Biól. Lorena López Rodríguez

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Biól. Lorena López Rodríguez UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO MAESTRÍA Y DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y RECURSOS NATURALES AISLAMIENTO DE CEPAS Y OBTENCIÓN DE METABOLITOS SECUNDARIOS DEL GÉNERO ENTOMOPATÓGENO Cordyceps sensu lato DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRA EN CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y RECURSOS NATURALES PRESENTA: BIÓL. LORENA LÓPEZ RODRÍGUEZ COMITÉ DE TUTORES: Dra. Cristina Burrola Aguilar. Tutor académico Dra. Tatiana Ibeth Sanjuan Giraldo. Tutor adjunto Dr. Moisés Tejocote Pérez. Tutor adjunto El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, Estado de México. Diciembre 2017 Tesis de Maestría. Aislamiento de cepas y obtención de metabolitos secundarios del Género entomopatógeno Cordyceps sensu lato en México. Lorena López Rodríguez 2 Tesis de Maestría. Aislamiento de cepas y obtención de metabolitos secundarios del Género entomopatógeno Cordyceps sensu lato en México. Lorena López Rodríguez Dedicatoria Este camino no ha sido fácil por razones personales, académicas y espirituales, pero hoy después de la partida de mi padre y de tantos problemas puedo decir he culminado este ciclo. A ti mi Dios, que aunque nunca había creído completamente en ti, te conocí y te agradezco el permitirme seguir viva. Con todo mi amor, dedico este trabajo a mi ángel, a mi gran motor, mi pequeño Ian. A mi esposo quien ha estado apoyándome todo este camino, a mi mamá que siempre me ha dado lo mejor de ella. Y obviamente a ti mi gran padre, a ti mi maestro, que aunque ya no estás en cuerpo, en mi corazón siempre vivirá tu amor y tus enseñanzas. A mis hermanos que siempre han creído en mí, y aunque les encanta molestarme se que me aman y mucho de lo aprendido es gracias ha ellos. 3 Tesis de Maestría. Aislamiento de cepas y obtención de metabolitos secundarios del Género entomopatógeno Cordyceps sensu lato en México. Lorena López Rodríguez RESUMEN Cordyceps sensu lato (s.l.) es un grupo de hongos ascomicetos parásitos de artrópodos, hongos y gramíneas. La importancia de este grupo es ecológica, agrícola, comestible, medicinal y por lo tanto económica. En México el estudio de Cordyceps s.l. es incipiente, y nunca se había tenido la iniciativa de investigar los metabolitos secundarios que presentan teleomorfos silvestres de este grupo en México, ni tampoco la optimización de su cultivo in vitro. Para realizar esta investigación, el primer objetivo fue revisar exhaustivamente literatura para conocer el estado del conocimiento actual de Cordyceps s.l. en México y a partir de este direccionar la investigación, el segundo objetivo fue determinar las condiciones óptimas nutricionales del cultivo in vitro superficial y sumergido de dos cepas, en condiciones de ausencia y presencia parcial de luz, y cuantificar un metabolito llamado cordicepina con propiedades anticancerígenas, antibióticas y antivirales. Para responder la siguiente pregunta ¿Producirán cordicepina cepas silvestres del Estado de México?, y si esta fuera afirmativa ¿Qué efecto tendrían las fuentes de nitrógeno y las diferentes condiciones de luz en la producción de biomasa, en la morfología de las cepas y la velocidad de crecimiento en el cultivo superficial? y ¿Qué efecto tendrían las fuentes de nitrógeno y las diferentes condiciones de luz en la producción de biomasa, en la morfología macroscópica y microscópica de los pellets y la producción de cordicepina en cultivo sumergido?. Para resolver estas preguntas se realizó un experimento multifactorial, donde las variables dependientes fueron biomasa, velocidad de crecimiento, morfología macro y microscópica de cepas y pellets, y producción de cordicepina. Las variales 4 Tesis de Maestría. Aislamiento de cepas y obtención de metabolitos secundarios del Género entomopatógeno Cordyceps sensu lato en México. Lorena López Rodríguez independientes fueron medios de cultivo y ausencia y presencia de luz. Los análisis estadísticos fuerón un MANOVA, prueba de Tuckey con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Como resultados del primer objetivo, se registraron 25 especies de Cordyceps sensu lato para México, distribuidas heterogéneamente en las tres familias que conforman al grupo, de las cuales solo Tolypocladium capitatum y T. ophioglossoides tienen un uso comestible tradicional, y Metharhizium anisopliae y Beauveria bassiana son utilizadas como agentes de control biológico, sin embargo hay una ausencia de conocimiento con respecto al potencial medicinal, farmacológico y alimenticio de las especies registradas. De acuerdo al segundo objetivo, se obtuvierón dos cepas con afinidad molecular con los marcadores moleculares ITS y LSU a Cordyceps submilitaris. Las cepas mostrarón diferencias en coloración de acuerdo a las condiciones lumínicas, siendo blanquecinas en oscuridad y amarillentas en condiciones luminosas, la biomasa y velocidad de crecimiento fue mayor en medios ricos en nutrientes y la producción de cordicepina estuvo diectamente relacionada con la fuente de nitrógeno orgánico, por lo tanto las cepas analizadas presentan potencial medicinal y farmacéutico. 