A Functional Food Alternative Hongos Parásitos De
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Vol1art2.Pdf
VOLUME 1 JUNE 2018 Fungal Systematics and Evolution PAGES 13–22 doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2018.01.02 Epitypification and re-description of the zombie-ant fungus, Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) H.C. Evans1,2*, J.P.M. Araújo3, V.R. Halfeld4, D.P. Hughes3 1CAB International, UK Centre, Egham, Surrey, UK 2Departamentos de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil 3Departments of Entomology and Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA 4Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil *Corresponding author: [email protected] Key words: Abstract: The type of Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) is based on an Atlantic rainforest immature specimen collected on an ant in Brazil. The host was identified initially as a leaf-cutting ant (Atta cephalotes, Camponotus sericeiventris Attini, Myrmicinae). However, a critical examination of the original illustration reveals that the host is the golden carpenter ants carpenter ant, Camponotus sericeiventris (Camponotini, Formicinae). Because the holotype is no longer extant and epitype the original diagnosis lacks critical taxonomic information – specifically, on ascus and ascospore morphology – a new Ophiocordyceps type from Minas Gerais State of south-east Brazil is designated herein. A re-description of the fungus is provided and phylogeny a new phylogenetic tree of the O. unilateralis clade is presented. It is predicted that many more species of zombie- ant fungi remain to be delimited within the O. unilateralis complex worldwide, on ants of the tribe Camponotini. Published online: 15 December 2017. Editor-in-Chief INTRODUCTIONProf. dr P.W. Crous, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. -
Unravelling the Diversity Behind the Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) Complex: Three New Species of Zombie-Ant Fungi from the Brazilian Amazon
Phytotaxa 220 (3): 224–238 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.220.3.2 Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon JOÃO P. M. ARAÚJO1*, HARRY C. EVANS2, DAVID M. GEISER3, WILLIAM P. MACKAY4 & DAVID P. HUGHES1, 5* 1 Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. 2 CAB International, E-UK, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. 4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, United States of America. 5 Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. * email: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract In tropical forests, one of the most commonly encountered relationships between parasites and insects is that between the fungus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and ants, especially within the tribe Campono- tini. Here, we describe three newly discovered host-specific species, Ophiocordyceps camponoti-atricipis, O. camponoti- bispinosi and O. camponoti-indiani, on Camponotus ants from the central Amazonian region of Brazil, which can readily be separated using morphological traits, in particular the shape and behavior of the ascospores. DNA sequence data support inclusion of these species within the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex. Introduction In tropical forests, social insects (ants, bees, termites and wasps) are the most abundant land-dwelling arthropods. -
Norwegian Biodiversity Policy and Action Plan – Cross-Sectoral Responsibilities and Coordination
Ministry of the Environment Summary in English: Report No. 42 to the Storting (2000-2001) Published by: Royal Ministry of the Environment Norwegian biodiversity policy Additional copies may be ordered from: Statens forvaltningstjeneste Informasjonsforvaltning and action plan – cross-sectoral E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +47 22 24 27 86 Publication number: T-1414 responsibilities and coordination Translation: Alison Coulthard Coverdesign: Seedesign as Printed by: www.kursiv.no, Oslo 8/2002 Summary in English: Report No. 42 to the Storting (2000–2001) Norwegian biodiversity policy and action plan – cross-sectoral responsibilities and coordination Side 1 Cyan Magenta Yellow Sort ISBN 82-457-0366-4 www.kursiv.no SIDE 2 Cyan Magenta Yellow Sort Table of Content 0 Summary ......................................... 5 3 A new policy: towards knowledge-based management 1 Introduction .................................... 8 of biological diversity .................... 39 1.1 Implementation of the UN 3.1 Main conclusion of the white Convention on Biological Diversity paper: a new management system – challenges at international level .. 8 for biodiversity is needed ................ 39 1.2 Implementation of the UN 3.2 Joint action forming part of the Convention on Biological Diversity seven main tasks in the period – challenges at national level .......... 10 2001–2005 .......................................... 41 1.3 About the white paper ..................... 11 3.2.1 Identifying cross-sectoral and sectoral responsibilities and 2 A coordinated approach to the coordinating the use of policy conservation and use of instruments ....................................... 41 biological diversity ........................ 12 3.2.1.1 Cross-sectoral and sectoral 2.1 Vision, targets and strategy ............ 12 responsibilities .................................. 41 2.1.1 Vision ................................................. 12 3.2.1.2 Coordinating the use of policy 2.1.2 Targets ............................................. -
