The Pharma Innovation Journal 2019; 8(9): 90-95

ISSN (E): 2277- 7695 ISSN (P): 2349-8242 NAAS Rating: 5.03 Mustard , erysimi (Kalt) (: TPI 2019; 8(9): 90-95 © 2019 TPI ): A review www.thepharmajournal.com Received: 28-07-2019 Accepted: 30-08-2019 MP Gautam, SN Singh, Pardeep Kumar, PK Misra, SK Yadav, DP Singh and MK Pandey MP Gautam Department of Entomology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Abstract University of Agriculture and The mustard crop is more vulnerable to a wide variety of pests from sowing till harvest than other Technology Meerut, oil seed crops. The invasion by insect pests are one of the important factors responsible for low yield Uttar Pradesh, India such as; mustard aphid, L. erysimi (Kalt), cabbage aphid, B. brassica (L), mustard sawfly, A. proxima (Klug), cabbage butterfly, P. brassicae (Linn), painted bug, B.picta (K), mustard leaf eater, S. litura(F), SN Singh leaf miner, Ch. Horticola (Goureau) thrips, T. tabaci and whitefly, B. tabaci (Gennedius). Among them, Subject Matter Specialist L. erysimi Kalt enbach, (Aphididae: Homoptera) is the most devastating pest in India and is distributed in (Agriculture Extension), KVK many other countries also found most preferred crop to sucking complex and six varieties of mustard. Sohana, Siddharthnagar, are small, soft-bodied, pearl-shaped that have a pair of cornicles (honey tubes) projecting Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, out from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. There are four nymphal stages (instars). The winged, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India female, adult aphids have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and dusky wing veins. Male aphids are olive-green to brown in color. The aphid attacks generally during Pardeep Kumar December and continues till March. The most favorable temperature is 200C or below. Cloudy and cold Subject Matter Specialist weather help in accelerating the growth of insects. About 45 generations are completed in a year. (Plant Protection), KVK Sohana, Siddharthnagar, Keywords: Mustard aphid, , identification, life cycle, host crop and management Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, 1. Introduction Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Mustard crop attacked by painted bug, mustard Saw fly, mustard aphid potato aphid, leaf PK Misra miner, flea beetle, diamond-back moth, bihar hairy catterpiller, cabbage buter fly and tobacco Senior Scientist (Agroforestry), caterpillar Among them, Mustard aphid. Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) is the most destructive pest. It KVK, Sohana, Siddharthnagar, is not only causes heavy seed yield losses up to 73.3 per cent but also negatively affects the oil Narendra Deva University of content up to 66.9 percent (Bakhetia and Sekhon, 1989). Agriculture and Technology, The mustard is the major oilseed crop of north-west Madhya Pradesh and Mustard aphid, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the key pest of mustard which causes severe SK Yadav losses to the crop. It causes severe damage to the plants by sucking plant sap from the tender Department of Entomology, shoots and flowers of the plant in the beginning and later sucks the sap from tender pods. The Narendra Deva University of infested plant becomes weak and stunted. The excessive excretion of honey dew by the aphid Agriculture and Technology, on the leaves results in the growth of black sooty mould, which interferes the photosynthetic Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India activity of the leaves. The management of the pest with systemic insecticides is quite effective but it adversely affects the predators and parasitoids of the pest. However, in addition to the DP Singh Senior Scientist ( high cost of insecticide, several other drawbacks of chemical control viz. development of Science), KVK resistance to commonly used insecticides, pest resurgence, secondary pest out break, build up Sohana, Siddharthnagar, of insecticide residue in oil and cake beyond the permissible limit and the degradation of the Narendra Deva University of environment (Singh and Sharma, 2009) [43]. Among all the insect pests, the mustard aphid, Agriculture and Technology, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Homoptera: Aphididae) has gained the statusof key pest of Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India rapeseed-mustard in India. It feeds by sucking sapfrom its host and damage to the crop ranging MK Pandey from 9 to 96% in different agroclimatic conditions of India (Singh and Sharma, 2002; Senior Scientist & Head, KVK Bakhetia, 1984; Chorbandi and Bakhetia, 1987; Singh and sachan, 1994; Singh and Sachan, Sohana, Siddharthnagar, 1995; Parmar et al., 2007) [7, 36, 37, 23]. The loss may go upto 100% in certain mustard Narendra Deva University of [35] Agriculture and Technology, growing. regions (Singh and Sachan, 1999) . Large colonies of the aphid could cause the Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India plant to become deformed due to curling and shriveling of leaves (Metcalf, 1962) [20]. Under severe infestation, both sides of leaves are attacked (Yadav et al., 1988). On mustard, Lipaphis Correspondence [42] MP Gautam erysimi prefers to feed on flowers as well as foliage of mustard (Singh et al., 1965) . Department of Entomology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2. Identification University of Agriculture Adult apterae of Lipaphis erysimi are small to medium sized yellowish green, grey green or and Technology Meerut, olive green aphids, with a faint white wax bloom. Uttar Pradesh, India ~90~ The Pharma Innovation Journal

