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Venice and Crete: Documents from the Xvith to Xviiith Centuries by Dionysios Hatzopoulos

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Venice and Crete: Documents from the XVIth to XVIIIth Centuries by Dionysios Hatzopoulos Nineteen manuscripts, all containing official documents, are presented in this article. They refer to Venetian involvement andpresence in the Levant, mainly in Crete. They cover the period between the end of sixteenth and the beginning of eighteenth centuries, when the struggle with the Ottomans bad reached its most critical point. The documents mention the activities of members of the Mormori, Cattaneo and Michieli families. In addition, a legal document is presented: a "liuello" (long term lease) executed in Crete. Dix-neuf manuscrits regroupant tous des documents officiels, sont prksentks dans cet article. Ils se rapportent a la prksence ve'nitienne au Levant et notamment en Cr2te. Ils couurent la phiode allant de la fin du XVIe siecle au debut du XVIIIe siecle, kpoque a laquelle la lutte contre les Ottotmans await atteint son point culminant. Les documents fournissent des indications sur les acti~itksdes membres des familles Mormori, Cattaneo et Michieli. Unacte notarik ("liuello") execute en Crite y est kgalement prksente'. enetian rule in Crete or Candia, as Relations between the Venetian masters and it was also known then, from the the local population improved, especially name of the capital city, dated from among the upper and middle classes. Many the first decade of the thirteenth Greeks served Venice faithfully and fought centuryv (Figure 1). The collapse of the against the common enemy down to the bitter Byzantine Empire, following the occupation of end in 1669, when the island, after a pro- Constantinople by the knights of the fourth tracted struggle, was finally occupied by the crusade in 1204, was followed by the distribu- Ottomans. tion of Byzantine territories among the victors. Crete was initially given to Boniface of Montferrat who, in turn, sold the island to The administrative system in Crete was Venice in August 1204. based on the metropolitan one. The central administration-Regimen-sat in Candia and While the Republic's initial interest was lim- was composed of three members: the Duke ited to the use of the island's main harbours, and two councillors. They were appointed by especially that of the capital city of Candia, the Venetian Senate for a period of two years. now Herakleion, by the long haul convoys In the fourteenth century the island was plying the sea lanes between Venice and the divided in four administrative districts (terri- Levant, the final elimination of the Byzantine toria): Candia, Canea, Rethymno and Siteia. .state by the Ottomans, in 1453, changed the The office of Proweditor General, combining ma's geopolitical realities. Venice faced now military and administrative authority, was t~sttongexpansionist state. This, and the fact introduced in 1569. Local nobility, Italian and that the local Greek population, especially the Greek speaking, had limited authority, being kkspeaking nobility, could no longer refer only consulted in its collective bodies: the b an independent Greek political center, Consilium Feudatorum, the Maggior brought a mutual change of attitudes. Consilium and the Consilium Rogatorum. 3 Figure 1. From Sebastian Miinster's Cosmographia, ca. 1544. Venice and Crete During the four centuries of Venetian Following the capture of the Venetian pos- administration Cretan society remained almost sessions in the Peloponnese by the Ottomans unchanged. It was strongly stratified, with the in November 1540, the Mormoris fled local nobility at the top (nobili), followed by Nafplion. Members of the family settled in the the urban middle class (cittadini). The bottom Ionian islands, along the Western coast of of the social scale was occupied by the urban Greece, where they soon joined the local nobil- poor (plebe) and the peasants, either free or ity; others settled in Venice, while another serfs (contadini, villani). branch of the family moved to Crete. The Cretan Mormoris distinguished themselves in A few years ago I published with commen- many fields of social activity. Thus, a Marco tary three Venetian manuscripts, * seen at Mormori, a notary in Candia, is mentioned in McGill and initially recorded by Seymour de 155 5 ;a Giovanni Mormori, "ingegniero", was Ricci, concerning Emmanuel Mormori, a killed in June 1571 during the siege of Cretan officer in the service of the Venetian Ammochostos (Famagusta) by the Ottomans; Republic in the sixteenth century. Recently, an "Ioannes Marmorius cretensis" graduated I was pleasantly surprised to be told by Dr. from the University of Padua in 158 1; Jacomo Richard Virr, Curator of Manuscripts, Mormori contributed financially to the Cretan Department of Rare Books and Special participation in the battle of Lepanto and is Collections, McLennan Library, that the mentioned in the manuscripts as commander Department preserves a number of uncatalo- of the "stradioti" stationed in Candia.' gued Venetian manuscripts. As a researcher I Following his death he was succeeded in this was gratified with the study and analysis of position by his son Z~rzi.