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Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis Erysimi The Pharma Innovation Journal 2019; 8(9): 90-95 ISSN (E): 2277- 7695 ISSN (P): 2349-8242 NAAS Rating: 5.03 Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) (Hemiptera: TPI 2019; 8(9): 90-95 © 2019 TPI Aphididae): A review www.thepharmajournal.com Received: 28-07-2019 Accepted: 30-08-2019 MP Gautam, SN Singh, Pardeep Kumar, PK Misra, SK Yadav, DP Singh and MK Pandey MP Gautam Department of Entomology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Abstract University of Agriculture and The mustard crop is more vulnerable to a wide variety of insect pests from sowing till harvest than other Technology Meerut, oil seed crops. The invasion by insect pests are one of the important factors responsible for low yield Uttar Pradesh, India such as; mustard aphid, L. erysimi (Kalt), cabbage aphid, B. brassica (L), mustard sawfly, A. proxima (Klug), cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae (Linn), painted bug, B.picta (K), mustard leaf eater, S. litura(F), SN Singh leaf miner, Ch. Horticola (Goureau) thrips, T. tabaci and whitefly, B. tabaci (Gennedius). Among them, Subject Matter Specialist L. erysimi Kalt enbach, (Aphididae: Homoptera) is the most devastating pest in India and is distributed in (Agriculture Extension), KVK many other countries also found most preferred crop to sucking complex and six varieties of mustard. Sohana, Siddharthnagar, Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pearl-shaped insects that have a pair of cornicles (honey tubes) projecting Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, out from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. There are four nymphal stages (instars). The winged, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India female, adult aphids have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and dusky wing veins. Male aphids are olive-green to brown in color. The aphid attacks generally during Pardeep Kumar December and continues till March. The most favorable temperature is 200C or below. Cloudy and cold Subject Matter Specialist weather help in accelerating the growth of insects. About 45 generations are completed in a year. (Plant Protection), KVK Sohana, Siddharthnagar, Keywords: Mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi, identification, life cycle, host crop and management Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, 1. Introduction Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Mustard crop attacked by painted bug, mustard Saw fly, mustard aphid potato aphid, leaf PK Misra miner, flea beetle, diamond-back moth, bihar hairy catterpiller, cabbage buter fly and tobacco Senior Scientist (Agroforestry), caterpillar Among them, Mustard aphid. Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) is the most destructive pest. It KVK, Sohana, Siddharthnagar, is not only causes heavy seed yield losses up to 73.3 per cent but also negatively affects the oil Narendra Deva University of content up to 66.9 percent (Bakhetia and Sekhon, 1989). Agriculture and Technology, The mustard is the major oilseed crop of north-west Madhya Pradesh and Mustard aphid, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the key pest of mustard which causes severe SK Yadav losses to the crop. It causes severe damage to the plants by sucking plant sap from the tender Department of Entomology, shoots and flowers of the plant in the beginning and later sucks the sap from tender pods. The Narendra Deva University of infested plant becomes weak and stunted. The excessive excretion of honey dew by the aphid Agriculture and Technology, on the leaves results in the growth of black sooty mould, which interferes the photosynthetic Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India activity of the leaves. The management of the pest with systemic insecticides is quite effective but it adversely affects the predators and parasitoids of the pest. However, in addition to the DP Singh Senior Scientist (Animal high cost of insecticide, several other drawbacks of chemical control viz. development of Science), KVK resistance to commonly used insecticides, pest resurgence, secondary pest out break, build up Sohana, Siddharthnagar, of insecticide residue in oil and cake beyond the permissible limit and the degradation of the Narendra Deva University of environment (Singh and Sharma, 2009) [43]. Among all the insect pests, the mustard aphid, Agriculture and Technology, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae) has gained the statusof key pest of Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India rapeseed-mustard in India. It feeds by sucking sapfrom its host and damage to the crop ranging MK Pandey from 9 to 96% in different agroclimatic conditions of India (Singh and Sharma, 2002; Senior Scientist & Head, KVK Bakhetia, 1984; Chorbandi and Bakhetia, 1987; Singh and sachan, 1994; Singh and Sachan, Sohana, Siddharthnagar, 1995; Parmar et al., 2007) [7, 36, 37, 23]. The loss may go upto 100% in certain mustard Narendra Deva University of [35] Agriculture and Technology, growing. regions (Singh and Sachan, 1999) . Large colonies of the aphid could cause the Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India plant to become deformed due to curling and shriveling of leaves (Metcalf, 1962) [20]. Under severe infestation, both sides of leaves are attacked (Yadav et al., 1988). On mustard, Lipaphis Correspondence erysimi prefers to feed on flowers as well as foliage of mustard (Singh et al., 1965) [42]. MP Gautam Department of Entomology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2. Identification University of Agriculture Adult apterae of Lipaphis erysimi are small to medium sized yellowish green, grey green or and Technology Meerut, olive green aphids, with a faint white wax bloom. Uttar Pradesh, India ~90~ The Pharma Innovation Journal In humid conditions they may be more densely coated with Bansal, 1975) [28], giving the nymphal stage a length of 8-9 wax. The aptera (see first picture below) has two rows of dark days total. Minor variations in these durations occur between bands on the thorax and abdomen which unite into a single winged and wingless forms when raised on cabbage, band near the tip of the abdomen. The siphunculi are pale cauliflower, mustard and radish (Sachan and Bansal, 1975) with dark tips. The body length of adult Lipaphis erysimi [28]. Refer to Sidhu and Singh (1964) [34] for a shaded apterae is 1.4-2.4 mm. drawing of the first and fourth instars. 3. Symptom of damage 5.3 Adults Due to heavy infestation, the symptoms of yellowing, curling Wingless, female, aphids (called apterae) are yellowish green, and then drying of leaves appear, resulting in development of gray green or olive green with a white waxy bloom covering feeble pods and small seeds in the pods. It also secretes the the body (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) [5]. The waxy coating honeydew which is responsible for development of sooty is more dense under humid conditions. The winged female mould and reduces the photosynthetic rate Sekhon (1989) [31]. and adult aphids (called alate) have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and Thus, it is mandatory to monitor mustard crop regularly [5] during the favorable period of aphid breeding. At severe dusky wing veins (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) . Antennae [9] attack, the chemical control is the only choice to deal with the are dark in color except at the base (Deshpande, 1937) . outbreak of the mustard aphid. Therefore, the present The apterae females are about 3/50-1/10 inch (1.2-2.4 mm) investigation was undertaken to evaluate the bio-efficacy of long and the alate forms are about 3/50-1/12 inch (1.4-2.2 [5] some insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi mm) long (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) . Refer to Sidhu Kalt. and Singh (1964) [34] for a shaded drawing of the apterous and alate adults. 4. Population dynamics of Lipaphis erysimi. Maximum relative humidity three days prior to observation 6. Economic Thresholds Level (ETL) was the most important factor in increasing the aphid Bath and Singh (1989) [3] Field trials were carried out in population (Singh and Rai, 1994). Similar results were also Punjab, India, in 1983-84 to determine the economic [40] obtained by Singh et al. (1986) , Jaglan et al. (1988) and threshold of Lipaphis erysimi on a radish seed crop of the Rossi (1990) [26]. Narang et al. (1983) [22] rainfall as an variety Punjab Sufed. Sprays of oxydemeton-methyl at 300 g ecological factor reduced the mustard aphid population a.i./ha were applied at arbitrary set aphid population levels significantly and suddenly as simulated rainfall of 1.0 to2.0 from 25 to 150 aphids/plant. The maximum cost-benefit ratio cm reduced population by 45.47 to 66.43%. Tomar and Yadav was obtained at a level of 50 aphids/plant, requiring 3 sprays. (2009) [46] the aphid infestation began in the fourth week of The concepts of EIL and ETL are defined respectively as the December and reached its peak in the 3rd week of February “lowest population of pests that will cause economic when the temperature ranged from 10.5 to 25.70 C and the damage”, and as the “population density (number of pests) at relative humidity was 68%. Debjani-Dey and Akhtar (2008) which control measures should be determined to prevent an [8] showed that aphid distribution was aggregated based on increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury variance/mean (from 0.005 to 0.605) relationship and level”. dispersion parameter, K. The aphid count indicated a positive correlation with temperature and a negative correlation with 7. Host crop relative humidity. Rumki et al., (2018) [27] The lowest mean Brassicas are the members of the family Cruciferae. In India population of 6.03 aphids (mean of thirty plants) was recorded They are mainly grown in rabi season as oilseed condiment during 17th Standard week in April and highest population and medicinal crop. They occupy a unique position in was recorded in 48 Standard week with a mean population of agriculture world as the source of vegetable, oilseed, forage 94.7 aphids, respectively.
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