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Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Bartz, Jerry A., Marvasi, Massimiliano and Teplitski, Max (2014) Salmonella and tomatoes. In: The produce contamination problem: causes and solution. Matthews, Karl R., Sapers, Gerald M. and Gerba, Charles P., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 269-289. ISBN 9780124046115. [Book Section] (doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-404611-5.00012-9) Published version (with publisher’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/15760/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. 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If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy The Produce Contamination Problem Food Science and Technology International Series Series Editor Steve L. Taylor University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA Advisory Board Ken Buckle The University of New South Wales, Australia Mary Ellen Camire University of Maine, USA Roger Clemens University of Southern California, USA Hildegarde Heymann University of California – Davis, USA Robert Hutkins University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA Ron S. Jackson Quebec, Canada Huub Lelieveld Bilthoven, The Netherlands Daryl B. Lund University of Wisconsin, USA Connie Weaver Purdue University, USA Ron Wrolstad Oregon State University, USA A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of this volume. The Produce Contamination Problem Causes and Solutions Second Edition Edited by Karl R. Matthews Rutgers,The State University of New Jersey Department of Food Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA Gerald M. Sapers USDA, Agricultural Research Service, (Retired), Wyndmoor, PA, USA Charles P. Gerba University of Arizona, Department of Soil, Water and Environmetal Science Tucson, AZ, USA AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Second Edition Copyright © 2014, 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at store.elsevier.com ISBN-13: 978-0-12-404611-5 Printed and bound in the United States 14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................xv Contributors ...........................................................................................................xvii PART 1 PRODUCE CONTAMINATION: SCOPE AND SOURCES CHAPTER 1 Scope of the Produce Contamination Problem .......... 3 Introduction .....................................................................................................3 Produce-associated outbreaks—a new problem? ......................................3 Consequences of produce-associated outbreaks .......................................4 Key aspects of the produce contamination problem .......................................5 Characteristics of produce-associated outbreaks ......................................5 Prevalence of produce contamination with human pathogens ..................9 Microbial attachment and survival on produce surfaces .........................10 Potential sources of produce contamination .................................................10 Preharvest sources ...................................................................................10 Contamination during packing ................................................................11 Contamination during fresh-cut processing ............................................11 Gaps in our understanding of produce contamination ..................................12 Current state of knowledge .....................................................................12 What we don’t know ...............................................................................13 Developing effective interventions ..........................................................13 References .....................................................................................................14 CHAPTER 2 Microbial Attachment and Persistence on Plants .... 21 Introduction ...................................................................................................21 Ecological niches and introduction into the plant environment....................23 Outbreak investigations reveal sources and persistence of pathogens ..........25 Attachment of pathogens to plant tissue .......................................................26 The plant surface .....................................................................................26 Factors affecting attachment of pathogens to plant tissue .......................26 Biofilm formation on produce surfaces ........................................................29 Internalization and persistence .....................................................................30 Specific interactions of the pathogens with commodities .............................36 Escherichia coli O157:H7 and lettuce ....................................................36 Salmonella and tomatoes.........................................................................38 Salmonella and melons ...........................................................................41 Listeria and melons .................................................................................42 Plant defense response to human enteric pathogens .....................................43 Conclusion ....................................................................................................46 References .....................................................................................................47 v vi Contents CHAPTER 3 Identification of the Source of Contamination ......... 59 Introduction ...................................................................................................59 Overview: phases of a foodborne outbreak investigation .............................60 Surveillance and detection ......................................................................60 Epidemiologic .........................................................................................61 Environmental .........................................................................................63 Specifics of environmental investigations .....................................................64 Traceback investigations .........................................................................69 Regulatory/Enforcement .........................................................................73 Prevention/Research ................................................................................74 Training needs for environmental investigators