In humid conditions they may be more densely coated with Bansal, 1975) [28], giving the nymphal stage a length of 8-9 wax. The aptera (see first picture below) has two rows of dark days total. Minor variations in these durations occur between bands on the thorax and abdomen which unite into a single winged and wingless forms when raised on cabbage, band near the tip of the abdomen. The siphunculi are pale cauliflower, mustard and radish (Sachan and Bansal, 1975) with dark tips. The body length of adult Lipaphis erysimi [28]. Refer to Sidhu and Singh (1964) [34] for a shaded apterae is 1.4-2.4 mm. drawing of the first and fourth instars.

3. Symptom of damage 5.3 Adults Due to heavy infestation, the symptoms of yellowing, curling Wingless, female, aphids (called apterae) are yellowish green, and then drying of leaves appear, resulting in development of gray green or olive green with a white waxy bloom covering feeble pods and small seeds in the pods. It also secretes the the body (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) [5]. The waxy coating honeydew which is responsible for development of sooty is more dense under humid conditions. The winged female mould and reduces the photosynthetic rate Sekhon (1989) [31]. and adult aphids (called alate) have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and Thus, it is mandatory to monitor mustard crop regularly [5] during the favorable period of aphid breeding. At severe dusky wing veins (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) . Antennae [9] attack, the chemical control is the only choice to deal with the are dark in color except at the base (Deshpande, 1937) . outbreak of the mustard aphid. Therefore, the present The apterae females are about 3/50-1/10 inch (1.2-2.4 mm) investigation was undertaken to evaluate the bio-efficacy of long and the alate forms are about 3/50-1/12 inch (1.4-2.2 [5] some insecticides against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi mm) long (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) . Refer to Sidhu Kalt. and Singh (1964) [34] for a shaded drawing of the apterous and alate adults. 4. Population dynamics of Lipaphis erysimi. Maximum relative humidity three days prior to observation 6. Economic Thresholds Level (ETL) was the most important factor in increasing the aphid Bath and Singh (1989) [3] Field trials were carried out in population (Singh and Rai, 1994). Similar results were also Punjab, India, in 1983-84 to determine the economic [40] obtained by Singh et al. (1986) , Jaglan et al. (1988) and threshold of Lipaphis erysimi on a radish seed crop of the Rossi (1990) [26]. Narang et al. (1983) [22] rainfall as an variety Punjab Sufed. Sprays of oxydemeton-methyl at 300 g ecological factor reduced the mustard aphid population a.i./ha were applied at arbitrary set aphid population levels significantly and suddenly as simulated rainfall of 1.0 to2.0 from 25 to 150 aphids/plant. The maximum cost-benefit ratio cm reduced population by 45.47 to 66.43%. Tomar and Yadav was obtained at a level of 50 aphids/plant, requiring 3 sprays. (2009) [46] the aphid infestation began in the fourth week of The concepts of EIL and ETL are defined respectively as the December and reached its peak in the 3rd week of February “lowest population of pests that will cause economic when the temperature ranged from 10.5 to 25.70 C and the damage”, and as the “population density (number of pests) at relative humidity was 68%. Debjani-Dey and Akhtar (2008) which control measures should be determined to prevent an [8] showed that aphid distribution was aggregated based on increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury variance/mean (from 0.005 to 0.605) relationship and level”. dispersion parameter, K. The aphid count indicated a positive correlation with temperature and a negative correlation with 7. Host crop relative humidity. Rumki et al., (2018) [27] The lowest mean Brassicas are the members of the family Cruciferae. In India population of 6.03 aphids (mean of thirty plants) was recorded They are mainly grown in rabi season as oilseed condiment during 17th Standard week in April and highest population and medicinal crop. They occupy a unique position in was recorded in 48 Standard week with a mean population of agriculture world as the source of vegetable, oilseed, forage

