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EPHEMERELLIDAE 459 Ephemerellidae KLAPÁLEK, 1909 The predominantly Holarctic and Oriental family published by Jacobus & McCafferty (2008, l.c., p. Ephemerellidae (16-23 genera, about 200-400 spe - 244-250). Holarctic genera have been keyed by Allen cies, according to taxonomic concepts followed) is & Edmunds (1963, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 56: represented in Europe by five genera (Drunella, 585), Tshernova et al. (1986, Opredel. Nasekom. Ephemerella, Serratella, Torleya and Eurylophella). Dalnego Vostoka SSSR, p. 99-142) and Kluge (1997, Delimitation and composition of most genera and the Opredel. Presnovod. Bezpozvon. Rossii, p. 208-213). higher classification is still in discussion (see Kluge, Most European species have been keyed by Landa 2004, Phyl. Syst. Eph., p. 293-296), a first cladistic (1969, Fauna CSSRˇ 18, p. 224), Jacob (1992), En- analysis including larval and imaginal characters has gblom (1996) and Bauernfeind & Humpesch (2001). been provided by McCafferty & Wang (2000, Trans. Far East species have been treated by Tiunova (1984, Amer. Entomol. Soc. 126, 1: 9-101), followed by the Biol. Presnykh vod Dalnego Vostoka, p. 46-50), Yoon most recent classification by Jacobus & McCafferty & Bae (1988, Entomol. Res. Bull. Seoul 14: 23-44) (2008, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 134, 1-2: 185- and Ishiwata (1993, Rep. Stud. Struct. Funct. River 274), who included characters provided by egg chori- Ecosyst. Far East 2: 5-19). onic structures too. An analysis based on DNA Unfortunately it is at present virtually impossible to sequencing combined with morphological characters solve the problems of generic classification in Ephe - has been published by Ogden et al. (2009, Zootaxa me rellidae, as convincingly expressed by Jacobus & 1991: 28-42). The family is considered to represent McCafferty (2008, Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 134: the Laurasian group of a monophyletic ephemerelloid 191-192). Considering the provisional and rather clade, well distinguished from the remaining seven inconsistent status concerning genus-group taxa in Gondwanian families of Ephemerelloidea with only re- Ephemerellidae at present, we have – for merely prac- cent incursions into the Holarctic (McCafferty 1998, tical reasons - adopted the more traditional generic J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc. 17: 1-20). The family classification outlined by Edmunds (1959, Ann. En - Ephemerellidae is currently defined as monophyletic tomol. Soc. Amer. 52: 543-547), Edmunds et al. by the following apomorphies and characters: Larvae (1976, Mayflies North Central America) and Allen with (originally 3-segmented) maxillary palps reduced (1980, l.c.; 1984, Pan-Pac. Entomol. 60, 3: 245- or missing. Paraglossae completely fused with men- 247). Which means, however, that the key and diag- tum (or respective suture obliterated). Gill 1 strongly noses for most genera have to be used with more than reduced or missing and gills on abdominal segment 2 usual caution. lost (sometimes lost also on segment 3). Surface of gill lamellae without ribs. In imagines the cubital field Key to genera (larvae) at least with one bifurcate vein arising from CuA 1 Abdominal segment 1 with vestigial (bristle- (three bifurcate veins in extralimital Vietnamella or rod-like) gill. Lamellate gills present on seg- TSHERNOVA only). Marginal intercalaries single and ments 4-7. Segment 9 always distinctly lon- mostly detached along the outer margin. Abdominal ger than segment 8 ...................... Eurylophella segment 2 without gill socket vestiges. Paracercus – Abdominal segment 1 without vestigial gill. present in larval and imaginal stages. Eggs usually with Lamellate gills present on segments 3-7. Seg- one polar cap (epithema) and some scattered KCT’s, ment 9 distinctly shorter than segment 8 or rarely without polar cap and exochorion reticulate subequal in length.......................................... 2 (e.g., Eurylophella). Attachment structures have re- 2 Abdomen wide and densely covered with cently been studied by Ubero-Pascal & Puig (2009, long, hair-like bristles, without tubercles. Ab- Acta Zoologica 90:87-98), reveiling differences (‘mul- domen shorter than head and thorax, hind tithread-folded with terminal fibre clusters’ / MFT) legs longer than abdomen. Gill lamellae op- compared with KCT’s in the traditional sense. For fur- erculate, lamella on segment 3 elongated ther distinguishing characters see McCafferty & Wang (more than twice longer than broad), covering (2000) and Kluge (2004, Phyl. Syst. Eph., p. 310). lamellae on segments 4 and 5 nearly totally. Two subfamilies, Ephemerellinae KLAPÁLEK, 1909 (in Lamella on segment 6 not visible in dorsal Brauer, Süsswasserfauna Deutschl. 