DOCSLIB.ORG

Oral Epithelial Cytokines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Oral Epithelial Cytokines International Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination Oral Epithelial Cytokines Abstract Review Article Oral mucosal epithelia as other types of mucosal epithelia are known traditionally Volume 2 Issue 2 - 2016 as protective tissues. In the present mini-review, attempts were made to introduce oral epithelia as non-lymphoid, non-myeloid tissue with immune potentials. Ibrahim MSAW Shnawa* Today, opinions holds the believe that oral epithelial cells have TLR system and University of Qasim, Iraq can recognize microbial invaders. Microbial invaders in turn, induce epithelia to produce pro-inflammatory TH1, TH2 cytokines and Chemokines. The induction *Corresponding author: Ibrahim MSAW Shnawa, College processes described as species and strain specific. Natural epithelial cytokine of Biotechnology, University of Qasim, Qasim, Babylon, Iraq, production has been assured by a number of in-vitro models. Oral epithelial Email: cytokine interplayed several immune functions like regulation of local immune responses, mediate autoimmune disease and induce tissue damage in case of Received: February 26, 2016 | Published: April 07, 2016 increased secretion. They express multi-factorial influences on mucosal immune compartment, be an integral part of the local innate immune responses and might have a future implication in vaccine immunity. Keywords: Cytokine; Epithelia; Immune response; Microbiome; Toll-like receptor Abbreviations: OMC: Oral Mucosal Compartment; OMM: Oral OMM covers gingival surface, gingival part of the periodontium, Mucous Membrane; OEC: Oral Epithelial Cytokines; EC: Epithelial tongue, salivary glands as well as tonsils. The epithelia of such cells mucous membrane can be keratinized, para-keratinized and Introduction epithelium [7] (Table 1). The immune functions of the mucous membranenon-keratinized are; mechanicalwith most evident barrier, type, lubrication, the stratified site for Squamous mucosal The epithelial tissue lining the oral cavity is now Overview: IgA and trapper of the microbial invaders [7,8] (Table 1). being considered as an integral part of the oral innate immune Table 1: The epithelia of the oral cavity. producedsystem and cytokines displayed and a chemokinesmulti-factorial [1]. influencesThe aim of onthe thepresent oral mucosal immunity. Among these influences epithelial cell Structure Type mini-reviewOral Topography: is confined Stomium, onto the oral oral cavityepithelial or mouthcytokines. is situated Gum; Gingiva Keratinized squamous at the port of entry of the gastro-intestinal tract, as a cavity. It is Gingival parts of enclosed on the sides by lips and checks, above by the soft and Keratinized squamous Periodontium* The lips are lined on the outside by skin and on the inside by Tongue mucoushard plates membrane. and below Small by glandsthe floor are of situated the mouth beneath and the mucoustongue. keratinized membrane and there are many bundles of muscles within the lips. Stratified squamous, prekeratinized, The palate is divided into hard and soft. The hard palate at the Salivary gland Squamous glandular front of the mouth and the soft at the back. The bones of the hard Crypts with deep invaginations of Tonsils-Palatine connects with the passageway from the mouth to the throat. It palate are covered by thick layer of firm soft tissue. The soft palate is continue with tissues en-circuling the opening of the pharynx. Tonsils- lingual stratified sequamous the front end are the openings of the sub-mandibular salivary Stratified squamous Tonsils- pharyngeal glandsThe floor [2-4]. of the mouth lies in horse-shoe around the tongue. Near Pseudo stratified columnar Oral Mucosal Compartment (OMC): The OMC is formed *Periodontium composed of gingival, periodontal ligament, cementum from mucosa associated lymphoid tissues beneath the mucosal and alveolar bone. membranes of the gum, Periodontium, salivary glands and tonsils Epithelia [5] (Table 1). Epithelia is the plural of the singular epithelium. They are Oral Mucous Membrane (OMM): The basic elements of specialized layers that covered the external surface of the organs the mucous membrane are formed from an epithelium [6]. forming the body. An epithelium constitutes a sheet of cells lining Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Int J Vaccines Vaccin 2016, 2(2): 00026 Copyright: Oral Epithelial Cytokines ©2016 Shnawa 2/5 close together with distinct biochemical, functional and structural domains that confer polarity, sideness to the epithelia. Epithelia growth, cell differentiation and expansion [12]. Excessive cytokine are avascular and receive nourishment through diffusion of the