94.7 aphids, respectively. and fodder, green manure and condiment. Brassica seed oil is used in food, lubricant and polymer industries whereas its 5. Life Cycleof Lipaphis erysimi cake is used as organic manure and as source of protein in This aphid has two modes producing young: fertilization of agriculture and animal feeds, respectively. Rapeseed-mustard females by males resulting in the production of eggs (sexual seeds are the good source of oil and the oil content in seeds reproduction), and the birthing of live female nymphs by adult ranges from 32- 42 percent. Its oil is used for edible purpose. females without fertilization by males (parthenogenesis). The green leaves and stems of mustard are good source of oil Reproduction through parthenogenesis seems to be the norm (Jat et al., 2007) [14]. as males are very rare and females are almost exclusively viviparous (birth live young) throughout the year and males 8. Effect of abiotic factor on population buildup of have only been observed in the cooler months (Kawada and Lipaphis erysimi Murai, 1979) [15]. The infestation of mustard aphid occurs in the field from December to February. Both the adults and nymphs of this 5.1 Eggs aphid cause damage to mustard plants from seedling to Eggs are laid along the veins of leaves (Kawada and Murai, maturity, but maximum damage is caused at flowering stage [1] 1979) [15]. Eggs of this aphid have not been found in Hawaii. (Ahmed and Jalil, 1993) . The aphids suck sap from leaves, flower-buds, flowers, pod and twigs of the plants. They also 5.2 Nymphs secrete sticky honey dew which act as a medium for sooty There are four nymphal stages (instars). The general mold development and reduce the photosynthetic efficiency appearance of each stage is similar except for increase in size of the plants. In case of severe infestation, leaves become during subsequent instars. The first, second, third and fourth curled, plant fails to develop pods, the young pods when nymphal stages last 1-2 and 3 days respectfully (Sachan and developed fail to become mature and cannot produce healthy