8, p. 13) and Tim- view ....................................................Torleya panoginae ALLEN, 1984 (Pan-Pacific Entomol. 60: – Abdomen elongated, smooth or covered with 246) may be recognized in Europe. Detailed classifi- sparse and short bristles, usually with tuber- cations for the family have been proposed by Allen cles or paired medial ridges. Abdomen longer (1980, Adv. Eph. Biol. p. 71-91), McCafferty (2000), than head and thorax, hind legs shorter than McCafferty & Wang (2000) and Jacobus & Sartori abdomen. Gill lamellae not operculate, la - (2004). A key to ephemerellid genera of the world mella on segment 3 shorter (less than twice (male imagines, larvae and eggs) has recently been longer than broad), only slightly overlapping 460 EPHEMERELLIDAE the following ones, lamella on segment 6 well – Penis lobes without dorsoapical appendages .... 4 visible in dorsal view ...................................... 3 3 Second segment of forceps with distinct api- 3 Inner margin of fore tibia lengthened, form- cal swelling, terminal segment three times ing a pointed projection apically. Head, tho- longer than broad................................. Torleya rax and abdomen with well-developed, – Second segment of forceps without apical prominent tubercles. Anterior margin of fore swelling, terminal segment about as long as femora with irregular acute projections and/ broad....................................... Serratella albai or margin of posterior femora with dense, 4 Abdomen with conspicuous dark markings....... 5 long hair-like bristles. Clypeus with distinct – Abdomen without conspicuous dark markings transversal field of bristles projecting forwards ................................................... Ephemerella ........................................................ Drunella 5 Terminal segment of forceps nearly globular .... 6 – Inner margin of fore tibia without pointed – Terminal segment of foreps twice longer than projection apically. Body smooth or with broad................................ Drunella paradinasi lower tubercles or paired medial ridges on 6 Second segment of forceps long and slender head, thorax or abdomen. Anterior margin of ........................................ Serratella hispanica fore femora without projections, posterior – Second segment of forceps comparatively margin with sparse short bristles and/or stout, tapering ................. Serratella ikonomovi spines. Clypeus without distinct transversal field of bristles projected forwards ................... 4 Subfamily Ephemerellinae 4 Maxillary palps present, distinctly 3-seg- mented. Abdominal terga smooth, with single DIAGNOSIS (European representatives only): In larvae small median tubercles or a pair of well de- lamellate gills present on abdominal segments 3-7, veloped submedian tubercles. Legs long and gills 1 and 2 generally absent. Abdominal segment 9 slender, femora nearly eQual to tibiae in width. distinctly shorter than segment 8 or subeQual in Cerci with whorls of spines of different length length. In imagines vestiges of larval gill socket pres- at apex of each segment and usually numer- ent on abdominal segment 3. Eggs with a few scat- ous fine bristles in the middle section of cerci tered KCT’s and well developed polar cap. and paracercus ............................. Ephemerella DISTRIBUTION: Holarctic, Oriental and Afrotropic. – Maxillary palps absent or strongly reduced with obliterate segmentation. Abdominal terga smooth or with paired submedian tu- Drunella NEEDHAM, 1905 bercles. Legs always short and robust, femora Drunella NEEDHAM, 1905; New York State Mus. Bull. more than twice as broad as tibiae. Cerci with 86: 42 whorls of short and strong spines at apex of each segment, fine bristles scarce or missing Type-species: Ephemerella grandis EATON, 1884; ....................................................... Serratella Trans. Linn. Soc. London (2) 3: 128 (monotypy)3 1 Key to genera (imagines) Ephemerella WALSH, 1863 (subgenus Drunella NEEDHAM, 1 Posterolateral parts of abdominal tergum 3 1905); apud Needham (1927, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. smooth, without remnants of larval gills (“gill 20: 108) [subgeneric status] sockets” present on segments 4-7)2. Eggs with- Ephemerella WALSH, 1863 (subgenus Eatonella NEEDHAM, out polar cap ............................... Eurylophella 1927); Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 20: 108 [junior subjec- – Posterolateral parts of abdominal tergum 3 tive synonym teste McDunnough (1931, Can. Entomol. 