productionimmunoglobulin affects class tissue switching, damages [13,14].inflammatory responses, cell molecules via basal lamina. Their functions can be; trans-cellular Table 3: The common nomenclature of cytokines. transport, secretion of hormones mucous and proteins as well as, selective permeability [7]. Lymphokines Epithelia have lateral epithelial surface and apical epithelial surface. The lateral surface contains specialized junctions that Monokines Chemkines produce adhesions between cells and restrict movement of matters into and out of the lamina .Basal epithelial surfaces are Virokines formed from an extracellular supportive structure the basal lamina, Hemidesmosomes and basal plasma membrane in- Adipokines foldings. While apical surfaces posses specialized structures like micro-vili, sterio-cilia and cilia [7,8]. Lymphocyte Activating factors LAF Two non-immune mediated diseases involving epithelia; the Macrophage inhibition factor MAF immotile cilia syndrome and the epithelial cell tumors, carcinoma and adeno-carcinoma. A third immune mediated autoimmune Leukocyte inhibitory factor LIF disease the Bullous pemphigoid also involves epithelia [7-9]. In the immunologic sense, the epithelia played several Leukemia inhibitory factor LIF functions of immune nature like; Mechanical barrier, trapping, innate immune recognition, innate immune response and Macrophage arming factor MAF cytokine production (Table 2). Erythropoietin Table 2: The immune functions of epithelia. Tumor growth factor TGF Innate immunity, mechanical barrier Tumor necrosis factor TNF TLRs immune recognition Macrophage colony stimulating MCSF Trapping Granulocyte Macrophage colony stimulating factor GCMCSF Innate immune responses B-Lymphocyte growth factor BLGF Constitutive and inductive cytokine production Cytokines Classification Nomenclature like; structure, capacity to interact with different classes of receptors Cytokine and can functions be classified [12]. Inin accordancestructural sense, with variouscytokines criteria have Before scientists be able to coin the term “cytokines” several names have been used to assign them as noted in Table 3. structure and their receptor structure (Table 5 & 6). When Nature cytokinebeen classified structure according and functions to their have overall been studiedthree dimensionalin details as a results six families are evident as; Interleukine family, hemo- Cytokines are secreted regulator proteins that have pleotropic poietin family, interferon family, tumor necrosis factor family, regulatory effects on haemopoietic and non-haemopoietic cells. interleukine 17 family and chemokine family [10]. They are synthesized and secreted by every nucleated cell of the body [10]. Cytokines include; Interleukins, tumor necrotic Oral Epithelial Cytokines (OEC) factors, growth factors and interferons. The boarders of the The oral epithelial cells recognize microbial invaders through their TLRs. The invaders or their subunits can stimulate epithelial basic functional features of cytokine action is the network signal languagecytokine worldfashion are [10,11]. ill-defined and rather un-stable (Table 4). The that of natural immune cells, TH1, TH2 cytokines and chemokines. The oral cytokines and chemokines are either of systemic Thecell tomode produce of synthesis cytokines. and The release profiles are of through such cytokines either constitutive can match or local secreted origins. They have numerous immunologic or inductive pathways [14,15]. and non-immunologic functions such as: Immune responses, Citation: Shnawa IM (2016) Oral Epithelial Cytokines. Int J Vaccines Vaccin 2(2): 00026. DOI: 10.15406/ijvv.2016.02.00026 Copyright: Oral Epithelial Cytokines ©2016 Shnawa 3/5 Table 4: Regulatory secreted proteins. Features Cytokine Hormones Growth Factors Chemical nature Protein Protein Protein Functions Regulation Regulation Regulation Source All nucleated cells Specialized cells and tissues Specialized cells and tissues Mode of secretion Constitutive and inductive Constitutive Constitutive Site of action Short distance and short time Distant site of action Distant site of action Nature of the action Pleotropic Restricted to certain cell type Restricted to certain cell type Table 5: Functional classification of cytokines. Class Examples [12] Haemopoietic IL5, GM-CSF,GCSF,SCF INF alpha, INF beta,IL1,IL8 Innate immunity, primary and secondary inflammatory cytokines IL2,IL4,IL15 Specific immunity IL1ra,IL10,TGFB Anti-inflammatory/Immunosuppressive OEC have been described as species and strain dependent responses will lead to the development of TNF alpha and mediate manner. They may take part in; Regulation of local oral immune responses, augment epithelial cells to secret more cytokines, in which the microbial subunits induce the release of TNF alpha mediate autoimmune responses and activate neutrophil. OEC thatautoimmune triggers theinflammatory secretion of disease IL8 from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Digitalcommons@UNMC Agranulocytosis