~91~ The Pharma Innovation Journal

seeds. As a result, plants lose their vigour and growth becomes process. stunted (Morzia and Huq, 1991) [21]. Ali and Rizvi (2012) [2] reducing L. erysimi population to an extent of 35.63, 15.14 and 12. Management of Lipaphis erysimi 4.83%, respectively on early shown B. juncea (October 25). 12.1 Agronomic manipulations in disease/pest Whereas, on late (November 10 and 25) seeded cultivars, the management: cultural control maximum temperature, maximum relative humidity and Considerable experimental evidences are available in Indian evaporation are the key factors responsible in reducing the literature on the usefulness of cultural and agronomic population of 3.06, 5.00 and 1.74%, respectively. practices such as timely sowing, sanitation, ploughing, crop rotation, intercropping, spacing and nutrient management in 9. Screening of mustard variety against mustard aphid minimizing the losses due topests in mustard. Early October [16] Rohilla et al. (1990) [25] reported varieties RL-18, RLM-198, sowing (Kolte, 1985) balanced NPK application – N100 RLM-514, Vardan, RH-819, RH- 7859, Vaibhav, B-85 and P40 K40 (Sharma and Kolte, 1994) [33] and sanitation are the RH-8113 as less susceptible to aphid. Bhadauria et al. (1991) important top priority practices in management of most aphid [4] reported varieties RKV-24 and RKV-47 as less susceptible infestation. The increase in infection rate of AB, WR and SSR to mustard aphid on the basis of aphid count and infestation rate of aphid attack is directly proportional to [17] multiplication index. Lal (2009) The Rai varieties Laha delay in planting of the crop in most mustard-growing areas in 101 and B. juncea 6105 were found most highly resistant the country. probably due to cumulative effect of preference, antibiosis and tolerance. Rai culture 294. R.T. 11 B. juncea 5976 and B. 12.2 Inter-culture operation juncea B.R. 13 are also comparatively resistant particularly Optimum plant population was maintained by thinning due to their tolerance. Rana (2005) [24] revealed that rapeseed operations keeping healthy seedling in both the years. The (B. campestris var. BSH-1, B. campestris var. YSPB-9) and hand weeding was done one month after sowing. After the mustard (B. juncea RH-30) were better hosts for this aphid hand weeding the field remained free and clean from weeds than other Brassica species (B. napus, B. nigra, Eruca sativa, throughout the season. B. carinata). Chaudhary and Patel (2017) [6] Variety Vardan (1.42) also showed lower aphid index and grouped into 12.3 Biological resistant (R), whereas varieties GM-2 (1.78), HYOLA-401 Mari, et al., (2016) [19] revealed that both adult and grubs of (1.69), GM-3 (1.83) and GM-1 (1.80) were categorized as C. undecimpunctata (L) had significant feeding potential on susceptible and highly susceptible. all aphid species but highest feeding potential was recorded on alfalfa aphid than mustard and maize aphids respectively 10. Natural enemies of on mustrd crop period under studied, because of its higher survivorship Tajwar, et al., (2016) [45] Results showed that weekly mean comparatively than on other aphid species. Hakim, et al, [11] population per leaf of thrips, whitefly and their predator, (2016) predators’ activities were recorded on the varieties Geocoris varied with different dates and phenology of having maximum pest activities. Overall data suggested that mustard localities. predator Geocoris remained maximum the population of insect pest and predators remained constant (15.33+0.31) in 3rd week of February and minimum on all varieties. Sajid et al., (2017) [30] Among (4.50+0.25) in 1st week of January at Tando Allahyar. entomopathogenic biopesticides M. anisopliae (83.23%) found most effective against mustard aphid followed by B. 11. Damage caused by Lipaphis erysimi bassiana (78.33%) and B. thuringiensis (73%). Bio-pesticides Aphids feed by sucking sap from their hosts. Large colonies can be used as a potential candidate for integrated pest can cause the plants to become deformed and the leaves management against mustard aphid after field efficacy. Liz, et curled, shriveled and yellowed (Metcalf, 1962) [20]. The al., (2017) [18] Biological control of crop pests and diseases turnip aphid can sometimes be found in large numbers on the has found to play significant role in reducing the over reliance undersides of outer open leaves or in the inflorescences on chemical pesticides. (flowers) (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) [5]. In severe infestations, both sides of leaves are infested (Yadav et. al., 12.4 Botanical 1988) [48]. On cabbage, large populations can affect leaf size Kumar and Patel. (2017) The crude aqueous extracts from (Deshpande, 1937) [9] and yield (Jagan Mohan et al., 1981) Ageratum conyzoides (L.), Parthenium hysterophorus (L.), [13]. On mustard, these aphids prefer flowers to leaves (Singh, camera (L.), Solanum nigrum (L.), Cannabis sativa [42] (L.), Calotropis gigantean (L.), Livistona chinensis (Jacq.), et al., 1965) . Like other soft bodied insects such as Cassia angustifolia (Mill.) were tested for their insecticidal leafhoppers, mealybugs and scales, aphids produce and repellent activity against (Sulzer) and honeydew. This sweet and watery excrement is fed on by (Linnaeus). Repellent activity was bees, wasps, ants and other insects. The honeydew serves as a medium on which a sooty fungus, called sooty mold, grows. inversely related to concentration of plant extract. Inayat, et [12] Honeydew gives cabbage plants a dirty appearance that al., (2017) . The antioxidant activities of different fraction reduces their market value (Deshpande, 1937) [9]. Aphids of the methanolic extracts were indicated in the range of vector many plant diseases that cause greater losses than 69.08-84.89%. From the current study, it may be concluded caused by direct feeding injury. This is often the greatest that the selected plants have the potential of antimicrobial and impact of an aphid infestation. The turnip aphid is a vector of antioxidant properties, which play a key role in controlling a about 10 non-persistent plant viruses, including cabbage black variety of diseases caused by various pathogens of bacteria ring spot and mosaic diseases of cauliflower, radish and turnip and by the oxidation of free radical in the body. (Blackman and Eastop, 1984) [5]. In non persistent transmission the virus reproduces in the plant and aphids simply aid in dissemination of the virus and the infection