~ these new manuscripts which further increased my respect for McGill's as yet rela- The family continued to be mentioned in tively unknown and uncatalogued collection of seventeenth century records from Crete and manuscripts. Venice. Following the occupation of Candia by the Ottomans in 1669, they became, once To the three published Mormori manu- more, refugees.9 The McGill manuscripts also scripts are now added seven referring to other mention two previously unknown eighteenth members of the family. Among them one century descendants of the family: "capitano" refers again to Emmanuel. The three pub- Zorzi Mormori, in 1718, and "sargente lished manuscripts have now been maggiore" Antonio Mormori, in 1730. re-catalogued and are part of the Mormori family manuscripts. These manuscripts are The documents are followed by five referring to the activities of Ms 68711. Vellum, 464x35 1 mm. One col- the Veneto-Cretan Cattaneo family; also by umn, 18 lines. Ducal letter referring to Zorzi three referring to Donato Michieli, an army Mormori. Dated 1 June 1575. Doge Alvise engineer, and finally by a "livello" (long term Mocenigo I (1570-1577). lease) executed in Candia in the late sixteenth r. "Aloysius Mocenigo Dei Gratia Dux century. With the exception of the introduc- Venetiarum etc.. ..I.. .Datae in N(ost)ro Ducali tory and closing sentences, which are in Latin, Palatio Die prima Junii, Indictione tertia, the rest of the texts are composed in Italian. MDLXXV". Registrations in Crete: 24 May 1576, 25 May MORMORI FAMILY 1576. v. "Nobilibus et sap(ientibus) viris Jacobo The Mormori family referred to in ten doc- Fuscareno equiti Provisori g(e)n(er)ali ac uments (MS 687) came, originally, from Inquisitori in regno n(ost)ro Cretae nec v(ir)o Nafplion, in the Peloponnese. The first known Aloysio Justiniano Ducha et co(n)siliariis ac Mormori was a wealthy landlord, whose first Paulo Cont(ari)nocap(itane)o Cretae et eorum name was Emmanuel. He was married, in the suce(ssori)bus" . late fifteenth century, to a lady from the pow- Note : " 15 7 5, del ~(avaliere)d(omino) Zorzi erful feudal family of Buas. 6 M(ormo)riU. Venice and Crete This Ducal letter informs Jacomo Foscarini, During or shortly before the plague epi- Provveditore Generale in Crete, Alvise demic which hit Crete from January 1592 to Justiniano, Duke of Crete, and Paolo July 1594, Zorzi Mormori was named Contarini, Captain of Crete, about Zorzi "sopraintendente alla sanita" for the city of Mormori's appointment as Commander of the Candia. He had almost dictatorial authority, "stradioti" stationed in the island. He suc- overseeing and directing all activities related ceeded, in the position, his father Jacomo to health conditions in the city of Candia. Mormori, who had recently died. The Doge During the period referred to by the manu- informs the Cretan authorities about Zorzi's script Zorzi Mormori suffered heavily. Indeed, distinguished record during the war against he lost many members of his family, including the Ottomans in 1570-71, and his subsequent four sons. Filippo Pasqualigo recognized reward with a "cattena d'oro di ducati cin- Mormori's contribution and sacrifices and rec- quanta" and the title of cavaliere. ommended him warmly to his successors. Ms 68712. Vellum, 535 X 430 mm. One Ms 68714. Vellum, 576 X 357 mm. One col- column, 22 lines. Ducal decree dated 20 June umn, 15 lines. Ducal letter issued on behalf of 1575, conferring upon Zorzi Mormori rewards Zorzi Mormori. Dated 20 April 1611. Doge for distinguished services during the war of Leonardo Dona (1606- 1612). (Figure 3) 1570-71, against the Ottomans. Doge Alvise r. "Leonardus Donato, Dei Gratia Dux Mocenigo I (1570-1 577). (Figure 2) Venetiarum etc.. ../. ..Data in N(ost)ro Ducali r. "Aloysius Mocenigo Dei Gratia Dux Palatio. Die XX Aprilis Indictione nona I Venetiarum.. .I...Data in Nostro Ducali MDCXI / Roberto Lio / Segretario". Palacio. Dia vigessima Iunii, Indictione tertia v. "Del D(omino) Zorzi M(ortno)ri. MDLXXV". Registrata nel libro di Ca(nce)ll(a)r(ia)dell v. Initials 1.F.O.T.h. and note: "del c(ava- M(assa)r(ia)del ragionato fiscal di Candia. 113. liere) Zorzi M(ormo)ri 1575". / Emanuel Mormori Cav(alier), 16 11, No 29". The decree mentions Zorzi Mormori's par- By 161 1 Zorzi Mormori had been serving ticipation and achievements in the battles of the Republic for over thirty years. In the Ducal Chimara, Soppoto, Margariti and Santa Maura letter he is referred to as Commander of the (Leucas) on the Epirotan and Albanian coast- fortress of Suda in Western Crete. He is given line, as well as during the Ottoman landings an annual salary increase of 100 ducats, from in Corfu, where he took prisoner the Cretan 500 "servendo" and 400 "non servendo" to 600 renegade Hasan Baffi.
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