    University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1935 Agranulocytosis Gordon A. Gunn University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Gunn, Gordon A., "Agranulocytosis" (1935). MD Theses. 386. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/386 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AGRANULOOYTOSIS ,- Senior Thesis by GOrdon .M.. Gunn INTRODUCTION Fifteen years ago the medioal profession new nothing of the disease spoken of in this paper as agranulocytosis. Since Schultz, in 1922, gave an accurate description of a fulminat­ ing case, agranulocytosis has oomettoClOCo.'UPy more and more prominence in the medical field. Today, the literature is fairly teeming with accounts of isolated cases of all descriptions. Added to this a confus­ ing nomenclature, varied classifications, and heterogeneous forms of treatment; and the large question of whether it is a disease entity, a group of diseases, or only a symptom complex, and some idea may be garnered as to the progress made. Time is a most important factor in diagnosis of this disease, and the prognosis at best is grave. The treatment has gone through the maze of trials as that of any other new disease; there must be a cause and so there must be some specific treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Organs of the Immune System
    ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY MRS. N .MAKANDI ORGANS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Major organs of the immune system are bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. These organs produce lymphocytes required to destroy bacteria, virus, tumor cells, etc. NB// The function of the immune system is protecting the body from parasitic, bacterial, viral, fungal infections and from the growth of tumor cells. • Organs of the immune system make cells that either contribute in the immune response or act as sites for the immune function. There are two groups of immune system organs. • Primary (central) organs where immature lymphocytes develop – Thymus – Bone marrow • Secondary (peripheral) organs --tissues where antigen is localized so that it can be effectively exposed to mature lymphocytes – Lymph nodes – Spleen – MALT (Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) • GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) • BALT (Bronchial/Tracheal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) • NALT (Nose-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) • VALT (Vulvovaginal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) Primary (central) lymphoid organs Bone marrow • All the cells of the human immune system are formed in the bone marrow, found within the bones, by a process called hematopoiesis. • The process of hematopoiesis involves differentiation of bone-marrow derived stem cells either into mature cells of the immune system or precursor of cells which move out of the bone marrow and continue their maturation elsewhere. • The bone marrow is responsible for the production of important immune system cells like B cells, granulocytes, natural killer cells and immature thymocytes. It also produces red blood cells and platelets • Bone marrow is the site of B cell maturation. • The site of B cell maturation in birds is the bursa of Fabricius, after which B cells are named.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstracts of the Nurses Group EBMT 2006
    Abstracts of the Nurses Group EBMT 2006 and so decreases levels of anxiety and improves clinical Supportive care outcomes (Audit Commission 1993). Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) has been described as a procedure associated with isolation of the patient, prolonged N922 hospitalizations, rapid fluctuations in medical conditions, Nursing aspects in patient-information frequent and often life-threatening infections, and graft-versus- G. Rother, C. Weßler, N. Reebehn host disease (GvHD). UK-SH, Campus Kiel (Kiel,D) It is a complex process with immediate as well as long-term effects, which may permanently impair quality of life and can In addition to the information supplied by physicians there is affect morbidity and mortality. Achieving a level of also a need for explaining the nursing aspects to the patients. understanding of what is involved can be a bewildering Both sides are important to minimize fear, to create an proposition for many patients and their carers, and in itself can atmosphere of confidence and to help the patient complete present obstacles to