~92~ The Pharma Innovation Journal

Table 1: Wild edible plants and pattern of local use consumption and/or utilization of food. Therefore, the Plant Name Family Name Local Name Parts used Status present study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal Amaranthus thunbergii Amaranthaceae Ranzakka Areal Parts Wild and repellent activity Caralluma edulis Asclepiadaceae Pamankai Areal Parts Wild Allium astrosanguineum Alliaceae Shezyee Areal Parts Wild 14. Future strategy Rumexpatientia Polygonaceae Zundaa Areal Parts Wild If we know when the population is reach peek period Portulaca oleracea Potulacaceae Terwikai Areal Parts Wild (Month), in case of mustard aphid maximum population Source: Inayat, et al., (2017) [12] present in first week of March to middle march, then we apply control measures and with knowing the biology of insect most 12.5 Chamical susceptible stage control of insect pest is easy. The Effective control of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) is management practices are adopted which is most affected and possible by the use of systemic insecticide but it could not be give most cost benefits. Strong industry stewardship to ensure permanent solution as it’s population again attains the same residue compliance. Compliance with new drift legislation, level within a fortnight after spray of chemical (Singh et al., [39] Improved application technology required to reduce spray 1984) . Effective control of mustard aphid Lipaphis drift and increase spray efficacy and The dynamics of erysimi (Kalt) is possible by the use of systemic insecticide mustered aphid movement between India, crucifer vegetable but it could not be permanent solution as it’s population again and forage crops is the focus of a new Ph.D study. attains the same level within a fortnight after spray of [38] chemical (Singh et al., 1984) . Among the various 15. Acknowledgements insecticides evaluated against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis Authors are thankful to Dr. S. N. Singh, Subject Matter erysimi Kalt, imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 g/litre showed Specialist. KVK Sohana, Siddharthnagar, Narendra Deva highest reduction. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 g/litre reduce University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad for the 87.53% incidence of mustard aphid followed by fipronil 5 encouragement and constant support to write this article. All SC @ 1.0 ml/litre 83.56% reduction at 7 days after Ist spray, the author contributed equally in this article. respectively. Similarly same trend was noticed after 15 days of spraying in which both the chemicals registered 83.86% 16. Reference and 78.90%. The experiment was repeated after 15 days to 1. Ahmed TU, Jalil AFMA. Bangladesher Krishir check the aphid population and it was observed that Onistokari Pokamakor, Jiban Brittanta 0 Nyantron imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 g/litre was found best followed (Bangla). Bangla Academy, Dhaka, 1993, 381. by fipronil 5 SC @ 1.0 ml/litre and neem oil 2% @ 2.0 2. Arshad Ali, Parvez Qamar Rizvi. Influence of abiotic and ml/litre, when the data was recorded after 7 and 15 DAS. [10] biotic factors on the population dynamics of mustard Dotasara, et al., (2017) Among the various insecticides aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) On Indian mustard, evaluated against the mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt, brassica juncea with respect to sowing dates. Academic imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 g/litre showed highest reduction. Journal of Plant Sciences. 2012; 5(4):123-127. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.2 g/litre reduce the 87.53% 3. Bath DS, Darshan Singh. Studies on the economic incidence of mustard aphid followed by fipronil 5 SC @ 1.0 threshold level of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi ml/litre 83.56% reduction at 7 days after Ist spray, (Kaltenbach) on the radish seed crop in India. Tropical respectively. Pest Management. 1989; 35:154-156. 4. Bhadauria NS, Bahadur J, Dhamdhere SV, Jakhmola SS. 13. Conclusion Effect of different sowing dates to the attack of mustard The major concern in chemical control is the development of aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). J Insect Sci. 1991; insecticidal resistance, resurgence, pest outbreak etc., against 5(1):37-39. most of the commonly used broad spectrum insecticides in the 5. Blackman RL, Eastop VF. Aphids on the World's crops: field. This has necessitated the use of alternative eco-friendly An identification and information guide. John Wiley and insecticides to sustain the management of insect-pests and Sons: Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, the development of resistance against these traditional Singapore. 1984; 466. insecticides can be easily breakdown by using the newer 6. Chaudhary RI, Patel CC. Screening of Brassica group of molecules. The substitution of older germplasm for resistance to mustard aphid, Lipaphis recommendations or other conventional insecticides with erysimi (Kalt.) International journal of plant protection. newer safer insecticidal molecules have reduced the 2017; 9(1):62-67. hazards effect on natural enemies. In this context, the 7. Chorbandi S, Bakhetia M. Yield loss by turnip aphid. present study was carried out to the efficacy of few newer Indian Journal of Crop Protection. 1987; 9(10):671-679. 8. Debjani Dey, Akhtar MS. Spatial distribution and insecticides under field condition for their comparative population dynamics of mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) efficacy against mustard aphid. On the other hand, plants on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Indian Journal of are rich sources of natural substances and have great Agricultural Sciences. 2008; 78(8):719-722. potential to be formulated as botanical pesticides that can 9. Deshpande VG. Cabbage aphid – Siphocoryneindo be utilized in the development of environmentally safe brassicae - and its Control with home-made nicotine alternative methods for insect control in the place of spray. Agric. and Live-Stock in India. 1937; 7(6):756- synthetic insecticides Kumar and Patel (2017). Plants 762. contain secondary metabolites that are deleterious to insect 10. Dotasara SK, Agrawal N, Narendra Singh, Dinesh and other herbivores in diverse ways; through acute Swami. Efficacy of some newer insecticides against toxicity, enzyme inhibition and interference with the mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. In cauliflower. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017;