Pathogenic and Enzyme Activities of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Tolypocladium Cylindrosporum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) from Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina
Pathogenic and enzyme activities of the entomopathogenic fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina Ana C. Scorsetti1*, Lorena A. Elíades1, Sebastián A. Stenglein2, Marta N. Cabello1,3, Sebastián A. Pelizza1,4 & Mario C.N. Saparrat1,5,6 1. Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini (FCNyM-UNLP) 53 # 477, (1900), La Plata, Argentina; [email protected], [email protected] 2. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CEBB-CONICET, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul, UNCPBA, República de Italia # 780, Azul (7300), Argentina; [email protected] 3. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires; [email protected] 4. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP, Calle 2 # 584, La Plata (1900), Argentina; [email protected] 5. Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)- CCT-La Plata- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Diag. 113 y 61, CC 327, 1900-La Plata, Argentina; [email protected] 6. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, 60 y 119, 1900-La Plata, Argentina. * Corresponding author Received 27-IV-2011. Corrected 20-VIII-2011. Accepted 14-IX-2011. Abstract: Tolypocladium cylindrosporum is an entomopathogenic fungi that has been studied as a biological control agent against insects of several orders. The fungus has been isolated from the soil as well as from insects of the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In this study, we analyzed the ability of a strain of T. cylindrosporum, isolated from soil samples taken in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, to produce hydro- lytic enzymes, and to study the relationship of those activities to the fungus pathogenicity against pest aphids. -
Infection of the Silkworm, Bombyx Mori, with Cordyceps Militaris
Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology 71, 61-63 (2002) Infection of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori, with Cordyceps militaris Ruiying Chen* and Masatoshi Ichida Faculty of TextileScience, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Saga-ippongi 1, Ukyou-ku,Kyoto 616-8354, Japan (Received April 3, 2001; Accepted December 29, 2001) To develop techniques to produce stromata of Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link on a large scale, the silkworm, Bombyx mori, was infected and the growth of stroma was investigated. The 5th instar larvae and the pupae of the silkworm reared in a sterilized indoor environment on an artificial diet and were inoculated with C. militaris by spraying, dipping, or by hypodermic injection. The rate of infection differed among the three methods; the highest being in the hypodermic injection. The rate of infection was also higher in the pupae than in the larvae. The formation and growth of the stromata were better in the silkworm pupae. A conidial suspension was injected at different sites on the pupal body. Infection rates, however, did not differ significantly among the sites. The formation and growth of the stromata were not affected by the injection site either. Key words: Cordyceps militaris, silkworm, Bombyx mori, infection, artificial inoculation, stromata suspension was adjusted to 10' conidia/ml. This suspension INTRODUCTION was used in the inoculation experiments. Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link. is a parasitic fungus hosted by many species of lepidopteran pupae. It belongs Rearing of host silkworm to the subdivision Ascomycotina whose stroma is The silkworm, Bombyx mori, was reared in a sterilized baculiform (Shimizu, 1997). Recently, many researches indoor environment on an artificial diet (Chen et al., 1992). -
Coupled Biosynthesis of Cordycepin and Pentostatin in Cordyceps Militaris: Implications for Fungal Biology and Medicinal Natural Products
85 Editorial Commentary Page 1 of 3 Coupled biosynthesis of cordycepin and pentostatin in Cordyceps militaris: implications for fungal biology and medicinal natural products Peter A. D. Wellham1, Dong-Hyun Kim1, Matthias Brock2, Cornelia H. de Moor1,3 1School of Pharmacy, 2School of Life Sciences, 3Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Correspondence to: Cornelia H. de Moor. School of Pharmacy, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Email: [email protected]. Provenance: This is an invited article commissioned by the Section Editor Tao Wei, PhD (Principal Investigator, Assistant Professor, Microecologics Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province in South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China). Comment on: Xia Y, Luo F, Shang Y, et al. Fungal Cordycepin Biosynthesis Is Coupled with the Production of the Safeguard Molecule Pentostatin. Cell Chem Biol 2017;24:1479-89.e4. Submitted Apr 01, 2019. Accepted for publication Apr 04, 2019. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.25 View this article at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.04.25 Cordycepin, or 3'-deoxyadenosine, is a metabolite produced be replicated in people, this could become a very important by the insect-pathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) new natural product-derived medicine. and is under intense investigation as a potential lead compound Cordycepin is known to be unstable in animals due for cancer and inflammatory conditions. Cordycepin was to deamination by adenosine deaminases. Much of the originally extracted by Cunningham et al. (1) from a culture efforts towards bringing cordycepin to the clinic have been filtrate of a C. militaris culture that was grown from conidia. -