informed consent and subsequent post- their treatment successfully. transplant expectations. A stay on the BMT-unit is not like any other time in hospital. The Seven Steps is a project which evolved through the need Lots of questions arise before admission and during the stay to meet our patients’ demand for accurate and clear written and patients often are left with a huge amount of uncertainty literature to support and compliment verbal description. The about what to do or not to do. During the preparations at the result is a book, which divides the bone marrow transplant outpatient clinic physicians inform their patients thoroughly journey into 7 clear steps, which provide a high level of detail about the medical side of the transplantation process but they yet with a strong patient focus.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology
    LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Bone Marrow.Pdf
    Libyan International Medical University Faculty of Pharmacy Academic Year 2019-2020 OBJECTIVES 1. Define bone marrow 2. Illustrate where the bone marrow is found 3. Describe the components of bone marrow 4. Describe the types of bone marrow 5. Explain the functions of bone marrow What is Bone Marrow? ■ Bone marrow, also called myeloid tissue, is the soft, highly vascular and flexible connective tissue within bone cavities which serve as the primary site of new blood cell production or hematopoiesis. Where is the Bone Marrow found? ■ In a newborn baby's bones exclusively contain hematopoietically active "red" marrow, and there is a progressive conversion towards "yellow" marrow with age. ■ In adults, red marrow is found mainly in the central skeleton, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vert ebrae and scapulae, and variably found in the proximal epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. What are the components of Bone Marrow? ■ The bone marrow is composed of both cellular and non-cellular components and is structurally divided into vascular and non-vascular regions. ■ The non-vascular section of bone marrow is composed of hemopoietic cells of various lineages and maturity, packed between fat cells, thin bands of bony tissue (trabeculae), collagen fibers, fibroblasts and dendritic cells. This is where hematopoiesis takes place. ■ The vascular section contains blood vessels that supply the bone with nutrients and transport blood stem cells and formed mature blood cells away into circulation. ■ Ultrastructural studies show hemopoietic cells cluster around the vascular sinuses where they mature, before they eventually are discharged into the blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Hematopoietic Stem Cells with High Proliferative Potential: ASSAY of THEIR CONCENTRATION in MARROW by the FREQUENCY and DURATION of CURE of W/Wv MICE
    Hematopoietic Stem Cells with High Proliferative Potential: ASSAY OF THEIR CONCENTRATION IN MARROW BY THE FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF CURE OF W/Wv MICE Dane R. Boggs, … , Lora A. Gress, Don R. Canfield J Clin Invest. 1982;70(2):242-253. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110611. This study was designed to approach two primary questions concerning hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in mice: what is the concentration of HSC with extensive proliferative potential in marrow, and how long can an HSC continue to function in an intact animal? The assay system was the W/Wv mouse, a mouse with an inherited HSC defect, reflected in a reduction in all myeloid tissue and most particularly in a macrocytic anemia. A single chromosomally marked HSC will reconstitute the defective hematopoietic system of the W/Wv. The concentration of HSC in normal littermate (+/+) marrow was assayed by limiting dilution calculation using cure of W/Wv as an end point (correction of anemia and erythrocytes' macrocytosis) and found to be ∼10/105. This is significantly less than spleen colony forming cell (CFU-S) concentration: ∼220/105 in +/+ and ranging from 50 to 270/105 in various other studies. Blood values were studied at selected intervals for as long as 26 mo. Of 24 initially cured mice, which were observed for at least 2 yr, 75% remained cured. However, of all cured mice, 17 lost the cure, returning to a macrocytic anemic state. Cured mice had normal numbers of nucleated and granulocytic cells per humerus and a normal concentration of CFU-S. However, cure of secondary W/Wv recipients by this marrow was inefficient compared with the original +/+ […] Find the latest version: https://jci.me/110611/pdf Hematopoietic Stem Cells with High Proliferative Potential ASSAY OF THEIR CONCENTRATION IN MARROW BY THE FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF CURE OF W/WV MICE DANE R.