~93~ The Pharma Innovation Journal

5(2):654-656. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Epidendrum radicans in 11. Hakim Ali Sahito, Rukhsana Solangi, Tasneem Kousar, Sikkim Himalayas. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Zafar Hussain Shah, Wali Muhammad Mangrio. Studies. 2018; 6(1):698-701. Population fluctuation of aphids, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt) 28. Sachan JN, Bansal OP. Influence of Different Host Plants with response of biological control undermustard field on the Biology of Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. conditions. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. Indian J Entomology. 1975; 37(4):420- 424. 2016; 4(5):326-331. 29. Sahito HA, Lanjar AG, Mal B. Studies on population 12. Inayat Ullah, Safia Gul, Rizwan Ullah Khan, Muhammad dynamics of sucking insect pests of mustard crop Ishfaq Khan, Hameed Ur Rehman, Nisar Ahmad, et al. (Brassica campestris). Pak. J Agri., Agri. Engg., Vet. Sci. Antibacterial and antioxidant activity analysis of some 2010; 26(1):66-74. wild medicinal plants. Journal of Entomology and 30. Sajid Muhammad, Nawaz Haider Bashir, Qurit Batool, Zoology Studies. 2017; 5(6):1771-1775. Iqra Munir, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Ameen Jamal, 13. Jagan Mohan N, Krishnaiah K, Krishna Kumar NK. et al. In-vitro evaluation of biopesticides (Beauveria Chemical Control of mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Bacillus thuringiensis) Kalt and Leaf webber, Crocidolomia bionotalis Zell on against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi kalt. (Hemiptera: Cabbage. Pesticides. 1981; 15(2):29-32. Aphididae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 14. Jat SL, Jat BL, Choudhary RK. Screening of different 2017; 5(6):331-335. mustard varieties for resistance against mustard aphid, 31. Sekhon BS. Insect pests and their management in Lipaphis erysimi (Kalten bach). Journal of Oilseed rapeseed mustard. Journal of Oilseeds Research. 1989; Research. 2007; 24(1):212-214. 6:269-299. 15. Kawada K, Murai T. Short Communication. Entomologia 32. Setokuchi O. Seasonal prevalence of Myzus persicae experimentalis et applicata. 1979; 26:343-345. Sulzer. and L. erysimi Kalt. (Homoptera: Aphididae) 16. Kolte SJ. Diseases of Annual Edible Oilseed Crops. Vol Kagoshima prefecture. Japanase J Appil. Entomol. Zool. II: Rapeseed-Mustard and Sesame Diseases, CRC Press, 1983; 21:219-233. Boca Raton, USA, 1985; PP 135. 33. Sharma SR, Kolte SJ. Effect of soil – applied NPK 17. Lal OP. Field Studies for Varietal Resistance in Rape and fertilizers on severity of black spot disease caused by Mustard against Mustard Aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. A. Alternaria brassicae (sacc) Berk. and yield of oilseed App. Ent. 2009; 64(1-4):394-400. rape. Plant and soil. 1994; 167:313-320. 18. Liz J, Mampallil MH, Faizal, Anith KN. Bacterial 34. Sidhu HS, Singh S. Biology of the Mustard Aphid - bioagents for insect pest management. Journal of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) - in the Punjab. Indian Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017; 5(6):2237-2244. Oilseeds J. 1964; 8(4):348-359. 19. Mari JM, Ghulam Ali Bugti, Wang Bin, Cao Na. 35. Singh CP, Sachan GC. Ecofriendly management of Biological parameters and preferential feeding response Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. in Brassica carinata. Proceeding of Coccinellaunde cimpunctata L. on three aphid species. of 10th international Rapeseed conference Canberra, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2016; Australia, 1999. 4(4):1306-1310. 36. Singh CP, Sachan GC. Assessment of yield losses in 20. Metcalf RL. Destructive and useful Insects: Their Habits yellow sarson due to mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi and Control. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, kalt. Journal of Oilseed Research. 1994; 11(2):179-184. San Francisco Toronto, London. 