63: 210)] with distinct remnants of larval gills (“gill Drunella NEEDHAM, 1905; apud Allen (1980, Adv. Eph. sockets” present on segments 3-7). Eggs with Biol., p. 79) [status] polar cap ...................................................... 2 Ephemerella WALSH, 1863 (subgenus Drunella NEEDHAM, 2 Penis lobes with conspicuous tongue-shaped 1905); sensu Kluge (1997, Opredel. Presnovod. Bezpo
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    Check List 2(1) ISSN: 1809-127X NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Insecta, Ephemeroptera: range extensions and Wedowee, 14-VI-1973, B. Stark; Site 4: Franklin new Alabama state records County, Little Bear Creek, at county road 23, 34°30’08” N 88°02’41” W, 19-III-2004, J Webb. W. P. McCafferty J. M. Webb Ephemerellidae Department of Entomology, Purdue University, Dannella provonshai (McCafferty). Site 4 (see West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. 47907. E-mail: above). [email protected] Ephemerella excrucians Walsh. Site 4 (see The mayfly (Ephemeroptera) fauna of Alabama above). (U.S.A.) has been relatively well documented in terms of eastern North American regions, Ephemerella septentrionalis McDunnough. Site 4 primarily because of the contributions of Berner (see above). (1977), Kondratieff and Harris (1986), and Harris et al. (1996). Previously, 116 valid nominal Eurylophella macdunnoughi Funk. Site 4 (see species were reported from Alabama. That above). number takes into account recent significant synonymies that reduce the number of Alabama Isonychiidae species in the genera Drunella Needham (Jacobus and McCafferty 2003), Epeorus Eaton (Webb and Isonychia serrata Traver. Site 5: Cleburne McCafferty 2006), and Ephemerella Walsh County, South of Chulafinnee, Highway 431, 14- (Jacobus and McCafferty 2003). Herein we VI-1973, B. Stark (adults); Site 6: Shelby County, augment the recorded fauna with eleven Northwest of Harpersville, Highway 280, 14-VI- additional species taken from eight counties 1973, B. Stark (adults). representative of the four northern physiographic provinces in the state (see Kondratieff and Harris Isonychia sicca (Walsh): Site 4 (see above). 1986), including the Highland Rim Plateau, the Cumberland Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, and Isonychia tusculanensis Berner.
  • BOOK REVIEW: Heckman CH.W.: ENCYCLOPEDIA of SOUTH

    BOOK REVIEW: Heckman CH.W.: ENCYCLOPEDIA of SOUTH

    in the oxidation of firefly luciferin. Photochem. Photobiol. ment in the firefly, Photuris pennsylvanica. J. Insect Physiol. 10: 153–170. 25: 339–347. NEWPORT G. 1857: On the natural history of the glowworm TYLER J. 1986: The ecology and conservation of the glow worm, (Lampyris noctiluca). J. Linn. Soc. Zool. 1: 40–71. Lampyris noctiluca (L.) in Britain. Atala 12: 17–19. OBA Y., OJIKA M. & INOUYE S. 2003: Firefly luciferase is a TYLER J. 1994: Glow-worms. Tyler-Scagell, Sevenoaks. bifunctional enzyme: ATP-dependent monooxygenase and a VIVIANI V.R. 2002: The origin, diversity, and structure function long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. FEBS Letters 540: relationships of insect luciferases. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 59: 251–254. 1833–1850. SALA-NEWBY G.B., THOMSON C.M. & CAMPBELL A.K. 1996: VIVIANI V.R. & BECHARA E.J.V. 1996: Larval Tenebrio molitor Sequence and biochemical similarities between the luciferases (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fat body extracts catalyze firefly of the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca and the firefly Photinus D-luciferin- and ATP-dependent chemiluminescence: a pyralis. Biochem. J. 313: 761–767. luciferase-like enzyme. Photochem. Photobiol. 63: 713–718. SELIGER H.H., BUCK J.B., FASTIE W.G. & MCELROY W.D. 1964: VIVIANI V.R., BECHARA E.J. & OHMIYA Y. 1999: Cloning, The spectral distribution of firefly light. J. Gen. Physiol. 48: sequence analysis, and expression of active Phrixothrix 95–104. railroad-worms luciferases: relationship between biolumines- STOLZ U., VELEZ S., WOOD K.V., WOOD M. & FEDER J.L. 2003: cence spectra and primary structures. Biochemistry 38: Darwinian natural selection for orange bioluminescent color 8271–8279.