larger insects. Sometimes During the drought period of Pakistan in people face complete loss of the mustard 2009-2010, import cost of edible oil of crop by the high incidence of the pest [4]. 1.246 million tons about 77.78 billion [10]. It creates a severe infestation in the During cropping; 1999-2000, mustard and agriculture world. In nature mostly rapeseed crops were cultivated on 321.3 nourishment of aphids is on one or two hectares with the yield of 289.5 tons in varieties of plants, monophagous and Pakistan. Pakistan consumed 19 lac tons of nourishment of a few aphids is on different mustard edible oil and produced 10 lac tons plant varieties, polyphagous such as aphid of so 9 lac tons were imported. In Sindh, the Gossypium, A. gossypii (Glover) and aphid production of oilseed crop was 82.2 tons and of the green peach, M. persicae (Sulzer) [5]. the cultivation was made on 98.1 hectares There are different names of aphids like [11]. The mustard crop was mostly grown in black flies, greenflies, plant lice or tiny sap- Pakistan during Rabi season. For sucking sucking insects. Aphids contain soft bodies pests, the mustard crop was the most and typical colors like dark brown, pink, favorable and its 6 varieties mostly attacked green, white or nearly dull, with six legs. in Sindh, which could be controlled through Aphids also contain a cauda; tail-like biological control [12]. Due to various biotic projection over their posterior space. They and abiotic factors, this crop also suffers contain a pair of compound eyes which heavy loss in yield [13], among these biotic consisted of 3 centered points known as components; the insect pests most damage triommatidia [6]. Brassica campestris, the mustard yield. mustard crop belongs to family Among coleopterans, Coccinellidae is a Brassicaceae; is commonly called sarson, renowned and diversified family worldwide mostly cultivated varieties are, Brassica which contains about 6 thousand species of campestris, Brassica napus, E. Sativa and beetles [14]. Predaceous coccinellid beetles Brassica juncea. Generally, B. campestris are rapacious feeders of insects like aphids, and B. napus refer to rapeseed while, B. jassids, whiteflies, psyllids, mealybugs, juncea, B. sativa, B. alba and B. carinata mites, scale insects and also on eggs refer to mustard. The oil of the mustard seed miniature grubs of different insects and also is utilized for cooking purpose and play an important role in forest and agro- preparation of soap, ointment while; the area ecosystems as the grubs and adults of the 1708 Pure Appl. Biol., 8(2): 1707-1717, June, 2019 http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2019.80114 majority of the beetles are predacious on Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif large numbers of plant-eaters insect pests University, Khairpur, were kept in jars [15]. These beetles are considered as containing aphids to maintain the mass beneficial insects, due to their predatory culture under laboratory conditions. For egg nature and as competent natural control laying purpose in the inner surface of each agents against various insect pests [16], on jar, a blotting paper was spread out. For the which its larvae and adult feed energetically. hatching ability; females laid in eggs were Natural control of aphids is the best counted and shifted to separate Petri dishes alternative for very poisonous and hazardous by using the soft camel hair brush. Finally, pesticides which are commonly utilized for the observation of fertility and fecundity controlling plant pests [17]. were done. The fresh leaves of mustard were The seven-spotted ladybird, Coccinella provided daily as the food of pest. On daily septempunctata Lin. is a key predator of basis aphid consumption was documented many aphid species; larvae of the cotton by counting unconsumed aphids, which leafworm, eggs of Jassids, eggs and small were kept in Petri dishes separately and nymphs of mealybugs, [18, 19]. In both continued till the next developmental stage larval and adult stage, these ladybird beetles of larva as well as the counting of dead are vigorous and have an extensive range of aphids in each Petri dish was also recorded prey such as aphids and scale insects; the as eaten by a natural enemy, while the most destructive group of insects. These are wounded / sluggish larvae were replaced and the most important of all predators [20]. The maintained. The replication of the adults and early stages are often encountered experiment was done 5 times in each case in large numbers of the plants infested with under vitro conditions. The hygrometer was aphids. They eat these injurious pests and used for measuring temperature and relative often play a certain role in bringing them humidity under laboratory conditions. While under control. It preys on eggs, larvae, and at the bottom of the each Petri dish in which adults of different species of insects and experiment was carried out a moistened most importantly as a predator on aphids Watsman® filter paper was kept to keep [21]. Adults of C. septempunctata can eat up away from drought and for managing to100 aphids per day [22, 23]. The ladybug adequate humidity. After hatching of eggs in kills its prey completely and then devours it their initial stages 50 number of counted [24]. During the current research study, this aphids were provided as food source to natural enemy, Seven-spotted ladybird extend its lifespan up to the adult stage and beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) is the pest density of aphids either nymphs or safest biological controlling agent of adults, consumed by different stages of mustard aphid.