1962, 1087. 37. Singh CP, Sachan GC. Estimation of losses in yield 21. Morzia B, Huq SB. Evaluation of different genotypes of rapeseed. Brassica campestris by the mustard aphid, Indian mustard (Brssica juncea) for their reaction to Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. in Tarai, India. Insect science and Mustard aphid L. erysimi. Indian J Agril. Sci. 1991; its application. 1995; 16:283-286. 61(3):210-213. 38. Singh H, Rohilla HR, Kalra VK, Yanava TP. Response of 22. Narang DD, Mann GS, Goel SC. Effect of variable Brassica varieties sown on different dates to the attack of intensity of simulated rainfall on the buildup of Lipaphis mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). J Oilseeds Res. erysimi (Kalten.) and Myzus pesicae (Sulz.) Population 1984; 1(1):49-56. on different cruciferous Plants. Indian Ecology and 39. Singh H, Rohilla HR, Kalra VK, Yanava TP. Response of Resource Management. 1983; 45-49. Brassica varieties sown on different dates to the attack of 23. Parmar GM, Kapadiia MN, Jadav NB, Zizala VJ. mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). J Oilseeds Res. Avoidable losses due to Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) in 1984; 1(1):49-56. mustard. Asian journal of Bioscience. 2007; 2(1/2):73-75. 40. Singh H, Kalra VK, Rohilla HR. Studies on the efficacy 24. Rana JS. Performance of Lipaphis erysimi (Homoptera: and economics of sprays of synthetic pyrethroids against Aphididae) on different Brassica species in a tropical mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (kalt.) on rapeseed. environment. J Pest sci. 2005; 78(3):155-160. Indian Journal of Plant Protection. 1986; 14(1):1-5. 25. Rohilla HR, Singh H, Kumar PR. Preliminary screening 41. Singh RK, Verma RA. Relative efficacy of certain of national varieties of Brassica junces (L.) Czern and insecticides against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) on Cross against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). J Indian musard (Brassica juncea). Indian J Agric Sci. Oilseeds Res. 1990; 7(2):81-83. 2008; 78(9):821-823. 26. Rossi MM, Motioli JC, Carralho CF. Effect of climatic 42. Singh SR, Srivastava NKPA, Siddiqui JA. Fecundity of factors on some aphid species (Homoptera: Aphididae) mustard aphid of different rapes and mustard species. on potato in larvas. M.G. Anais da Socidedada. Indian Oilseeds Journal. 1965; 9(3):215-219. Entomologecada Brasil. 1990; 90(1):75-86. 43. Singh YP, Sharma KC. Effect of sowing dates on the 27. Rumki H Ch Sangma, Geetanjali Pradhan, Singh RK. incidence of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach Seasonal incidence of aphid, Macrosiphum luteum in mustard. Indian J Appl. Ent. 2009; 23(2):120-124.

~94~ The Pharma Innovation Journal

44. Yadav SK, Patel S. Insecticidal and repellent activity of some plant extracts against Myzusp ersicae (Sulzer) and Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017; 5(2):1434-1439. 45. Tajwar Sultana Syed, Muhmmad Siddique Khanzada, Shagufta Rani Khanzada, Ghulam Husssain Abro, Muhammad Salman, Muhammad Sarwar, et al. Population dynamics of thrips, whiteflies and their natural enemies on mustard (Brassica campestris L.) Crop in different localities of Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2016; 4(1):07-16. 46. Tomar SK, Yadav PR. Studies on population and infestation of mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.). Journal of Experimental Zoology, India. 2009; 12(1):149- 152. 47. Verma AK, Patyal SK, Bhalla OP, Sharma KC. Bioecology of painted bug (Bagrada cruciferarum) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on seed crop of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) var. (botrytis) Subvar. (Cauliflora). Indian J. Agri. Sci. 1993; 63(10):676- 678. 48. Yadav PR, Yadav LS, Dashad SS. Comparative efficacy of some insecticides against the aphid, Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. On Cabbage crop. Indian Journal of Entomology. 1988; 50(1):61-68.

~95~