Unravelling the Diversity Behind the Ophiocordyceps Unilateralis Complex: Three New Species of Zombie-Ant Fungi from the Brazilian Amazon
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/003806; this version posted September 29, 2014. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Unravelling the diversity behind the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex: Three new species of zombie-ant fungi from the Brazilian Amazon João P. M. Araújoa, Harry C. Evansb, David M. Geiserc, William P. Mackayd ae & David P. Hughes aDepartment of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. bCAB International, E-UK, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom cDepartment of Plant Pathology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. dDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968 eDepartment of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Correspondence authors: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract In tropical forests, one of the most common relationships between parasites and insects is that between the fungus Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and ants, especially within the tribe Camponotini. Here, we describe three new and host-specific species of the genus Ophiocordyceps on Camponotus ants from the central Amazonian region of Brazil, which can readily be separated using morphological traits, in particular, ascospore form and function. In addition, we use sequence data to infer phylogenetic relationships between these taxa and closely related species within the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis complex, as well as with other members of the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. -
Interdependence of Biodiversity and Development Under Global Change
Secretariat of the CBD Technical Series No. 54 Convention on Biological Diversity 54 Interdependence of Biodiversity and Development Under Global Change CBD Technical Series No. 54 Interdependence of Biodiversity and Development Under Global Change Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity ISBN: 92-9225-296-8 Copyright © 2010, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity concern- ing the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views reported in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Secretariat of the Convention would appreciate receiving a copy of any publications that use this document as a source. Citation Ibisch, P.L. & A. Vega E., T.M. Herrmann (eds.) 2010. Interdependence of biodiversity and development under global change. Technical Series No. 54. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal (second corrected edition). Financial support has been provided by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development For further information, please contact: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre 413 St. Jacques Street, Suite 800 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 1N9 Phone: +1 514 288 2220 Fax: +1 514 288 6588 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cbd.int Typesetting: Em Dash Design Cover photos (top to bottom): Agro-ecosystem used for thousands of years in the vicinities of the Mycenae palace (located about 90 km south-west of Athens, in the north-eastern Peloponnese, Greece). -
Soil, Food Security and Human Health: a Review
European Journal of Soil Science, March 2015, 66, 257–276 doi: 10.1111/ejss.12216 Invited Review Soil, food security and human health: a review M. A. Olivera & P. J. Gregoryb,c aDepartment of Geography & Environmental Science, School of Human & Environmental Sciences, Soil Research Centre, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 233, Reading RG6 6DW, UK, bEast Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK, and cCentre for Food Security, School of Agriculture, Policy & Development, The University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK Summary Direct effects of soil or its constituents on human health are through its ingestion, inhalation or absorption. The soil contains many infectious organisms that may enter the human body through these pathways, but it also provides organisms on which our earliest antibiotics are based. Indirect effects of soil arise from the quantity and quality of food that humans consume. Trace elements can have both beneficial and toxic effects on humans, especially where the range for optimal intake is narrow. We focus on four trace elements (iodine, iron, selenium and zinc) whose deficiencies have substantial effects on human health. As the world’s population increases issues of food security become more pressing, as does the need to sustain soil fertility and minimize its degradation. Lack of adequate food and food of poor nutritional quality lead to differing degrees of under-nutrition, which in turn causes ill health. Soil and land are finite resources and agricultural land is under severe competition from other uses. Relationships between soil and health are often difficult to extricate because of the many confounding factors present. -