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of CANCER a Continuation of the Journal of Cancer Research
    THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CANCER A Continuation of The Journal of Cancer Research VOLUMEXXXVII SEPTEMBER,1939 NUMBER1 MYELOID LEUKEMIA AND NON-MALIGNANT EXTRAMEDULLARY MYELOPOIESIS IN MICE' W. A. BARNES, M.D., AND I. E. SISMAN, M.D. (From the Department of Pathology, Cornell University Medical College, New York) Lymphatic leukemia of mice has been extensively studied by many investi- gators (cf. 1, 2). The anatomical changes are well known and their differ- entiation from non-leukemic processes offers little or no difficulty. Myeloid leukemia is in most stocks of mice much less frequent than lymphoid leukemia (cf. Emile-Weil and Bousser, 1; Opie, 3). In the Slye stock, however, Simonds found 39 cases of myeloid and 28 of lymphatic leukemia in the first 15,000 autopsies. In our Stock Ak lymphoid leukemia is very common but myeloid leukemia is rare. Tn Stock Rf, on the other hand, myeloid leukemia occurs frequently but lymphoid leukemia is unusual. In Stock S both types are found, as well as atypical forms. It is not possible from the literature to give exact figures for the incidence of myeloid leukemia because, thus far, it has not been sharply separated from non-malignant extramedullary myelo- poiesis. Simonds (4), who first extensively studied leukemia in mice, states: I' It was necessary to differentiate myelogenous leukemia in mice from an inflammatory leukocytosis. In the latter condition, a focus of acute infection could frequently be found in some organ, such as pneumonia, an abscess or a pyelitis. In such infections the blood was frequently remarkably rich in nucleated cells and these might almost equal the number seen in myelogenous leukemia.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (6MB)
    THE OXYDASE OF MYELOID TISSUE and THE USE OF . THE OXYDASE REACTION IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF ACUTE LEUIIAEMIAS. by JOHN SHAW DUNN, M.A. , M.B., Ch.B. ProQuest Number: 27626761 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 27626761 Published by ProQuest LLO (2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 1 - PRELIMINARY. The oxidising property of leucocytes was pointed out by Vitali (1887)^^, when he showed that pus added to tincture of guaiacum produced guaiac-blue, without the addition of hydrogen peroxide. He found that the reaction did not take place if the pus were previously boiled, thus showing that the oxygenating substance was thermo-labile. Brandenburg (1900)^, in a further investigation of this subject, was able, by extracting pus with chloroform water and precipitat­ ing with alcohol, to obtain a powder which possessed the oxidising property in a marked degree. He considered it to be of the nature of a ferment, and to have the con­ stitution of a nucleo-albumin. It could be obtained readily from organs vhich contained abundant granular leucocytes, such as bone marrow, but not from purely lymphocytic organs, such as lymphatic glands or thymus, nor from normal liver.
    [Show full text]
  • Aandp1ch07lecture.Pdf
    Chapter 07 Lecture Outline See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre- inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Introduction • In this chapter we will cover: – Bone tissue composition – How bone functions, develops, and grows – How bone metabolism is regulated and some of its disorders 7-2 Introduction • Bones and teeth are the most durable remains of a once-living body • Living skeleton is made of dynamic tissues, full of cells, permeated with nerves and blood vessels • Continually remodels itself and interacts with other organ systems of the body • Osteology is the study of bone 7-3 Tissues and Organs of the Skeletal System • Expected Learning Outcomes – Name the tissues and organs that compose the skeletal system. – State several functions of the skeletal system. – Distinguish between bones as a tissue and as an organ. – Describe the four types of bones classified by shape. – Describe the general features of a long bone and a flat bone. 7-4 Tissues and Organs of the Skeletal System • Skeletal system—composed of bones, cartilages, and ligaments – Cartilage—forerunner of most bones • Covers many joint surfaces of mature bone – Ligaments—hold bones together at joints – Tendons—attach muscle to bone 7-5 Functions of the Skeleton • Support—limb bones and vertebrae support body; jaw bones support teeth; some bones support viscera • Protection—of brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, and more • Movement—limb movements, breathing, and other
    [Show full text]
  • Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL
    Biology 218 – Human Anatomy RIDDELL Chapter 13 Adapted form Tortora 10th ed. LECTURE OUTLINE A. Introduction (p. 405) 1. The cardiovascular system consists of: i. blood ii. heart iii. blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins) 2. Blood is a connective tissue composed of a liquid portion called plasma (the matrix) and a cellular portion consisting of various cells and cell fragments. 3. Interstitial fluid (or tissue fluid) is the fluid that bathes body cells. 4. Blood carries oxygen and nutrients and exchanges these molecules for carbon dioxide and waste molecules released from body cells into the interstitial fluid. 5. Hematology is the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and associated disorders. B. Functions of Blood (p. 406) 1. Blood is a liquid connective tissue that performs three major functions: i. transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones ii. regulation of pH, body temperature, and water content of cells iii. protection against blood loss via clotting, and against foreign microbes and toxins via the action of phagocytic white blood cells and specialized plasma proteins C. Physical Characteristics of Blood (p. 406) 1. Blood has the following major characteristics: i. denser and more viscous than water ii. temperature of 38 degrees Celsius iii. pH that normally ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 iv. constitutes about 8% of total body weight v. average volume of 5 to 6 liters in adult males and 4 to 5 liters in adult females D. Components of Blood (p. 406) 1. Blood consists of: i. blood plasma or plasma, which has the following characteristics (see Table 13.1): a.
