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Biology and Ecology of Ephedrus Californicus Baker

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Biology and Ecology of Ephedrus Californicus Baker BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER Michael Benjamin Cohen B.A., Colgate University, 1982 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Biological Sciences @ Michael Benjamin Cohen 1985 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY June 1985 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL NAME : Michael B. Cohen DEGREE: Master of Science TITLE OF THESIS: Biology and ecology of Ephedrus californicus Baker (Hymenop tera : Aphidiidae) EXAMINING COMMITTEE: Chairman : Dr. P. Belton ckauer, Senior Supervisor Borden - -r-- ~ f - Professor T . Finlayson - Dr. M.L. Winston, Public Examiner Date approved 6 Ay--fl/Y %+f- PART IAL COPYRIGHT L l CENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on - its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or pub1 ication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Biology and ecology of Ephedrus californicus Wer (Hymenoptera: Author: . (signature) ABSTRACT Aspects of the biology and ecology of the aphid parasite Ephedrus cal i forni cus Baker were studied on two host species: the lupine aphid, Macrosiphum a1 bi frons Essig, recently introduced from North America to the United Kingdom and a pest of commercial lupines; and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (~arris),a globally-distributed pest of alfalfa. In the laboratory, with the pea aphid as host, the parasite had a mean total fecundity of 1193.00fSE 88.41 eggs, the highest recorded fecundity for any species of aphid parasite, and a mean longevity of 13.425SE 1.13 days. The median time required for the parasite to complete development from oviposition to adult emergence, determined at four constant temperatures, ranged from 21.37 days at 17.6OC to 12.34 days at 26.4OC. A regression equation describing the parasite's rate of development versus temperature was calculated. From this equation, the developmental threshold of the parasite was estimated as 6.84kSE 0.38'C, considerably higher than those of the lupine and pea aphids. In a choice test, the parasite showed no clear preference for either the lupine or the pea aphid. The sex ratio of offspring emerging from the two host species did not differ significantly, but pre-emergence mortality was higher with the lupine aphid as host because of the formation of "gregarious mummies". iii In a survey of southwestern British Columbia, four primary parasites were found attacking the lupine aphid. These were E. cal i forni cus, Aphi di us I upi ni Liu, Praon sp. nr. occidental e Baker, and Praon sp. A. 1 upi ni was well synchronized with the early spring appearance of the lupine aphid, and was the most abundant and widespread parasite. It appears to be the best - choice for biological control of the lupine aphid in the United Kingdom. E. calif or ni cus was almost as widespread as A. 1 upi nil but was only occasionally abundant and, as predicted from its high developmental threshold, did not appear until early summer. Conclusions are drawn concerning the ecology of E. californicus on the lupine aphid, and the absence of this parasite from the pea aphid in North American alfalfa fields. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my senior supervisor, Dr. M. Mackauer, for his support and guidance, and for the opportunity to learn from him. I am indebted to the members of my supervisory committee, Prof. T. Finlayson and Dr. J. Borden, for their advice, - encouragement, and careful reviewing of an earlier draft of this thesis. I would like to thank in particular my friends and laboratory colleagues, Dr. F. Chow and Mr. S. Kambhampati, for their continual advice and hours of discussion. The assistance of Mr. R. Long for his photographic work, and of numerous other faculty, staff, and students of the Department of Biological Sciences, is also appreciated. Financial support was provided by a Natural Sciences and ~ngineeringResearch Council grant to Dr. M. Mackauer, and by the H. R. MacMillan Family Fund. TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval ..................................................... ii Abstract ....................................................iii Acknowledgements ..............................................v List of Tables .............................................viii List of Figures ............................................... x I . Introduction ...........................................1 A . Importance and Life History of the ~phidiidae ......1 B . Objectives .........................................2 C . General Materials and Methods ......................6 I1 . Parasite ~ecundityand Longevity on the Pea Aphid .....9 A . Introduction .......................................9 B . Materials and Methods .............................10 C . Results ...........................................11 D . Discussion ........................................20 I11 . Effect of Temperature on Parasite Developmental Time in the Pea Aphid ................................33 A . Introduction ......................................33 B . Materials and Methods .............................35 C . Results ...........................................37 IV . Parasite Preference for and Development on Lupine and Pea Aphids .......................................46 B . ater rials and Methods .............................48 C . Results ...........................................50 D . Discussion ........................................56 V. Ecology and Distribution of the Lupine Aphid and its Associated Parasites in Southwestern ~ritish Columbia ................,............................64 ' A. Introduction ......................................64 B. Materials and Methods .............................65 C. Results and Discussion ............................68 VI. General Discussion and Conclusions ...................80 ~ppendixA: Fecundity and longevity of Ephedrus cal i forni cus- at 23 + 1•‹c, 65 + 10% R.H., and a 16L:8D h photoperiod. ..86 ~ppendixB: ANOVA Tables for Chapter IV ......................89 References ...................................................98 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Life table of Ephedrus cali fornicus at 23+1•‹C, 65+10% R.H., and a 16L:8D h photoperiod, with fecundity rate calculated according to effective eggs and total eggs, and according to sex ratios of 0.50 and 0.66 ..................; 12 Life table statistics of Ephedrus cali forni cus at 23+1•‹c, 65+10% R.H., and a 16L:8D h photoperiod, calculated according to total eggs and effective eggs, and according to different sex ratios ............................. 17 Fecundity and longevity of selected species of Aphidiidae (~ymenoptera)......................... 21 Intrinsic rates of natural increase (r) of selected species of Aphidiidae (~ymenoptera)..... 30 Quanta1 response data for developmental times of Ephedrus cali forni cus at four constant temperatures, 55-70% R.H., and continuous light ............................................ 38 6 Sample size, final percent parasite emergence, median developmental times, and regression equations of percent emergence on time after oviposition of Ephedrus cal i forni cus at four constant temperatures, 55-70% R.H., and continuous light ................................. 39 Developmental times of selected species of Aphidiidae (~ymenoptera)......................... 43 Developmental thresholds of selected species of Vancouver area aphids and their parasites ........ 44 Summary of success of Ephedr us cal ifor ni cus reared from two hosts and parasitizing the same two hosts in the laboratory .......................... 51 Percentages of parasite emergence and numbers of gregarious mummies produced by Ephedrus cal ifor ni cus reared from two hosts and exposed simultaneously to the same two hosts in the laboratory ....................................... 54 11 Levels of superparasitism produced by Ephedrus californicus reared from two hosts and exposed simultaneously to the same two hosts in the laboratory ....................................... 55 12 Contents of field-collected lupine aphid mummies from two Vancouver area sites, August 1984 ....... 75 13 Distribution of lupines, and the lupine aphid and its associated parasites in southwestern British Columbia, 1983-1984 ....................;. 77 LIST OF FIGURES F I GURE PAGE 1 a Age-specific survival rate of Ephedrus cal i forni cus at 2341•‹C, 65+ 10% R.H., and a 16L:8D h photoperiod ............................. 14 1b Age-specif ic fecundity rate of Ephedr us californicus (+SE) at 2321•‹C, 65410% R.H., and a 16L:8D h photoperiod ........................... 14 2 Relation between fecundity and period of intensive egg laying of Ephedrus cal i forni cus at 23f 1 OC, 65210% R.H., and a 16L:8D h photoperiod .......... 16 Increase of the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) of Ephedrus californicus with female age in pivotal days, at 23+1•‹C, 65210% R.H., and a 16L:8D h photoperiod ............................. 18 Distribution of eggs by Ephedrus cal iforni cus , based on dissection of
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