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Urban Cottages – Rural Homes? Challenges Towards a More Sustainable Residential Culture and the Role of Architecture

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Urban Cottages – Rural Homes? Challenges Towards a More Sustainable Residential Culture and the Role of Architecture Urban cottages – rural homes? Challenges towards a more sustainable residential culture and the role of architecture Eli Støa Nordic Journal of Architectural Research Volume 20, No 3, 2008, 14 pages Nordic Association for Architectural Research Eli Støa NTNU, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, Trondheim, Norway Department of Architectural Design and Management TOPIC: ARCHITECTURE IN A RESOURCE PERSPECTIVE Abstract: The growth in the number, size and standard of ween diverse home arenas is complex and that second homes in Norway as well as in other there probably is a need to reconsider the theo- European countries has negative environmental ry that second homes represent an escape from impacts and has thus become an issue within urban everyday life. Concepts like rural and the sustainability debate. The article argues that urban are blurred, privacy and withdrawal may the growth in second homes must be seen as be just as essential in urban residential settings part of changes within residential cultures in as in second homes and community life seems our time and that understandings of these just as relevant in vacation home settings as in changes are essential in order to reach a more urban neighborhoods. The role of architecture sustainable development within the residential within the overall discussion of how to reach a sector. It aims to provide a better basis for fur- more sustainable residential culture is thus a ther explorations into the field of connections matter characterized by several contradictions between understandings of home, architecture that need to be further explored. and environmental issues. The article draws on an outline of theoretical approaches to residential cultures and of second homes research, as well as on architec- tural analysis of two contemporary projects, one Keywords: second home and one urban housing project. Second homes, sustainability, residential The discussions show that the relationship bet- culture, housing architecture, escape theory 59 INTRODUCTION rate architectural solutions and principles that may contribute to more sustainable residential During the last years, there has been a consi- cultures. It is meant to provide a basis for fur- derable growth in the number, size and stan- ther explorations into the field of connections dard of second homes1 in Norway as well as in between understandings of home, architecture many other European countries. This has beco- and environmental issues. me an issue within the discussion of sustai- nable development, affecting not only the eco- The article outlines theoretical perspectives logical dimension of the sustainability concept from second home research which are seen as but sociocultural and economic aspects as particularly relevant for discussing changes in well. Within this debate, second homes are residential cultures and discusses how these mainly regarded as a problem. The growth wit- may relate to the quest for sustainability. hin this sector has negative environmental Furthermore it looks into how contemporary impacts such as increased transport and residential cultures are materialized into archi- demand of energy and material resources, tectural form through a study of two projects, a effects on the ecological equilibrium of recrea- Norwegian second home project and a Danish tional areas as well as on visual and historical urban housing project. The projects are studied values of cultural and natural landscapes (e.g. and discussed as physical manifestations of Taugbøl et al, 2000, Gurigard et al, 2004; Velvin, the architects’ and developers’ intentions and 2004; Hille et al, 2007). The number of ideas. Norwegian second homes increases by more The article represents the initial phase of a than 6000 annually (SSB, 2008a). While the ave- newly started research project dealing with rage size of a cottage was 62 m2 in 1983, new links between the strong increase in leisure- second homes in Norway are now typically lar- time consumption and sustainable develop- ger than 100 m2 (ibid) which implies that they ment in which the second home phenomenon have reached the size of average new housing is one of several cases that will be investigated. units (SSB, 2008b). The discussions and conclusions from this arti- The article argues that the growth in second cle will be followed up in the next phases of the homes must be seen as part of changes within research by investigations of residents’ per- residential cultures in our time and furthermo- spectives on the relationship between the vari- re that understanding of these changes is ous arenas of home. essential in order to reach a more sustainable development within the residential sector. Technical improvements of buildings and TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE RESIDENTIAL means of transport are important, but without CULTURE – THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES more structural changes in residential pat- Residential culture has several dimensions. It terns, use of land and transport modes, the could be described and analyzed from an archi- gains from technical improvements are most tectural or urban form perspective as physical likely to be cut back. This is supported by the structures or from a social/socioeconomic per- fact that energy demand in the household sec- spective focusing on household and family tor has more than doubled since the 1960s in structures, lifestyle, and patterns of living. It spite of continuously more stringent building may also be approached through the interpre- regulations and improved technical standards tations and analysis of values and meanings of (Thyholt, 2006). home. Rather then being one of these, residen- Literature states that second homes are tial culture is understood as the dynamic rela- strongly related to urban life and that one of tionship between the three aspects: physical the driving forces is the wish to escape tempo- structures (buildings and their surroundings), rarily from a stressful everyday life in the city. socioeconomic structures (individuals, house- Contemporary understandings of home involve holds, groups and society) and ideas, meanings dwelling through multiple places. Home is not and values. Each one of them are affecting so much about belonging and investing oneself each other mutually, contributing to a continu- in one place but rather about connecting to dif- ously changing situation. Values, attitudes and ferent arenas with complementing meanings conceptions regarding home, family, environ- and practices. The article aims to discuss how ment, status etc. influence both how we design further insights and perhaps reconsiderations our residential spaces and how we use them. of these theories are needed in order to gene- At the same time the physical structures and 60 Nordisk Arkitekturforskning 3-2008 our living habits affect our attitudes and ideas security, control, refuge, status, reflections of connected to residing. The understanding of self etc (Blunt & Dowling, 2006). Also when it transformations within residential cultures comes to the materialization of these under- must likewise include analysis and interpretati- standings, several values seem to be taken for ons of all three dimensions and their mutual granted. My own work on detached houses in interrelationship. Norway (Støa, 1996) shows that residents saw no need of explaining why they regarded the This dynamic understanding of culture is i.a. private, suburban house surrounded by a gar- inspired by Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice den as the ultimate, ideal home: “It is as if this and his concept habitus understood as a is the way to live” one of the informants told me “structuring structure” where the structures (ibid:144). are ”schemes of perception, conception, and action common to all members of the same To deal with the questions raised in this article, group or class” (Bourdieu, 1977:86). According it might be a fruitful approach to identify on to Bourdieu, the layout and practice of the one hand deeply rooted (and often unconsci- house are essential for individuals’ appropriati- ous) meanings or structures (habitus) that on of habitus: change slowly, and other issues within a resi- dential culture that might be easier to modify ”.. through the intermediary of the divisions and and shape. Architectural aspects are relevant hierarchies it [the house] sets up between things, in this context because they are changeable persons, and practices, this tangible classifying and perhaps represent the most dynamic system continuously inculcates and reinforces the dimension of residential cultures. The projects taxonomic principles underlying all the arbitrary we will look at later on are both examples of provisions of this culture” (Bourdieu, 1977:89). architectural solutions which provide new interpretations of home. Blunt and Dowling Bourdieu conceptualizes the role of architectu- (2006) would call it new imaginaries of home, re, not only as a cultural expression but also in and they are in line with Gieryn in the way they the process of continuous cultural modificati- describe home as the relation between materi- on. Gieryn (2002) however criticizes him for not al and imaginative: taking sufficiently into account human agency ”.. the material form of home is dependent on both in “designing and defining building” (Gieryn, what home is imagined to be, and imaginaries of 2002:39). In his article “What buildings do”, he home are influenced by the physical forms of speaks up for an understanding of a building dwelling.” (Blunt & Dowling, 2006:22). both “as the object of human
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