    [Show full text]
  • Lymphatic Leukemia with Thymic Enlargement: a Brief Review of the Literature .With Case Reports
    LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA WITH THYMIC ENLARGEMENT: A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .WITH CASE REPORTS LLOYD F. CRAVER, M.D, AND WILLIAM S. MACCOMB, M.D. Memorial Hospital, New York Slight enlargement of the thymus may perhaps be present in lymphatic leukemia more frequently than is recorded in the litera- ture. This enlargement may be a true lymphosarcoma or thy- moma, or only a hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue. In a considerable series of cases a large sarcomatous tumor of the thymus with a leukemic blood picture has been the chief fea- ture, so that leukemia with involvement of the thymus came t.~be recognized as an atypical and malignant variety (1). These growt,hs have been designated by Orth as malignant leukemic lymphoma (2). As noted by Kaufmann (3), ('in leukemia, marked enlargement of the thymus gland is occasionally seen, especially in acute lym- phatic leukemia." The rapid growth of the thymus may be out of all proportion to the hyperplasia of other lymphatic structures and to the blood picture, thus giving rise to a mistaken diagnosis of thymoma as an entity. As stated by Heubner (4)) "with thymic tumors the other lesions of leukemia have not always been fully developed." Milne (5) in 1913 reported an unusual case of lymphatic leuke- mia which at autopsy revealed a mass of hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the upper mediastinum, attached to the pericardium. This mass was ascribed to a hyperplasia of the anterior mediastinal lymph nodes and most probably the thymus, though no Hassall's corpuscles could be demonstrated. In 1925 Friedlander and Foote (6) reported a case of "malig- nant small-celled thymoma with acute lymphoid leukemia." Here the unripe lymph~blast~sof the blood stream so closely resembled the cells of the thymic tumor found at autopsy that the question arose-was the source of the abnormal cells of the blood an out- break of the tumor through the wall of some vein, or was the whole 277 278 LLOYD F.
    [Show full text]
  • I.E., Growths Consisting of Specific Nerve Tissue Elements, May * Received for Publication Feb
    NEUROBLASTOMATA: WITH A STUDY OF A CASE ILLUS- TRATING TIIE THREE TYPES THAT ARISE FROM THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM.* H. R. WAHL, M.D. (From the Pathological Laboratories of Western Reserve University and Lakeside Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.) SYNOPSIS. I. INTRODUCTION. II. REVIEW OF THE LYrERATURE: (a) Ganglioneuromata; (b) embryology of the sympathetic system; (c) malignant neuroblastomata; (d) chromaffine tumors; (e) discussion of the tables of the cases: I. Table I., ganglioneuromata. 2. Table II., malignant neuroblastomata. 3. Table III., chromaffine tumors. III. REPORT OF A CASE: (a) Clinical history; (a) post-mortem examination; (c) the tumor tissue: i. Macroscopical description. 2. Microscopical description. A - Differentiated nerve tissues (ganglioneuroma). B -Undifferentiated nerve tissues (malignant neuroblas- toma). C - Chromaffine tissues (paraganglioma). (d) Summary; (e) anatomical diagnosis. IV. DIscusSION: (a) Relation of the tumor to the sympathetic system; (b) differentiated nerve tissue elements (ganglioneuroma); (c) cystoid forma- tions; (d) myeloid tissue; (e) undifferentiated nerve tissue elements (malignant neuroblastoma); (f) vascular changes; (g) nature of the tumor tissue as a whole and its relation to nerve tumors in general; (h) nomenclature; (i) diagnosis. V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. INTRODUCTION.- It is becoming recognized, especially in the last four or five years, that the most highly differentiated tissue of the body - the nerve tissue - may and does fre- quently undergo blastomatous change. True nerve tumors, i.e., growths consisting of specific nerve tissue elements, may * Received for publication Feb. 25, I914. (205) 206 WAHL. occur in any part of the nervous structure, but by far the greater number of them have their origin in the sympathetic system.
    [Show full text]