Cordycepin, a Metabolite of Cordyceps Militaris, Reduces Immune-Related Gene Expression in Insects
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, reduces immune-related gene expression in insects Victoria C. Woolley a,*, Graham R. Teakle a, Gillian Prince a, Cornelia H. de Moor b, David Chandler a a Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK b School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) are natural regulators of insect Cordycepin populations in terrestrial environments. Their obligately-killing life-cycle means that there is likely to be strong Cordyceps militaris selection pressure for traits that allow them to evade the effects of the host immune system. In this study, we Secondary metabolite 0 quantifiedthe effects of cordycepin (3 -deoxyadenosine), a secondary metabolite produced by Cordyceps militaris Entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae), on insect susceptibility to EPF infection and on insect immune gene expression. Insect immunity µ 1 Galleria mellonella Application of the immune stimulant curdlan (20 g ml , linear beta-1,3-glucan, a constituent of fungal cell walls) to Drosophila melanogaster S2r+ cells resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the immune effector gene metchnikowin compared to a DMSO-only control, but there was no significantincrease when curdlan was co-applied with 25 µg ml 1 cordycepin dissolved in DMSO. Injection of cordycepin into larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resulted in dose-dependent mortality (LC50 of cordycepin = 2.1 mg per insect 6 days after treatment). -
Fruit Body Formation on Silkworm by Cordyceps Militaris
Mycobiology 38(2) : 128-132 (2010) DOI:10.4489/MYCO.2010.38.2.128 © The Korean Society of Mycology Fruit Body Formation on Silkworm by Cordyceps militaris In-Pyo Hong1*, Pil-Don Kang1, Ki-Young Kim1, Sung-Hee Nam1, Man-Young Lee1, Yong-Soo Choi1, Nam-Suk Kim1, Hye-Kyung Kim1, Kwang-Gill Lee1 and Richard A. Humber2 1National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Korea 2USDA-ARS Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, Robert W. Holly Center for Agriculture & Health, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA (Received March 31, 2010. Accepted April 11, 2010) Injection inoculation protocols for fruit body formation of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) were investigated to improve the incidence of infection in the silkworm species Bombyx mori (B. mori). Injection, with suspensions of C. militaris hyphal bodies into living silkworm pupae, was used to test for fruit body production. Use of Daeseungjam rather than Baegokjam or Keumokjam varieties of B. mori is thought to be suitable for infection by C. militaris. From mounting, nine-day-old to 11- day-old pupae showed the best incidence of infection with a 100 µL injection volume. Silkworm pupae injected with a hyphal suspension concentration of more than 2 × 105 colony-forming unit (cfu) recorded a greater than 96% incidence of infection. Also, fruit bodies of C. militaris were induced and produced at a light intensity between 500 and 1,000 lx. KEYWORDS : Bombyx mori, Cordyceps militaris, Fruit body, Hyphal bodies, Injection inoculation Cordyceps is entomopathogenic fungi that parasitize insects duction of C. militaris using a silkworm is needed. -
Improvement of Fruiting Body Production in Cordyceps Militaris by Molecular Assessment
Arch Microbiol (2013) 195:579–585 DOI 10.1007/s00203-013-0904-8 SHORT COMMUNICATION Improvement of fruiting body production in Cordyceps militaris by molecular assessment Guozhen Zhang · Yue Liang Received: 23 January 2013 / Revised: 16 May 2013 / Accepted: 19 May 2013 / Published online: 12 June 2013 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Cordyceps militaris is a heterothallic ascomy- Introduction cetous fungus that has been cultivated as a medicinal mush- room. This study was conducted to improve fruiting body Mushrooms have recently drawn considerable attention as production by PCR assessment. Based on single-ascospore attractive and abundant sources of useful natural products isolates selected from wild and cultivated populations, the (Smith et al. 2002). Among others, Cordyceps species have conserved sequences of α-BOX in MAT1-1 and HMG-BOX traditionally been used not only as a folk tonic food and in MAT1-2 were used as markers for the detection of mat- nutraceutical, but also as a restorative drug for longevity ing types by PCR. PCR results indicated that the ratio of and vitality (Paterson and Russell 2008). Mushrooms of mating types is consistent with a theoretical ratio of 1:1 this genus have also been used for dietary fiber, health sup- (MAT1-1:MAT1-2) in wild (66:70) and cultivated (71:60) plements, and maintenance as well as for prevention and populations. Cross-mating between the opposite mating treatment for human diseases for centuries in East Asian types produced over fivefold more well-developed fruiting countries (Paterson and Russell 2008). bodies than self- or cross-mating between strains within the Cordyceps militaris belongs to Cordycipitaceae, Hypo- same mating type.