5 Tesis de Maestría. Aislamiento de cepas y obtención de metabolitos secundarios del Género entomopatógeno Cordyceps sensu lato en México. Lorena López Rodríguez ABSTRACT Cordyceps sensu lato (s.l.) is a group of fungi ascomicetes parasitic of arthropods, fungi and grasses. The importance of this group is ecological, agricultural, edible, medicinal and therefore economical. In Mexico, the study of Cordyceps s.l. is incipient, and had never had the initiative to investigate the secondary metabolites that have wild teleomorphs of this group in Mexico, nor the optimization of their culture in vitro, so the first objetive of this research was to review literatura to know current state of knowledge of Cordyceps s.l. in Mexico and from this research direction. The second objetive was to determine the optimal nutritional conditions of the in vitro culture of two strains, under conditions of partial presence and presence of light, and to quantify a metabolite called cordycepin with anticancer, antibiotics and antivirals properties. To answer the following question, will cordycepin produce wild strains from the State the Mexico?, and if this were affirmative, what effect would nitrogen sources and different light conditions have on biomass production, on the morphology of the strains and the speed of growth in Surface cultivation?, and, What effect would nitrogen sources and different light conditions have on biomass production, macroscopic and microscopic morphology of pellets, and production of cordycepin in submerged culture?. To answer these cuestions a multifactorial experiment was carried out, where the dependent variables were biomass, speed of growth, macro and microscopic morphology of strains and pellets, and production of cordycepin. The independent variials were culture media and absence and presence of light. Statistical analyzes were a MANOVA, tuckey test with a confidence level of 95%. As results of the first objetive, 25 species of Corduyceps sensu lato were 6 Tesis de Maestría. Aislamiento de cepas y obtención de metabolitos secundarios del Género entomopatógeno Cordyceps sensu lato en México. Lorena López Rodríguez recorded for Mexico, distributed in the three families that make up the group, of which only Tolypocladium capitatum and T. ophioglossoides have a traditional edible use, and Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana are used as biological control agents, however there is an absence of knowledge regarding the medicinal, pharmacological and nutrimental potential of the registered species. According to the second objetive, two straisn were obtained, with molecular affinity of 95% with molecular markets ITS and LSU to Cordyceps submilitaris. The strains showed color differences according to light conditions, being whitish in darkness and yellow in luminous conditions, the biomass and growth rate was higher in nutrient-rich media and the production of cordycepin was directly related to nitrogen source, therefore the analyzed strains present medicinal and pharmaceutical potential. 7 Tesis de Maestría. Aislamiento de cepas y obtención de metabolitos secundarios del Género entomopatógeno Cordyceps sensu lato en México. Lorena López Rodríguez AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco el apoyo de cada persona que me compartió sus conocimientos y me enseñó a ser y hacer mejor esta investigación. En primera instancia agradezco a usted Dra. Cris, yo la quiero, respeto, admiro y le agradezco todo su apoyo, porque si usted no hubiera aparecido en mi camino yo no estaría aquí con estos resultados y de pie. A usted Dra. Tatiana que me ha enseñado tanto de este grupo tan complejo he interesante. A ti Gris, porque desinteresadamente y de la manera más humilde me enseñaste a mejorar mi redacción. Al Dr. Roberto Garibay Orijel que me abrió las puertas de su laboratorio y me invito a asistir al curso de Biología Molecular de Hongos. A la Química Maria Magdalena Garcia Fabila que me permitió humildemente trabajar en su laboratorio y cuantificar la tan codiciada cordicepina. A la M. en C. Celia Elvira Aguirre Acosta del Instituto de Biología de la UNAM, que me proporciono los ejemplares de MEXU para su revisión. A mis compañeros de laboratorio que siempre con dudas tratamos de ayudarnos. Especialmente a ti Yola, por tu gran amistad, y por siempre ayudarme ha corregir y mejorar mi trabajo de investigación. A la Secretaria de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados de la UAEM, por el financiamiento del proyecto de investigación “Los hongos silvestres como estrategia para el desarrollo sustentable en le Parque Ecológico
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